广西冬季降水的低频特征及其与MJO的联系

应用广西壮族自治区国家气象站降水,NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,NOAA逐日向外长波辐射(OLR)等逐日资料,NOAA-CPC热带大气季节内振荡(MJO)指数等,使用经验正交函数分解方法分析了广西冬季降水的气候特征;用功率谱、带通滤波、相关分析和滞后线性回归等方法,以及定义MJO相关降水事件,研究了广西冬季降水异常偏多年的降水低频特征及其与MJO的联系。(1)广西冬季降水特征以全区一致型分布为主;冬季降水异常偏多年份的逐日降水具有14~26 d的低频周期。(2) MJO强对流在赤道印度洋东部发展并东传到西太平洋热带地区时,广西可出现冬季持续强降水。(3)当MJO异常对流在印度洋东部热带地区产生,中南半岛地区到华南地区上空为异常低频偏南和偏西南气流,有利于降水形成;当印度洋东部热带地区为MJO对流抑制区,华南地区上空为异常低频偏东气流控制,不利于降水产生。(4)华南地区上空大气环流的异常是由热带印度洋地区的MJO对流激发的Rossby波列造成。      

热带印度洋MJO对4—6月长江中下游地区降水的影响

利用站点降水资料、美国气候预测中心(CPC)的MJO指数和NCEP/DOE AMIP-II再分析资料,研究了热带印度洋MJO对4—6月长江中下游地区降水的影响及可能机制。(1) 热带印度洋MJO对长江中下游地区降水有显著影响:热带印度洋MJO偏强(偏弱)时,同期以及滞后1～2候时该地区降水偏多(偏少)。(2) 热带印度洋MJO处在不同位相时,大尺度背景场有明显的差别:热带印度洋MJO偏强(偏弱)时,同期以及滞后1～2候时MJO活跃对流中心位于热带印度洋(西太平洋),西太平洋副热带地区表现为反气旋性(气旋性)环流异常,孟加拉湾为气旋性(反气旋性)环流异常,长江中下游地区出现了异常上升(下沉)运动,水汽辐合增强(减弱);伴随MJO的东传,水汽输送异常来源有所变化。(3) 热带印度洋MJO通过激发Gill型响应和Rossby波列,对长江中下游地区降水产生影响。      

热带印度洋MJO活动异常对四川盆地降水的影响

利用四川省132个气象观测站降水资料和NOAA的逐日向外长波辐射(OLR)资料,分析了主汛期热带东印度洋MJO活动异常年低频对流传播的显著差异,及其影响四川盆地主汛期降水的物理过程。探讨了热带东印度洋MJO活跃年低频振荡向四川盆地传播的路径和源头,以及孟加拉湾西南季风系统、东亚副热带季风系统的低频振荡分别对四川盆地主汛期低频对流活动的影响。结果表明:热带印度洋的低频对流激发了孟加拉湾西南季风ISO进入活跃期,并在西南气流的引导下继续向四川盆地传播;低频对流先从热带印度洋东传至菲律宾群岛南部的热带洋面,并向东亚副热带地区北传,激发了东亚副热带季风ISO的活跃加强,进而向四川盆地西传。热带印度洋MJO活动异常对四川盆地降水的调制,正是通过两支季风系统(孟加拉湾夏季风和东亚副热带夏季风)的共同作用,影响了四川盆地主汛期异常的对流活动以及降水的多寡。      

