西太平洋副高的东西进退与东亚夏季风系统的相互影响与关联

利用1980-2010年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和美国NOAA向外长波辐射（outgoing longwave radiation,OLR）资料,根据关键区500 hPa位势高度的变化定义了西太平洋副高东西位置指标,利用该指标围绕东亚夏季风系统开展分析,详细对比了夏季6月、7月副高东西向活动异常时,季风区相应的环流及对流活动差异.结果表明：副高东西位置的年际变化反映了亚洲夏季风的强弱变化,副高偏西（东）年,南海夏季风偏弱（强）,副热带夏季风偏强（弱）;副高的东西进退与东亚夏季风系统成员之间相互影响、相互制约;副高偏西年,南亚高压偏东、偏强,季风槽不发展、强度偏弱,西风带长波槽发展加深,南半球马斯克林高压和澳大利亚高压减弱,越赤道气流减弱,而副高偏东年情况则反之.     

2020年夏季川渝地区洪涝灾害及暴雨过程研究

本文针对2020年夏季川渝地区的强降水产生的洪涝过程及相应的15次暴雨过程进行了分析，并与川渝地区大旱年同期情况进行了对比。2020年夏季，西太平洋副热带高压（以下简称副高）较气候平均位置偏西、强度偏强，其西伸脊点可达110°E以西；青藏高压东伸、偏强，上下层共同作用使副高稳定维持。中纬度小波动活动频繁，使得冷空气活动往往维持在川渝上空。副高西侧气流与北方偏北风的汇合使川渝地区形成较大的水汽通量辐合区，为暴雨的发生提供十分必要的水汽条件。此外，来自印度的季风气流从印度北部至高原东侧，经由高原南侧向东输送水汽，成为另一支重要的水汽通道。2006年夏季，川渝地区为重要的干旱年，暴雨个例也最少。在这一年，副高偏东，中纬西风带短波槽不活跃，西南季风偏弱，川渝地区水汽辐合较少，这些与2020年形成了鲜明的对比。     

2006年夏季西南地区东部特大干旱及其大气环流异常

利用1959-2006年西南地区东部20个测站的逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及国家气候中心提供的环流特征量资料,分析了2006年夏季西南地区东部特大干旱的时空分布及其同期大气环流的异常特征.结果表明,2006年夏季西南地Ⅸ东部少雨时段从6月中旬初开始一直持续到9月上旬中后期,达80多天,其中7月下旬中期到9月上旬中期降水尤其稀少.西南地区东部区域6、7、8月及整个夏季(6-8月)降水都偏少,降水指数显示2006年是西南地区东部1959年以来夏季降水最少的年份.2006年夏季西南地区特大干旱与大气环流异常有很大的关系,中高纬度环流及西太平洋副热带高压、西风带环流、南亚岛压、低层流场、水汽输送以及垂直运动等都持续异常.西太平洋副高异常偏北且偏西和副高异常偏弱且偏东时,两南地区东部都日,能出现严重干旱,2006年夏季属于副高控制性高温伏旱.西太平洋副高偏强偏北偏西,同时伴随南亚高压偏强偏东,西南地区东部在副高控制下,盛行下沉气流,同时也抑制了向该地的水汽输送,再加上西风带环流以及中高纬环流配置不利于冷空气南下,因而2006夏季西南地区东部少雨干旱.青藏高原热源偏弱,菲律宾附近地区对流非常活跃,是引起2006年夏季西太平洋副商偏强偏北偏西的重要原因.     

