南海夏季风对强热带风暴Bilis(0604)引发暴雨的影响

Bilis(0604)是一个登陆后长久维持并造成了特大暴雨的强热带风暴.通过对常规观测资料、雷达资料和红外卫星云图的分析,发现暴雨过程中不断有中尺度对流系统(MCSs)产生和发展,这些MCSs是造成强暴雨的主要中尺度系统.在此基础上用中尺度模式MM5对Bilis登陆后66 h的过程进行了数值模拟,模拟的雨带和雨量与实况较符合.利用模拟结果,对MCSs的发展过程和特征作了分析,发现Bilis的低压环流和南海夏季风在华南一带交汇,使得华南一带多中尺度涡旋、辐合中心和中尺度辐合线发展,这些系统为中尺度对流系统的生成和维持提供了有利的环境.敏感性试验表明,南海夏季风输送暖湿气流为暴雨区补充不稳定能量和水汽,对暴雨的产生具有十分重要的作用.     

A Study on the Mesoscale Convective Systems during the Summer Monsoon Onset over the South China Sea in 1998Part I: Analysis of Large-Scale Fields for Occurrence and Development of the Mesoscale Convective Systems

1. Introduction China is located in the East Asian monsoon re- gion. Every year's weather and climate in this region is deeply affected by the monsoon activities. Es- pecially, during flooding season (May to September), the summer monsoon controls large-scale precipitation patterns, the movement of seasonal rain belt and oc- currence of drought/flood disasters. The Asian mon- soon can be divided into two systems (Tao and Chen, 1987). As a major component and its unique location, the South …     

A Study on the Mesoscale Convective Systems during the Summer Monsoon Onset over the South China Sea in 1998 Part Ⅰ: Analysis of Large-Scale Fields for Occurrence and Development of the Mesoscale Convective Systems

The summer monsoon onset over the northern South China Sea (SCS) in May 16-20, 1998 was characterized by the abrupt onset of mesoscale convective activities and rapid increase of precipitation. The possible mechanism for formation of the mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) and related rain belts were revealed through discussing their forming physical conditions under the large-scale background: (1) The high pseudo-equivalent potential temperature and the convective instability in the lower troposphere, the low-level southwesterly confluence and the high-level divergence over South China and the northern SCS provided the favorable large-scale thermodynamic and dynamic conditions for development of MCSs. The southwesterly flow from the Bay of Bengal (BOB) interacted with that to the western flank of the subtropical high, which constituted the major moisture channels, thus bringing about deep wet layers and strong moisture convergence;(2) triggered by several cold troughs from high and mid latitudes, the convectively unstable energy was released and the convective activities over the northern SCS broke out abruptly;(3)analysis of retrieved precipitation based on the dual-Doppler radar during South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) indicated that active convection influenced by the monsoon trough and corresponding wind shear line organized and formed continually some mesoscale convective rainbelts. During May 15-19,about 12 precipitation processes with 6-12-hour life span or more were observed;and (4) under the favorable synoptic conditions, establishment of the monsoon trough and shear line in the low levels, as well as production and development of mesoscale low vortex were all necessary conditions for the formation and maintenance of MCSs.     

A Study on the Mesoscale Convective Systems during the Summer Monsoon Onset over the South China Sea in 1998 Part II: Effect of Mesoscale Convective Systems on Large-Scale Fields

1. Introduction The strong convective weather is developed under the favorable large-scale circulations, which demon- strated the large-scale weather system's controlling ef- fect on strong convections. Once the convection is formed, it will produce the feedback effect on the large-scale environmental conditions by transporting momentum, heat and moisture upward, and influence or change the environmental wind, humidity, tem- perature, atmospheric stratification fields and so on, thus forming t…     

A Study on the Mesoscale Convective Systems during the Summer Monsoon Onset over the South China Sea in 1998 Part Ⅱ: Effect of Mesoscale Convective Systems on Large-Scale Fields