热带低频振荡影响中国东部冬季降水的机理

利用1979—2007年中国站点逐日降水记录、NCEP/NCAR大气再分析资料以及OLR资料等,分析了冬季热带低频振荡(MJO)与中国东部降水的关系及其伴随的大气环流扰动型,利用线性化全球大气环流模式模拟了大气对热带对流热源的响应,揭示了MJO影响中国东部冬季降水的机理。结果表明:热带对流活动从赤道印度洋西部东移至赤道西太平洋,中国东部冬季降水先后经历了长江流域多雨、整个南方多雨、华南多雨而长江流域少雨,这个过程大约经历了20 d左右时间。作为对东移性赤道热源的Rossby波型响应,当对流热源中心位于赤道印度洋中西部时,赤道以北地区的热源西部气旋式环流和热源东部反气旋式环流共同形成的西南气流扰动主要影响到中国长江流域,并造成那里多雨;而当对流热源中心东移到赤道印度洋东部时,西南气流扰动主要影响到中国华南地区,并造成那里多雨。     

MJO对中国春季降水影响的数值模拟研究

利用IAP-AGCM4.0模式,通过多初值集合数值模拟研究了赤道附近的大气季节内振荡(MJO)传播的两个关键位相期对中国东部春季降水的影响.当在赤道中东印度洋及赤道西太平洋引进异常非绝热加热(强MJO活动)强迫时,模式很好地模拟出了中国东部地区春季降水的异常形势,模式模拟与先期所作的诊断分析结果极为相似,即在MJO的第2-3(6-7)位相,中国长江中下游地区多雨(中国东部大部分地区降水偏少).对模式输出的高度场、风场、散度和涡度场以及水汽输送场的分析表明,中国春季降水异常的发生分别与异常非绝热加热在东亚/西北太平洋地区所造成的异常大气环流形势密切相关.对逐日响应场的分析表明,就MJO活动影响中国春季降水的可能物理过程及机制进行的讨论表明,赤道附近的异常对流加热不仅可以在赤道附近激发产生大气的罗斯贝波和开尔文波型响应,而且,还会在大气中激发产生从热带到中高纬度的罗斯贝波列遥响应.但是,由于异常对流加热发生的地区不同,大气遥响应场的形势也会十分不同,它所导致的影响也就很不一样.当异常对流加热发生在赤道中东印度洋(对应MJO的第2-3位相)时,大气的罗斯贝波列遥响应将在东亚/西太平洋地区形成有利于中国东部(尤其是长江中下游地区)春季降水偏多的形势;当异常对流加热发生在赤道西太平洋(对应MJO的第6-7位相)时,大气的罗斯贝波列遥响应将在东亚/西太平洋地区形成不利于中国东部春季降水的形势.     

冬季热带西太平洋MJO活动强弱年的环境场特征

利用1948—2011年NCEP等再分析资料,采用合成分析等方法对比分析了冬季(冬半年)热带西太平洋MJO(Madden-Julian Oscillation)活动强、弱年的环境场特征。结果表明,冬季热带西太平洋MJO的活动具有显著的年际和年代际变化。MJO活动强年,对流层低层在菲律宾以东洋面上空有异常气旋式环流,赤道东太平洋上空为较强的东风距平,赤道印度洋到赤道西太平洋上空是异常西风,西太平洋地区有较强辐合,从而导致热带西太平洋地区积云对流活动显著加强;而MJO活动弱年的环流特征相反。热带MJO以东传为主,有少量西传波动。在MJO活动强年,无论东传还是西传其时空谱值都显著大于MJO活动弱年,其中心频率较MJO活动弱年偏高。MJO活动的异常和海温及东亚冬季风紧密相连,在MJO活动强年,海平面气压和500 hPa位势高度异常场表现为中高纬度的正异常和低纬地区的负异常,东亚冬季风活动偏强,中国大陆中部气温普遍偏低,同时,黄河以南长江以北地区降水偏多,而长江以南地区降水偏少;台湾附近海域受强东亚冬季风影响,海表温度偏低,东太平洋上海温距平呈现La Ni?a型的异常分布,而在MJO活动弱年上述特征基本相反。      