欧亚大陆夏季地表热力异常与同期中国东部夏季降水的可能联系

利用ERA-40再分析资料、CRU TS3.0数据集以及中国站点观测数据,分析了欧亚大陆夏季地表热力异常的变化特征,在此基础上探讨了我国东部夏季降水与同期欧亚大陆地表热力异常之间的可能联系。研究发现,欧亚大陆地表气温与浅层土壤温度的大尺度变化特征基本一致:经验正交函数分解第一模态空间型表现为大陆西南部分区域与欧亚大陆其他区域反相变化,对应的时间系数均在20世纪80年代末出现转折。当夏季欧亚中纬度印度以北地区和我国中东部地区地表气温偏高时,东亚夏季风的强度偏强,西太平洋副热带高压位置偏东,我国东部偏南风偏强,江淮流域水汽偏少,且气流上升运动偏弱,降水偏少;华南和北方地区水汽偏多,且气流上升运动偏强,降水偏多;反之亦然。当欧亚大陆中高纬贝加尔湖以东及以西地区夏季地表气温偏高,而我国东北部地区夏季地表气温偏低时,东亚夏季风的强度偏强,西太平洋副热带高压位置偏西,我国东南部地区偏南风异常偏强,有利于水汽向江淮流域输送,东南沿海及内蒙古中部水汽偏少,且气流上升运动偏弱,降水偏少;而东部其余地区水汽偏多,且气流上升运动偏强,降水偏多;反之亦然。     

新疆天山中部初秋罕见大暴雪成因分析

对新疆天山中部初秋2003年9月27—28日罕见大暴雪天气过程进行综合分析表明:天山中部初秋大暴雪发生在南亚高压双体型,伊朗副高东伸北挺,西太副高稳定,乌拉尔大槽不断南伸并缓慢东移的形势下;它是各种尺度系统及副热带与西风带系统共同作用的结果。大暴雪发生在低层偏东气流与中层西南气流和高层偏西气流交汇处;而低层东路水汽的输送对大暴雪的贡献极为重要。     

2013年夏季气候异常特征及成因简析

2013年夏季,全国平均降水量339.9 mm,较常年同期偏多4.5%;降水分布呈"北多南少"态势,东北和华北降水异常偏多,而黄淮至江南北部降水明显偏少。全国平均气温21.7℃,较常年同期偏高0.7℃,与2006和2010年并列为1961年以来同期最高;黄淮至江南北部等地区气温异常偏高,极端高温事件突出。此外,欧洲东南部至东亚北部被浅薄的低槽区控制,不利于冷空气深入影响中国南方地区;东亚夏季风偏强,西北太平洋副热带高压(以下简称副高)明显偏北,有利于低纬度暖湿气流沿着副高外围北上,冷暖空气在我国华北和东北地区交汇,形成水汽的异常辐合区,造成北方地区降水异常偏多。同时,副高持续加强西伸,副高西侧持续稳定控制我国南方大部分地区,导致该地区持续受异常下沉运动控制,对流活动受到抑制,从而造成了中国南方地区的持续高温事件。     

厄尔尼诺事件对中国夏季水汽输送和降水分布影响的新研究

基于1961-2016年中国地面台站降水观测资料和多种再分析资料,分析了东部型和中部型两类厄尔尼诺事件对中国夏季水汽输送和降水的不同影响。结果表明：（1）厄尔尼诺事件对中国夏季降水的影响在发生当年和次年有明显的不同,主要影响是在其发生的次年,中国大部分地区的夏季降水明显偏多。（2）东部型厄尔尼诺事件当年夏季,西北太平洋副热带高压（副高）偏东偏弱,水汽输送条件较弱,不利于中国大范围降水的发生;中部型事件当年夏季,低纬度印度洋和西太平洋蒸发异常偏强,来自阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾和西北太平洋向华南地区的水汽输送和净水汽收支增加,有利于华南地区降水的异常增多。（3）东部型厄尔尼诺事件次年夏季,副热带太平洋蒸发异常偏强,副高西伸,由于东亚-太平洋（EAP）遥相关型的建立,副高西侧的强西南气流将来自太平洋蒸发的大量水汽持续输送至中国中东部地区。此外,在东亚-太平洋遥相关型影响下中高纬度地区建立了亚洲双阻型环流,其间的低槽冷涡与上游阻高之间的强偏北气流有利于北冰洋的水汽持续输送到西北和华北北部地区,中国大部分地区净水汽收支均增加,中国北方和南方地区的降水均产生了明显的同步性增多响应,形成了南北两条异常雨带。中部型厄尔尼诺事件次年夏季,副高较常年偏西且偏北,来自太平洋蒸发的大量水汽输送到江淮地区,使其净水汽收支增加和降水偏多。因此,厄尔尼诺事件的发生不仅对长江流域和淮河流域等南方地区的降水有重要影响,对华北、东北和西北地区的降水异常也有相当的作用。     