The apparent heat sources and apparent moisture sinks, and large-scale wind, temperature as well as the surface pressure fields during the summer monsoon onset over the northern South China Sea (SCS) in 1998 were diagnosed. The results suggested that there was a kind of positive feedback mechanism between large-scale circulations and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Before the monsoon onset, the largescale background provided favorable synoptic and dynamic conditions for the summer monsoon onset and the formation of mesoscale convective activities, whereas after the summer monsoon onset, occurrence of the persistent and extensive mesoscale convective activities produced obvious feedback effect on large-scale circulations. Because of the release of latent heating produced by enhanced convective activities, the intense atmospheric heating appeared over the northern SCS, which resulted in: (1) the meridional temperature gradient over the SCS reversed from upper-level to low-level and then the large-scale circulations were changed seasonally;(2) correspondingly, the surface pressure over the northern SCS deepened continually and formed a broad monsoon trough and the obvious pressure-fall areas, thus making the subtropical high move out of the SCS eventually;(3) with the development of the low pressure circulations in the middle and low troposphere, the MCSs further enhanced and extended southward, which was conducive to the SCS monsoon onset and maintenance over the middle and southern SCS;and (4) the deepening of monsoon trough facilitated the monsoon flow and moisture transport on its southern side, thus the monsoon onset reaching peak period.     

A Diagnostic and Numerical Study on a Rainstorm in South China Induced by a Northward-Propagating Tropical System

A strong cyclonic wind perturbation generated in the northern South China Sea （SCS） moved northward quickly and developed into a mesoscale vortex in southwest Guangdong Province, and then merged with a southward-moving shear line from mid latitudes in the period of 21-22 May 2006, during which three strong mesoscale convective systems （MCSs） formed and brought about torrential rain or even cloudburst in South China. With the 1° ×1° NCEP （National Centers for Environment Prediction） reanalysis data and the Weather and Research Forecast （WRF） mesoscale model, a numerical simulation, a potential vorticity inversion analysis, and some sensitivity experiments are carried out to reveal the formation mechanism of this rainfall event. In the meantime, conventional observations, satellite images, and the WRF model outputs are also utilized to perform a preliminary dynamic and thermodynamic diagnostic analysis of the rainstorm systems. It is found that the torrential rain occurred in favorable synoptic conditions such as warm and moist environment, low lifting condensation level, and high convective instability. The moisture transport by strong southerly winds associated with the rapid northward advance of the cyclonic wind perturbation over the northern SCS provided the warm and moist condition for the formation of the excessive rain. Under the dynamic steering of a southwesterly flow ahead of a north trough and that on the southwest side of the West Pacific subtropical high, the mesoscale vortex （or the cyclonic wind perturbation）, after its genesis, moved northward and brought about enormous rain in most parts of Guangdong Province through providing certain lifting forcing for the triggering of mesoscale convection. During the development of the mesoscale vortex, heavy rainfall was to a certain extent enhanced by the mesoscale topography of the Yunwu Mountain in Guangdong. The effect of the Yunwu Mountain is found to vary under different prevailing wind directions and intensities. The location o     