春季IOD影响东亚季风机制的数值研究

基于美国国家大气中心的CAM3.0模式,设计3组数值试验,以研究春季印度洋偶极子(IOD)海表温度异常对东亚夏季风的影响及其可能机制。结果表明:在IOD正位相年,对印度洋关键海区的春季海表温度加入强迫后,同期夏季(6—8月)的东亚夏季风明显偏弱:副热带高压位置偏南,长江流域上升运动加强、降水偏多,南海地区下沉运动加强、降水偏少、南海季风偏弱。还从经向、纬向垂直环流圈角度分析了IOD对东亚夏季风的可能影响机制:IOD正位相年,在IOD正SSTA区域(热带西印度洋)的东侧大约75 °E附近能激发出上升运动,而在IOD负SSTA区域(热带东印度洋)的东侧大约110 °E附近出现下沉运动,从而构成一个完整的纬向垂直环流圈;110 °E附近的下沉运动又可能通过经向垂直环流圈影响南海和东亚副热带地区,造成东亚经度上赤道地区为上升运动、南海地区为下沉运动、长江流域为上升运动的异常经圈环流,从而使得东亚夏季风(包括南海季风和东亚副热带季风)整体偏弱。      

冬季和春季印度洋海温异常年际变率模态对中国东部夏季降水的可能影响过程

印度洋热力状况是影响全球气候变化和亚洲季风变异的一个重要的因素,但以往研究更多关注热带印度洋海温的变化,对南印度洋中高纬地区海温变化关注不够,由此限制了我们对印度洋的全面认识.本文研究了年际尺度上整个印度洋海温异常主导模态的特征及其对我国东部地区夏季降水的可能影响过程,以期望为气候变异研究及预测提供理论依据.研究结果表明:全印度洋海温异常年际变率的主导模态特征是在南印度洋副热带地区海温异常呈现西南—东北反向变化的偶极子模态,西极子位于马达加斯加以东南洋面,东极子位于澳大利亚以西洋面;同时,热带印度洋海温异常与东极子一致.当西极子为正的海温异常,东极子、热带印度洋为负异常时定义为正的印度洋海温异常年际变率模态;反之,则为负的印度洋海温异常年际变率模态.从冬至春,印度洋海温异常年际变率模态具有较好的季节持续性;与我国长江中游地区夏季降水显著负相关,而与我国华南地区夏季降水显著正相关.其可能的影响过程为:对于正的冬、春季印度洋海温异常年际变率模态事件,印度洋地区异常纬向风的经向大气遥相关使得热带印度洋盛行西风异常,导致春、夏季海洋性大陆对流减弱,使夏季西太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱、位置偏东偏北,造成华南地区夏季降水增多,长江中游地区降水减少;反之亦然.同时,印度洋海温异常年际变率模态可通过改变印度洋和孟加拉湾向长江中游地区的水汽输送而影响其夏季降水.     

亚洲夏季风季节内振荡对云南主汛期降水的影响Ⅱ:云南主汛期季节内振荡活动过程及其对MJO活动的响应

利用NCEP OLR、风场再分析资料和日本APHRO_MA_V1003R1降水资料,针对云南主汛期季节内振荡(ISO)活跃年分析了对应低频对流场、环流场和降水的异常特征,以及热带印度洋大尺度振荡MJO分别激发孟加拉湾西南季风ISO和南海热带季风ISO,从而对云南主汛期ISO和降水产生的影响.在云南主汛期ISO活跃年,低频对流场和环流场在云南ISO波动的1～3位相和4～6位相呈反位相特征,这主要由热带印度洋低频对流东传、北传和副热带西太平洋低频对流西传造成的.热带印度洋的低频对流在发展过程中,一方面沿孟加拉湾西岸向西南-东北方向传播,激发了孟加拉湾西南季风ISO活跃并继续向云南传播;另一方面沿孟加拉湾以南继续东传到南海,激发了南海热带季风ISO活跃并北传到副热带中国东部地区,再沿副热带西传至云南,越过云南后与沿孟加拉湾西岸从东北方向传来的低频对流在孟加拉湾以北地区交汇,完成了一个经纬向接力传播的周期.云南主汛期降水在1～3位相由于副热带低频对流西传和孟加拉湾低频对流东北向传播而处于正距平(第2位相降水最多);在4～6位相,由于副热带低频对流抑制区西传和孟加拉湾低频对流抑制区东北向传播而降水减少(第5位相降水最少),云南主汛期降水与当地低频对流有较好的对应关系.当热带印度洋MJO较强时,4-7月以两条路径向云南的三次传播增强和提前,使得云南主汛期ISO活动也加强,对应产生三次低频对流活跃期,这种MJO由热带印度洋向云南的传播需要30～40天的时间.因此,正是热带印度洋MJO分别对孟加拉湾西南季风ISO和南海热带季风ISO的激发,使得东亚夏季风和南亚夏季风这两个亚洲夏季风系统共同作用于云南主汛期ISO,影响当地降水.     