2004年夏季经向型雨带及其与印度洋偶极模异常海温的关系

针对2004年夏季降水为南北向雨带分布的异常特点,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对可能造成2004年准经向降水分布的海温场、高度场及水汽输送特征进行了分析,并与夏季降水呈纬向分布的2003年进行了比对.分析结果表明,2004年夏季西太平洋副热带高压偏北、偏东,中国大陆中纬度地区东部为异常偏东水汽输送,西部为异常偏西的水汽输送,东、西风在110°E形成南北向交界,有利于形成南北经向型的水汽辐合和降水分布.而在2003年夏季,西太平洋副热带高压偏南、偏西,在长江以南形成稳定的带状副高,有利于雨带长时间稳定在副高北侧的淮河流域,同时中国大陆35°N以南地区为异常偏西水汽输送,以北地区为异常偏东的水汽输送,正、负异常纬向风形成东西向交界,有利于形成东西纬向型的水汽辐合和带状降水分布.对海温状况的分析发现,虽然2003年和2004年太平洋异常海温信号较弱,但印度洋和中国大陆近海海温却有明显的差异,2004年夏季西北太平洋异常海温北高南低,西印度洋海温异常偏冷,赤道热带印度洋海温呈东暖西冷的偶极模负相位特征.而在2003年淮河强降水发生同期,西北太平洋异常海温南高北低,西印度洋海温异常偏暖,赤道热带印度洋海温呈东冷西暖的偶极模正相位特征.因此,印度洋异常海温偶极模的不同相位可能是造成2003、2004年中国夏季降水不同雨带分布型的重要原因.利用中国160个代表站1950～1999的降水资料,进一步分析了印度洋偶极模不同相位异常海温对中国夏季降水的影响,结果发现,印度洋偶极模正相位有利于中国南方降水的西移和北方降水的东进,趋向于形成东西纬向型降水分布; 而印度洋偶极模负相位有利于中国南方降水的东退和北方降水的西移,趋向于形成南北经向型降水分布.     

2011年夏季气候异常及主要异常事件成因分析

本文对2011年夏季的中国气候及大气环流异常特征进行分析,发现我国总体气温偏高,降水偏少。西北西部、华北南部、江淮至江南一带,西南地区东部等地出现了阶段性的较大范围极端高温天气过程。西南地区东部和广西等地出现严重干旱;而长江下游地区降水显著偏多。进一步对中国气候异常事件的成因分析表明：异常高压的长期维持,孟加拉湾的向北水汽输送偏弱及西太平洋副热带高压位置偏东使其西侧的东南和偏南水汽输送对我国西南地区影响小是导致西南地区严重干旱的大气环流因素;2010年秋季出现的中部型拉尼娜事件可能是西南干旱的一个重要外强迫条件。2011年夏季亚洲极涡偏弱偏小,欧亚中高纬地区经向环流偏强,有利于冷空气南下;同时,中纬度西太平洋地区海温持续偏低而激发反气旋性环流产生,造成西太平洋副高偏大偏强,冷暖气流在长江下游地区交汇造成降水显著偏多。     

气温变化对中国夏季云水量的影响

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)提供的1979-2016年ERA-Interim再分析资料分析了中国4个地区夏季大气水循环变量和气温时空特征,并通过相关分析、SVD方法及环流场合成分析进一步揭示了气温变化对云水含量的影响。结果表明:中国夏季云水含量空间分布从东南向西北减少。高原区云水含量与气温正相关,其他地区为显著负相关。西北地区升温使西风带水汽输送减弱和蒙古东部异常反气旋环流维持,北方地区升温使东北至蒙古异常反气旋和东南沿海异常气旋维持,西北太平洋副热带高压(副高)东撤,二者均使200 hPa西风急流减弱,水汽输送和上升运动减弱,云水含量减少。南方地区升温使黄海异常反气旋和南海异常气旋维持,副高东撤,200 hPa西风急流偏北,不利于水汽输送和上升运动,云水含量减少。高原地区升温使西风带南支和高原西部异常气旋加强,副高西伸北抬,高原北侧西风急流和南亚高压增强,促进水汽输送和低层辐合上升,使云液水含量增加。     