Overview of the South China sea monsoon experiment

The present paper gives an overview of the key project “ South China Sea Monsoon Experiment(SCSMEX)” operated by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China during the period of 1996-2001. The SCSMEX is a joint atmospheric and oceanic field experiment which aims to better understandthe onset, maintenance, and variability of the summer monsoon over the South China Sea (SCS). It is a large-scale international effort with many participating countries and regions cooperatively involved in this experiment. With the field observation in May-August 1998, a large amount of meteorological and oceanic data was acquired, which provides excellent datasets for the study of the SCS monsoon and the East Asian monsoon and their interaction with the ocean. The preliminary research achievements are as follows. (1) The earliest onset of the Asian monsoon over the SCS and Indo-China Peninsula has been well documented. From the viewpoint of the synoptic process, its onset is closely related to the early rapid development of a twin cyclone to the east of Sri Lanka. The conceptual model of the SCS monsoon onset in 1998 was put forward. The 50-year time series of the SCS monsoon onset date was also made. (2) Two major modes, namely the 30-60-day and 10-20-day oscillations were ascertained. The influences of the abnormal SCS monsoon on the precipitation over eastern China and its modes were identified. A strong(weak) monsoon over the SCS usually leads to less (more) precipitation over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin, and more (less) precipitation in North China. (3) During the monsoon onset over the SCS, a wide variety of organized mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) were observed by a Doppler radar array deployed over the northern SCS. The relationship between large-scale circulations and MCSs during the monsoon onset process in 1998 was clearly revealed. It was suggested that there is a kind of positive feedback mechanism between large-scale circulations and MCSs. (4) The SST over the SCS during the early period influences the timing of the monsoon onset date and the monsoon‘s intensity. During the monsoon onset, the ocean undergoes a process of energy release through air-sea interaction. During the break phase of the SCS monsoon, the ocean demonstrates the process of energy re-accumulation. Obvious differences in the air-sea turbulent flux exchange between the southern and northern parts of the SCS due to different characteristic features of the atmosphere and sea structure were observed in those regions.(5) The verification of impact of intensive observations on the predictive performance is made by the use of regional models. The air-sea coupled regional climate model (CRCM) was also developed under the SCSMEX Project . The simulation of the oceanic circulation in 1998 produced with the model was well compared with the observations.     

登陆热带气旋与夏季风相互作用对暴雨的影响

利用《热带气旋年鉴》资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料采用动态合成分析方法,研究了登陆热带气旋降水与夏季风急流之间的关系,同时对登陆热带气旋与夏季风急流发生相互作用的典型个例强热带风暴Bilis (0604) 利用数值模拟方法研究了二者之间的相互作用对暴雨的影响。结果表明:登陆后造成大范围强降水的热带气旋往往与低层急流长时间相连,其水汽通量和潜热能显著大于弱降水热带气旋。数值试验结果表明:夏季风低空急流向热带气旋输送水汽对热带气旋结构维持有利,当水汽输送被截断后,热带气旋气旋性结构被破坏,强降水减弱、范围明显缩小;季风急流风速增强时可增加水汽通量输送,使得强降水范围增加、强度增强;在夏季风影响背景下,热带气旋在陆上的移动改变水汽和不稳定能量的分布,而热带气旋本身独特的动力结构使得强降水强度增加。     

South China Sea Monsoon Experiment （SCSMEX） and the East Asian Monsoon

The SCSMEX is a joint atmospheric and oceanic experiment by international efforts, aiming at studying the onset, maintenance, and variability of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon, thus improving the monsoon prediction in Southeast and East Asian regions. The field experiment carried out in May-August 1998 was fully successful, with a large amount of meteorological and oceanographic data acquired that have been used in four dimensional data assimilations by several countries, in order to improve their numerical simulations and prediction. These datasets are also widely used in the follow-up SCS and East Asian monsoon study. The present paper has summarized the main research results obtained by Chinese meteorologists which cover six aspects: (1) onset processes and mechanism of the SCS summer monsoon; (2) development of convection and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) during the onset phase and their interaction with large-scale circulation; (3) low-frequency oscillation and teleconnection effect; (4) measurements of surface fluxes over the SCS and their relationship with the monsoon activity; (5) oceanic thermodynamic structures, circulation, and mesoscale eddies in the SCS during the summer monsoon and their relationship with ENSO events; and (6) numerical simulations of the SCS and East Asian monsoon.     

"99.8"山东特大暴雨形成机制的数值模拟分析

利用双重嵌套的非静力数值模式MM5V3,成功地模拟了1999年8月11~12日山东诸城发生的特大暴雨。利用模式输出的高时空分辨率资料,对这次暴雨天气及中尺度低涡的形成机制进行了诊断分析。结果表明,这次特大暴雨是在弱冷空气侵入台风低压环流,热带辐合带北伸的形势下形成的;倾斜涡度发展是特大暴雨及中尺度低涡产生、发展的重要机制,鲁东南有利的地形对中尺度低涡的形成具有重要作用;台风低压倒槽顶部的强辐合作用首先触发上升运动,产生强降水,强降水位于低层气旋性暖式切变最明显的地方;强降水释放的凝结潜热使高层气层增暖,高层辐散加强,引起低层中尺度低涡强烈发展,导致降水增幅。可见,CISK机制是特大暴雨和中尺度低涡加强的另一种机制。     

