广州酸雨观测站2008年-2012年酸雨资料分析

利用广州酸雨观测站2008年-2012年的酸雨观测数据,分析广州市年、月、季平均酸雨pH值及酸雨发生频率,并对广州市酸雨变化情况进行分析总结,结果表明：五年中广州的年酸雨平均pH值为4.48,年平均发生频率为75.8％.年平均酸雨最大pH值为4.67,年平均酸雨最小pH值为4.22.酸雨发生频率最高是2009年,为95.9％,最低则是2012年,为82.3％.按照酸雨PH值标准划分来看,2008至2010年年平均pH值属于较强酸性降水,而2011至2012年年平均pH值属于弱酸性降水.月平均酸雨最大pH值出现在11月,pH值为4.71,月平均酸雨最小pH值出现在2月,pH值为3.29;而酸雨频率月变化则可以看出6月份酸雨发生频率最高,为90.4％,而10月份酸雨发生频率最低,为44.0％.按季节分析,广州市秋季降水pH值最高,冬季降水pH值最低,秋季出现酸雨频率最小,冬季出现酸雨频率最大.四季轻雾日数与降水pH值呈显著的负相关,与酸雨频率呈显著的正相关.对风速与酸雨平均pH值分析,说明风速增大时,容易造成外来污染物的入侵,使污染加剧,酸雨平均值减小,酸雨频率增大.而雨量的变化对四季酸雨平均pH值有着显著的影响.     

上海梅雨季节云水和雨水的化学组分分析

1986年6—7月梅雨季节在上海进行了云水和地面雨水的pH值测量和化学组分分析，结果表明:上海酸雨属于硫酸型酸雨；雨水酸度与其化学组分有关，pH≥6的云、雨水中含有大量的Ca2+离子浓度，而pH＜5的云、雨水中有大量的SO2-4离子浓度；As雨水的酸化以云下冲刷过程为主；Ns雨水的酸度可能主要决定于云内雨除过程，NS云内云水的酸化过程，不仅受向上输送局地污染物的影响，而且受平流输送外来污染物的影响。     

上海地区雨水酸度与天气背景的关系

1981—1983年在上海地区11个观测站进行了雨水pH值观测,取到资料2448份.从资料分析得到:(1)雨水pH值与天气背景有关,静止锋天气影响时,酸雨出现几率达44.5％,雨水较酸;暖锋天气时,酸雨出现几率仅9％.(2)台风、高压边缘天气影响下,酸雨的形成主要是受局地污染源的影响;但静止锋、冷锋、低压系统天气时,酸雨的形成不仅受局地污染源的影响,而且还可能受随气流输送来的外来污染物的影响.     

2006—2013年四川酸雨变化特征分析

根据四川省气象部门所属6个酸雨观测站2006—2013年的资料,研究了四川省酸雨的时空变化特征。结果表明:6个酸雨观测站多年降水p H均值除成都属较强酸性外,其余5站多年p H均值都属弱酸性。成都多年酸雨出现频率最高,达到61.5%;安岳多年酸雨出现频率最低,仅为26.6%。安岳K值(电导率)多年平均值最高,达到82.9μs/cm;峨眉山K值多年平均值最低,仅为21.9μs/cm。四川近8 a降水p H平均值为4.74,2008—2010年为第一阶段,2011—2013年为第二阶段,总体看两个阶段年均p H值呈阶梯式上升,到2013年四川省酸雨p H值已上升至5.30,酸性降水出现频率已下降至35.2%,K值降至44.9μs/cm。由于四川春季平均风速较秋季偏高,更利于污染物扩散,故月均p H值变化呈现夏季的春季的秋季的冬季的季节变化特征。月均K值则为冬季的春季的秋季的夏季的,这是因为冬季、春季空气中排放的SO2、NOx和可溶性离子型化合物较多,在降雨较少的情况下增加了雨水的酸度,增强了可溶性离子型化合物的离子化,导致了电导率的增加。酸雨酸性强度呈两头小中间大,降水主要呈弱酸性,强酸性降水无明显季节性特征,累计降水量与强酸性降水也无明显联系。     

2006-2017年成都地区酸雨变化特征及趋势分析

利用成都地区温江、简阳两个酸雨观测站2006—2017年的历史酸雨观测资料，结合主要大气污染物浓度数据以及降水量、风等地面气象要素，分析成都地区的酸雨变化特征及趋势。研究结果表明：温江站多年平均pH值为4.74，酸雨频率为51.6%，简阳站多年平均pH值为5.64，酸雨频率为27.2%，酸雨频率在地理区域上分布呈现不均一性；降水pH值和电导率(K)季节变化特征显著，降水pH值夏季最高，冬季最低，而降水K值则相反，夏季最小，冬季最大；近年来酸雨年变化有年平均pH值上升、酸雨频率下降和强度减弱趋势特征，年平均K值减小规律明显：温江K值以每年约3.5 μS〖DK〗·cm-1〖DK〗·a-1的速率下降，简阳以每年约3.7 μS〖DK〗·cm-1〖DK〗·a-1的速率下降；降水pH值与大气污染物SO2、NO2的负相关较为明显，相关系数为-0.488，硫氧化物对酸雨污染贡献逐渐减小；降水K值和大气主要污染物有较强的正相关，相关系数为0.657，与PM10、PM2.5相关性好于与SO2、NO2，近地层大气污染颗粒物浓度对降水K值影响较大；降水pH值与降水量级的变化不明显,但降水量越大其K值越小，且随平均风速的增大降水pH值相对偏大而K值偏小。     