ADVANCE AND RETREAT OF THE SUMMER MONSOON IN CHINA

By using the daily-14 year(1983—1996)NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5° reanalysis data,wecarefully study in each pentad the advance and retreat of the summer monsoon in China and givento it a new definition.This definition considered the intensity of southwesterly winds at 850 hPatogether with its degree in temperature and moisture.The result revealed that:(1)The advance of the summer monsoon in China shows three abrupt northward shifts andfour relatively stationary stays.The four stable stages correspond to the peak of the pro-summerrainy period in South China,the“Meiyu”season in the Changjiang(Yangtze)-Huaihe RiverValleys.the rainy season in the downstream of the Huanghe(Yellow)Riyer Valleys and the rainyseason in northern China.The retreat of the summer monsoon is so fast that it totally retreatsfrom the mainland at about the mid-August.(2)The northward advance of summer monsoon in China is basically controlled by theseasonal variation latitudinally of the upper level planetary westerlies.It is in roughly accord withthe temporal variation in the position of 15 m s~(-1) isotaeh at 200 hPa.The fast retreat of thesummer monsoon is mainly due to the blocking effect of the Tibetan Plateau.(3)The advance of 500 hPa subtropical high of the western Pacific is also in aecordanee withthe advance of the summer monsoon in China.During the advancement of the summer monsoon,the eastward movement of the subtropical high shows great meaning that it creates the essentialcondition for the convergence of southward intrusion cold airs with the warm and humidsouthwesterly winds,which result in precipitation.There are three manifest eastward movementsof the subtropical high during its northward advancement.They coincide correspondingly to thebeginning of the peak of the pre-summer rainy period in South China,the“Meiyu”season in theChangjiang(Yangtze)-Huaihe River Valleys and finally the rainy season in northern China.Thewestern part of the subtropical high moves eastward to the region of Japan in late July and thebeginning of August.It then stays there for quite a long time which results in the straightmovement of cold airs intruding from the north to the east of Tibetan Plateau,i.e.the easternregion of China.This provides good condition for the fast southward retreat of the summermonsoon.(4)The intensifieation and development of the Tibetan high at 200 hPa are closely related to the eastward movement of the subtropical high,they often occur simultaneously.     

再论夏季西太平洋副热带高压的西伸北跳

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 选择了1998年、2003年和2005年夏季我国东部雨带位置变化过程进行诊断分析。研究表明:夏季我国东部暴雨带位置的变动, 受西太平洋副热带高压西伸北跳 (南撤东退) 的调节。当副热带高压西伸北跳 (南撤东退) 时, 暴雨带向北 (向南) 移动。在副热带高压西伸北跳持续时期, 长江流域中下游地区出现高温酷暑天气。副热带高压西伸北跳是由于欧亚大陆上空存在静止Rossby波列, 波的能量沿着高空副热带急流向东传播到我国沿海海岸 (115°~130°E) 时, 在该地区激发出一个长波脊。这个长波脊的建立, 使得副热带高压和对流层上部的青藏高压都朝长波脊方向伸展, 表现为“相向”而行。而当在沿海海岸上空激发出一个长波槽时, 副热带高压南撤东退而青藏高压退回到高原上空。当夏季沿海海岸上空的长波脊持续维持时, 长江中下游会出现持久的高温酷暑天气。根据夏季天气预报的经验, 欧洲中期数值预报中心发布的预报对副热带高压的西伸北跳有较好的可预报性。     

Features of the Extremely Severe Drought in the East of Southwest China and Anomalies of Atmospheric Circulation in Summer 2006

The spatial-temporal features of the extremely severe drought and the anomalous atmospheric circulation in summer 2006 are analyzed based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the characteristic circulation indices given by the National Climate Center of China, and the daily precipitation data of 20 stations in the east of Southwest China (ESC) from 1959 to 2006. The results show that the rainless period started from early June and ended in early September 2006 with a total of more than 80 days, and the rainfall was especially scarce from around 25 July to 5 September 2006. Precipitation for each month was less than normal, and analysis of the precipitation indices shows that the summer precipitation in 2006 was the least since 1959. The extremely severe drought in the ESC in summer 2006 was closely related to the persistent anomalies of the atmospheric circulation in the same period, i.e., anomalies of mid-high latitude atmospheric circulation, western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), westerlies, South Asian high, lower-level flow, water vapor transport, vertical motion, and so on. Droughts usually occur when the WPSH lies anomalously northward and westward, or anomalously weak and eastward. The extreme drought in summer 2006 was caused by the former. When the WPSH turned stronger and shifted to the north and west of its normal position, and the South Asian high was also strong and lay eastward, downdrafts prevailed over the ESC and suppressed the water vapor transfer toward this area. At the same time, the disposition of the westerlies and the mid-high latitude circulation disfavored the southward invasion of cold air, which jointly resulted in the extremely severe drought in the ESC in summer 2006. The weak heating over the Tibetan Plateau and vigorous convective activities over the Philippine area were likely responsible for the strong WPSH and its northwestward shift in summer 2006.     