1998年南海季风爆发时期中尺度对流系统 的研究：Ⅱ中尺度对流系统对大尺度场的作用

通过对1998年南海季风爆发过程中大尺度风场、温度场、厚度场、地面气压场以及视热源与视水汽汇的演变分析研究了对流活动对大尺度场的作用,结果表明:大尺度环流与中尺度对流活动之间可能存在着一种正反馈机制。在季风爆发早期,大尺度背景与中尺度对流活动的关系主要表现为前者为季风爆发以及中尺度对流活动的发生提供有利的天气和动力条件;季风爆发后期持续的大范围中尺度对流活动反过来会对大尺度环流存在明显的反馈作用。由对流活动强烈发展产生的凝结潜热释放在南海北部造成了显著的大气加热,使对流层中上层出现一明显的加热中心,这导致:(1)南海上空经向温度梯度由高层向低层发生反向,形成北高南低的温度梯度,从而使大尺度环流发生季节性改变;(2)相应南海北部地面气压不断加深,形成宽广的季风槽和明显的减压区,促使副热带高压从南海地区最后撤离;(3)随着中低层低压环流的不断发展,对流系统和降水区进一步加强并向南扩展,有利于南海季风在南海中、南部地区爆发和维持;(4)季风槽的加深使其南侧的季风气流与水汽输送进一步加强,促使季风爆发过程达到盛期。     

EFFECT OF THE INDIAN PENINSULA ON THE COURSE OF THE ASIAN TROPICAL SUMMER MONSOON

In terms of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3),the effect of the Indian Peninsulaon the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon is simulated in this paper,and numericalexperimental results show that the Indian Peninsula plays a critical role in the establishmentprocess of the Asian tropical summer monsoon.When the CCM3 includes the Indian Peninsula,the model successfully simulates out the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon,i.e.theSouth China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon at first bursts in middle May,while the Indian monsoonjust establishes until middle June.However when the Indian Peninsula topography is deleted in themodel,the Indian and SCS summer monsoons almost simultaneously establish in late May.Numerical results further indicate that in the former experiment the sensible heating of the IndianPeninsula warms the air above and produces evident temperature contrast between the peninsulaand its adjacent SCS and Bay of Bengal (BOB).which results in the strengthening and maintenanceof the BOB trough in the low-middle layer of the troposphere in the end of spring and early summerand thus the earliest establishment of the Asian tropical summer monsoon in the SCS in middleMay.However,the Indian summer monsoon just establishes until middle June when the strongwest wind over the Arabian Sea shifts northwards and cancels out the influence of the northwestflow behind the BOB trough.In the latter experiment the effect of Tibetan Plateau only produces avery weak BOB trough,and thus the SCS and Indian summer monsoons almost simultaneouslyestablish.     

EFFECT OF THE INDIAN PENINSULA ON THE COURSE OF THE ASIAN TROPICAL SUMMER MONSOON*

In terms of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3),the effect of the Indian Peninsula on the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon is simulated in this paper,and numerical experimental results show that the Indian Peninsula plays a critical role in the establishment process of the Asian tropical summer monsoon.When the CCM3 includes the Indian Peninsula,the model successfully simulates out the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon,i.e.the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon at first bursts in middle May,while the Indian monsoon just establishes until middle June.However when the Indian Peninsula topography is deleted in the model,the Indian and SCS summer monsoons almost simultaneously establish in late May.Numerical results further indicate that in the former experiment the sensible heating of the Indian Peninsula warms the air above and produces evident temperature contrast between the peninsula and its adjacent SCS and Bay of Bengal (BOB).which results in the strengthening and maintenance of the BOB trough in the low-middle layer of the troposphere in the end of spring and early summer and thus the earliest establishment of the Asian tropical summer monsoon in the SCS in middle May.However,the Indian summer monsoon just establishes until middle June when the strong west wind over the Arabian Sea shifts northwards and cancels out the influence of the northwest flow behind the BOB trough.In the latter experiment the effect of Tibetan Plateau only produces a very weak BOB trough,and thus the SCS and Indian summer monsoons almost simultaneously establish.     