2006—2013年四川酸雨变化特征分析

根据四川省气象部门所属6个酸雨观测站2006—2013年的资料,研究了四川省酸雨的时空变化特征。结果表明:6个酸雨观测站多年降水p H均值除成都属较强酸性外,其余5站多年p H均值都属弱酸性。成都多年酸雨出现频率最高,达到61.5%;安岳多年酸雨出现频率最低,仅为26.6%。安岳K值(电导率)多年平均值最高,达到82.9μs/cm;峨眉山K值多年平均值最低,仅为21.9μs/cm。四川近8 a降水p H平均值为4.74,2008—2010年为第一阶段,2011—2013年为第二阶段,总体看两个阶段年均p H值呈阶梯式上升,到2013年四川省酸雨p H值已上升至5.30,酸性降水出现频率已下降至35.2%,K值降至44.9μs/cm。由于四川春季平均风速较秋季偏高,更利于污染物扩散,故月均p H值变化呈现夏季的>春季的>秋季的>冬季的季节变化特征。月均K值则为冬季的>春季的>秋季的>夏季的,这是因为冬季、春季空气中排放的SO2、NOx和可溶性离子型化合物较多,在降雨较少的情况下增加了雨水的酸度,增强了可溶性离子型化合物的离子化,导致了电导率的增加。酸雨酸性强度呈两头小中间大,降水主要呈弱酸性,强酸性降水无明显季节性特征,累计降水量与强酸性降水也无明显联系。     

广州地区酸雨长期变化趋势分析

根据1992—2012年的酸雨观测记录,对广州地区的酸雨变化特征及其长期趋势进行了统计分析。结果表明,近21年,广州地区酸雨年、季、月变化明显,降水年均pH最低出现在1998年,其年均pH为3.43,最高出现在2012年,其年均pH为4.65。降水pH大体经历了两个阶段,1998年以前降水pH呈现波动式下降,平均变化率约为-0.14a-1,1999年后降水pH逐年增大,特别是2009年后降水pH稳步增长,平均变化率约为0.03a-1;春季酸雨污染严重,夏、秋季次之,而冬季酸雨污染相对较轻;各月降水pH均较低,pH最高月出现在12月,平均值为4.36,2月pH最低,为3.95。在污染源稳定的情况下,降水强度影响pH,降水量增大时,降水pH越高,降水电导率K也越低;风速越大,降水pH则越高,降水电导率K则越小,酸雨发生频率也越小;风向影响降水pH,出现偏西风时,酸雨污染相对严重。     

上海地区酸雨气候特征及成因分析

基于宝山及浦东两个气象站的酸雨历史观测资料,分析了上海地区酸雨长期变化的气候特征及其形成原因,并对比分析降水酸度的空间分布差异。宝山站降水总体上呈弱酸性,多年平均pH值为5.21,酸雨率为24%。降水pH值年际变化仅呈现微弱下降趋势,电导率K值呈明显地逐年上升变化,平均每年增加2.0 μs·cm^-1,而酸雨率波动较大,由2004年8%增至2009年48%。降水pH值在冷季较低,暖季较高,电导率K值正相反。浦东酸雨平均pH值4.38,低于宝山的5.08,酸雨率浦东79.5%,远高于宝山的33%。大气污染物SO₂、NO₂及PM₁₀浓度与酸雨pH值呈负线性相关,而与电导率K值呈正相关。大气颗粒物含量、污染物化学组成、降水量、风向等对降水pH值及酸雨率变化具有重要的影响作用。     

1992—2010年泰山地区酸雨变化特征及其趋势分析

本文根据1992-2010年泰山气象站和2007-2010年泰安气象站的酸雨观测资料,统计分析泰山地区的酸雨变化特征以及长期变化趋势,并对两站的酸雨数据作对比分析.结果表明泰山站的年均pH值变化范围为4.31～6.47,除了1999和2001年外,其余年份均低于5.60.泰山站的降水年均pH值的变化分两个阶段:1992-1999年泰山站降水年均pH值年呈波动变化,变化趋势并不显著;2000-2010年泰山降水pH值呈稳定降低的变化趋势,年变化率为-0.15 a-1.泰山站的多年月均pH值变化范围为4.50～5.02,3和7月的月均pH值较高,8和9月的月均值较低,季节变化不规则.泰安站多年月均pH值呈现与泰山站相似的季节变化特点.与国内高山站的酸雨观测结果比较,泰山站的降水酸性仅次于广东大瑶山,与西南地区高山站降水的酸性相当,明显高于西北地区高山站.统计比较2007-2010年两站的酸雨数据,结果显示泰安站降水pH值和NHC的平均值均高于泰山站.计算两站同时有降水时且降水开始时间间隔小于2h降水事件的△pH和△NHC,结果表明大多数为正值,这显示出边界层内气溶胶等污染物的云下清除对降水的贡献可能是形成这种差异的主要原因.     

2017年南京酸雨特征及连续发生的成因分析

利用南京市1992—2017年逐日酸雨监测数据、2017年大气污染物浓度和探空资料,研究了2017年连续酸雨出现特征及成因。结果表明:2017年南京酸雨发生频率38%,为近5 a来最低;年降水pH值为4.92,大于2014年,小于2015年和2016年;秋季酸雨发生频率最高、酸度最强,春季次之,夏季酸雨污染最轻;全年共出现了4次连续酸雨过程,高空多短波槽活动和低空切变的长时间维持为连续酸雨的产生提供了有利的环境背景,局地污染源、受低层风引导的外来污染物以及“假日效应”的叠加影响共同造成南京强酸雨的出现;此外,由于大气中水汽和能量的季节差异,也造成每次过程在降水强度、降水pH值上有所不同。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.