罕见的一次暴雨形势场回顾

应用常规气象观测资料、天气图、气象卫星、雷达资料等,对2008年7月30—31日发生在内蒙古鄂尔多斯市北部的一次区域性暴雨天气进行综合分析,结果表明:西太平洋副热带高压西伸北挺和西来槽东移,为暴雨形成提供了有利的大尺度环流背景,高空急流、切变线、地面冷锋是暴雨产生的主要影响系统,偏南气流的建立为暴雨提供了源源不断的水汽条件。     

孟加拉湾季风爆发对南海季风爆发的影响Ⅰ:个例分析

利用南海季风试验分析场和NCAR向外长波辐射通量(OLR)资料研究了1998年孟加拉湾季风和南海季风爆发期间副热带环流的大尺度和天气尺度特征,探讨了孟加拉湾季风爆发与南海季风爆发之间的物理联系及孟加拉湾季风气旋的对流凝结潜热释放对副热带高压“撤出”南海的影响。结果表明,1998年5月爆发的东亚季风展现出典型的从孟加拉湾地区东传发展到南海地区的过程。随着孟加拉湾季风爆发和对流活动增强、北移,南海北部出现了低层西风和对流活动,领先于副热带高压在南海地区减弱和撤退。结果还显示南海北部地区的对流凝结加热有助于该地区经向温度梯度的反转,在热成风关系的制约下南海上空副热带高压脊面的垂直倾斜由冬季型转向夏季型,季风爆发。     

1999年夏季长江及以南地区洪涝的大尺度环流成因初探

通过对比分析，探讨了1999年夏季长江及以南地区洪涝灾害的环流成因，指出1999年处在La Nina年，西太平洋副热带高压偏弱，偏北且异常偏东；南海夏季风前期偏强，后期偏弱；带对流层上部南亚高压脊和洋中槽位置偏南；对流层下部长江下游至江南受气旋性异常环流影响，形成异常加强的水输送圈；夏季亚洲中纬度大陆高压维持，中低纬度环流系统的共同作用造成长江中下游及以南地区的洪涝灾害。     

THE VARIATION OF THE SPRING PRECIPITATION IN GUANGZHOU AND ITS PRECURSORY SIGNALS

Guangzhou spring rainfall mainly exhibits interannual variation of Quasi-biannual and interdecadal variation of 30 yrs, and is in the period of weak rainfall at interdecadal time scale. SST anomalies (SSTA) of Nino3 are the strongest precursor of Guangzhou spring rainfall. They have significant positive correlation from previous November and persist stably to April. Nino3 SSTA in the previous winter affects Guangzhou spring rainfall through North Pacific subtropical high and low wind in spring. When Nino3 SSTA is positive in the previous winter, spring subtropical high is intense and westward, South China is located in the area of ascending airflow at the edge of the subtropical high, and water vapor transporting to South China is intensified by anticyclone circulation to the east of the Philippines. So Guangzhou spring rainfall is heavy. When Nino3 SSTA is negative, the subtropical high is weak and eastward, South China is far away from the subtropical high and is located in the area of descending airflow, and water vapor transporting to South China is weak because low-level cyclonic circulation controls areas to the east of the Philippines and north wind prevails in South China. So Guangzhou spring rainfall is weak and spring drought is resulted.     