ON THE PROCESS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER EAST ASIA

Using daily observational rainfall data covered 194 stations of China from 1961 to 1995 andNCEP model analyzed pentad precipitation data of global grid point from 1979 to 1997,thedistribution of onset date of rainy season over Asian area from spring to summer is studied in thispaper.The analyzed results show that there exist two stages of rainy season onset over East Asianregion from spring to summer rainy season onset accompanying subtropical monsoon and tropicalmonsoon respectively.The former rain belt is mainly formed by the convergence of cold air and therecurred southwesterly flow from western part of subtropical high and westerly flow from the so-called western trough of subtropical region occurring during winter to spring over South Asia.Thelatter is formed in the process of subtropical monsoon rain belt over inshore regions of South ChinaSea originally coming from south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin advancing with northwardshift of subtropical high after the onset of tropical monsoon over South China Sea.The pre-floodrainy season over South China region then came into mature period and the second peak of rainfallappeared.Meiyu,the rainy season over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin and North China thenformed consequently.The process of summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea in 1998is also discussed in this paper.It indicated that the monsoon during summer tropical monsoononset over South China Sea is the result of the westerly flow over middle part of South China Sea,which is from the new generated cyclone formed in north subtropical high entering into SouthChina Sea,converged with the tropical southwesterly flow recurred by the intensified cross-equatorial flow.     

ON THE PROCESS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER EAST ASIA*

Using daily observational rainfall data covered 194 stations of China from 1961 to 1995 and NCEP model analyzed pentad precipitation data of global grid point from 1979 to 1997,the distribution of onset date of rainy season over Asian area from spring to summer is studied in this paper.The analyzed results show that there exist two stages of rainy season onset over East Asian region from spring to summer rainy season onset accompanying subtropical monsoon and tropical monsoon respectively.The former rain belt is mainly formed by the convergence of cold air and the recurred southwesterly flow from western part of subtropical high and westerly flow from the so-called western trough of subtropical region occurring during winter to spring over South Asia.The latter is formed in the process of subtropical monsoon rain belt over inshore regions of South China Sea originally coming from south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin advancing with northward shift of subtropical high after the onset of tropical monsoon over South China Sea.The pre-flood rainy season over South China region then came into mature period and the second peak of rainfall appeared.Meiyu,the rainy season over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin and North China then formed consequently.The process of summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea in 1998 is also discussed in this paper.It indicated that the monsoon during summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea is the result of the westerly flow over middle part of South China Sea,which is from the new generated cyclone formed in north subtropical high entering into South China Sea,converged with the tropical southwesterly flow recurred by the intensified cross-equatorial flow.     

亚洲夏季风爆发的深对流特征

文中应用ＮＯＡＡ卫星反演的１９８０～１９９５年候平均对流层上部水汽亮温（ＢＴ）资料、向外长波辐 射（ＯＬＲ）资料和美国ＮＭＣ全球分析８５０　ｈＰａ风资料与美国ＣＭＡＰ降水资料作了对比分析，发现Ｂ Ｔ能够较好地反映中低纬度地区的深对流降水，偏南风场辐合区与深对流降水有比较一致的 关系，而ＯＬＲ不能反映热带外地区的对流降水。ＢＴ资料所具有的这一特征可以应用于亚洲夏 季风爆发过程的深对流特征分析。ＢＴ描述深对流的临界值是２４４　Ｋ。亚洲季风区是全球深对 流季节变化范围和强度最大的地区。赤道外地区的夏季风爆发可以定义为来自热带地区深对 流的季节扩张。中南半岛上的夏季风对流发生在南海夏季风爆发之前。华南前汛期深对流是 中低纬系统相互作用的结果。第２８候，南海夏季风的突然爆发在降水、风场和卫星反演 的深对流特征上都有明确的反映。南海夏季风爆发后，印度夏季风对流由南向北逐渐爆发， 青藏高原东侧和中国东部沿海的夏季风对流向北推进早于中国中部地区。     

南海夏季风撤退期的气候特征I——40年平均

近年来广州地区的气溶胶污染日趋严重,灰霾天气主要出现在10月～次年4月。大气灰霾导致能见度恶化。自1980年代初开始,该地区的能见度急剧恶化,灰霾天气显著增加,其中有3次大的波动,分别代表广州地区经济发展相伴随的粉尘污染、硫酸盐加粉尘污染、光化学过程的细粒子加硫酸盐加粉尘的复合污染时期。雾和轻雾造成的低能见度的长期变化趋势,没有由于人类活动影响或经济发展影响带来的趋势性变化,其波动主要反映了气候波动固有的年际和年代际变化。广州地区能见度的恶化主要与细粒子有关,PM10有一半季均值超过国家二级标准的日均值浓度限值,而PM2.5季均值全部超过美国国家标准的日均值浓度限值,细粒子浓度甚高。另外PM2.5占PM10的比重非常高,可达62%～69%,尤其是旱季比雨季更高。     

受“碧利斯”影响的一次中尺度对流系统模拟研究

利用中尺度数值模式WRF（weather research and forecasting model）对2006年7月16—17日在我国华南沿海地区引发强降水的中尺度对流系统（mesoscale convective systems,MCS）活动进行了数值模拟,并结合观测资料对此次过程进行分析。结果表明,1）此次MCS活动与0604号强热带风暴“碧利斯”减弱而成的热带低气压及西南季风密切相关。热低压为MCS的发生提供了动力抬升条件,西南季风则承担了输送水汽的角色,二者的持续结合,使华南大部地区中尺度对流系统不断发生和发展,形成强降水。2）该MCS具有明显的不对称结构,云体越向上越向南部伸展,云系主要分布在热低压的南部,呈东北一西南走向的带状。3）模式对此次MCS强降水过程的模拟效果较好,客观地反映了此次MCS的发展演变及雨带的分布状况。4）在广西境内的中尺度对流云团中云水含量较少,冰相粒子的比含水量值很大,主要的降水机制为冰晶降水机制。     

1996年初次华南暴雨过程的数值模拟及其分析

文章运用新近开发的双向嵌套的MM5中尺度模式，在国家气象中心的CRAY-C92巨型机环境下，对1996年4月中旬末的华南暴雨过程进行了高分辨率数值模拟和敏感性试验。结果表明，该模式比较成功地模拟了这次暴雨过程及相关的中尺度系统的发生发展；凝结潜热通过一个类似于CISK的机制对暴雨过程的发生发展产生了至关重要的作用；低空西南急流为暴雨的发生发展输送了潜在不稳定能量，并在与暴雨的相互作用中得以维持和加强；初始时刻（暴雨发生前12小时）南海北部—华南地区低层潜在不稳定能量的储备是暴雨发生不可缺少的条件。     

南海季风试验与东亚夏季风

南海季风试验是一次国际性大气与海洋的联合试验 ,旨在更好地了解南海季风的爆发、维持与变化 ,以改进东亚和东南亚地区的季风预报。 1998年 5～ 8月进行的外场试验取得了圆满成功 ,获得了大量气象与海洋资料。不少国家对这些资料进行四维资料同化 ,并改进数值模拟和预报 ;同时也为东亚与南海地区季风的研究提供了必要的资料集。文中总结了中国科学家在这方面的主要研究成果 ,共包括 6个方面 :(1)南海夏季风的爆发过程与机理 ;(2 )南海季风爆发过程中对流与中尺度系统的发展及其与大尺度环流的相互作用 ;(3)低频振荡与遥相关作用 ;(4 )南海海 气通量的测量及其与季风活动的关系 ;(5 )夏季风时期南海海洋的热力结构、环流和中尺度涡旋及其与ENSO事件的关系 ;(6 )南海与东亚季风的数值模拟。