冬季风异常年份的环流特征及其与华南前汛期降水的关系

本文分析了1963—1982年资料,研究了冬季风异常年份的环流特征及其与华南初夏降水的关系。结果表明:冬季风强年,500百帕西太平洋副高偏弱,亚洲西风环流弱,东亚槽南伸,200百帕115°E西风急流强而偏北。冬季风弱年的环流特征与此相反。强冬季风年后期环流演变特点,中高纬度环流逐渐向夏季型过渡,而副热带环流则变化强烈。弱冬季风年后期中高纬度环流在2月下旬至3月上旬有一个反复的过程,副热带环流则是逐步增强北上的。强冬季风年初夏500百帕西太平洋副高较正常年偏强,位置偏北,西脊点偏东,100百帕南亚高压偏西,华南及珠江三角洲前汛期降水偏少。弱冬季风年初夏环流特点与此相反,华南及珠江三角洲前汛期降水偏多。      

Analysis on the Long-Lasting Freezing Rain and Snowstorm Event at the Beginning of 2008

In this paper,main characteristics of the long-lasting freezing rain and snowstorm event in southern China at the beginning of 2008,features of the related atmospheric circulation and the causes thereof are analyzed.During the event,patterns of the atmospheric circulation stayed stable; the polar vortex located in the northern part of the Eastern Hemisphere was strong with little movement; the cold front from the polar region and the active warm air mass from the tropical ocean confronted each other for a long time; the blocking high to the west of Baikal remained strong and steady; the trough over central nd western Asia maintained its position for quite long with a group of little troughs splitting from it frequently; the dominant wind at 700 hPa was southwesterly while shears and vortexes at 850 hPa developed continually,providing the necessary low-level convergence for subsequent precipitation.Meanwhile,in the mid troposphere,eddies were generated over the Tibetan Plateau and positive vorticity disturbances in the Sichuan Basin propagated eastward to the coastal regions of eastern China.The western Pacific subtropical high was intensive with westward and northward migrations.The subtropical frontal zone was puissant and the north-south temperature gradient was large.Quasi-stationary fronts over South China and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau remained stable.Warm air masses over the tropical ocean were active,so was the trough in the southern branch of the westerlies over the Bay of Bengal.There were four episodes associated with this event.The first one was featured with the interaction of strong cold and warm air,while the other three with the quasi-stationary fronts over South China and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau as well as vigorous penetration of cold air from the north.The existence of the inversion layer and the thick melting layer were one of the main reasons for the long-lasting freezing rains.The main reason for the snowstorms was that the positive vorticity over the Sichuan Basin propagated eastward to the coastal regions of eastern China.Abundant water vapor and intense updraft also favored the heavy snows.     

WAVE-MEAN FLOW INTERACTION AND FORMATION OF BLOCKING--PERSISTENT ANOMALOUS WEATHER IN CHINA IN THE SUMMER OF 1980*

In the summer of 1980,serious persistent abnormal weather occurred over vast areas in China.While record-breaking cold and flood were observed in the reaches of the Changjiang and Huaihe Rivers,severe hot wave and drought dominated the entire northern China.The long-lasting disastrous weather is mainly due to the stable development and maintenance of blocking anticyclone over the northeastern Asia.This study aims at the understanding of the roles of time-varying weather system transport in the formation of the blocking.It was shown that during this period,there appeared continuous generation of synoptic-scale perturbations along the strong baroclinic zone over Europe and the western Asia.While such perturbations propagated eastward,energy conversion occurred.At equivalent barotropic layer,with weak dissipation,such energy conversion was subjected to the so-called bi-directional principle:while the energy of the synoptic-scale system cascaded to smaller scale system,a much larger portion was transferred to the blocking system with larger scale.Potential vorticity diagnoses also revealed that the transient weather systems played the roles of maintaining the mean anticyclonic vorticity to the south,and mean cyclonic vorticity to the north,of the westerly jet,and exciting strong anticyclonic vorticity growth and corresponding geopotential height increase in high latitude area downstream of the westerly diffluence region.The research also showed that,the intensity of the forcing of the blocking formation via wave-mean flow interaction in this Asian case was much stronger than that occurring in the western Europe in the summer of 1976.It was therefore concluded that when persistent abnormal weather in the northern China was studied,in addition to the subtropical weather systems,attention should also be drawn to the development of baroclinic zone over Europe and the western Asia,and the propagation and transfer properties of the synoptic systems embedded in the baroclinic zone.