2016年10月我国降水预测失败的原因分析

本文回顾了2016年10月降水业务预报中考虑的动力模式预测信息、前兆信号及其影响。2016年10月全国平均降水量为1951年以来历史同期最多,且环流形势和要素分布特征在月内均发生明显转折。业务发布预报在华北南部、黄淮、江淮、江汉等地降水异常与实况存在较大差异,同时对月内环流形势调整及降水变率估计不足。数值模式预报和物理因子诊断预测与实况的对比分析表明,环流形势整体分布特征预报与实况较为一致,但对西太平洋副热带高压等环流因子的强度、西伸脊点位置以及月内变率的预报与实况存在较大差异。从大气对热带海温信号的滞后响应以及同期相关分析表明,El Nino事件次年秋季副热带高压往往持续偏强偏北。10月赤道太平洋东冷西暖,暖池区对流活跃,东亚上空出现的异常经向环流圈通过低层径向风异常及异常辐合辐散,在日本岛附近形成反气旋式环流距平,也有利于副热带高压加强北抬。9、10月热带印度洋偶极子负位相有利于印缅槽加强,从而有利于水汽向我国东部地区输送。来自副热带高压外围的异常东南水汽和来自西南的水汽共同输送到我国中东部地区,并与南下冷空气交汇产生异常水汽辐合,造成这些地区降水明显偏多。此外10月热带对流活动依然活跃,台风的生成、登陆个数均较常年偏多,是我国东南沿海降水偏多的主要原因。     

POSSIBLE IMPACTS OF MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION ON THE SEVERE RAIN-SNOW WEATHER IN CHINA DURING NOVEMBER 2009

Possible relationships between MJO and the severe rain-snow weather in Eastern China during November of 2009 are analyzed and results show that a strong MJO process is one of the strong impact factors.MJO is very active over the Indian Ocean in November 2009.Especially,it maintains 9 days in MJO phase 3,just corresponding to the two strongest rain-snow processes.Composites of MJO events show that when the MJO convective center is located over the Indian Ocean,the probability of rainfall is significantly increased and the temperature is lower than normal in eastern China,which is consistent with the situation in November of 2009.Atmospheric circulation anomalies of mid-and higher-latitudes can be influenced by the tropical MJO convection forcing and this influence could be realized by teleconnection.When the MJO is over the Indian Ocean,it is favorable for the maintenance of a circulation pattern of two ridges versus one trough at mid-and higher-latitudes.Meanwhile,the western Pacific subtropical high is stronger and more westward than normal,and a significant convective belt appears over eastern East Asia.All these circulation anomalies shown in the composite result also appeared in the observations in November 2009,which indicates the general features of relationships between the MJO and the circulation anomalies over the extratropics.Besides the zonal circulation anomalies,the MJO convection can also lead to meridional circulation anomalies.When the MJO convection is located over the Indian Ocean,the western Pacific is dominated by anomalous descending motion,and the eastern East Asia is controlled by strong convergence and ascending motion.Therefore,an anomalous meridional circulation is formed between the tropics and middle latitudes,enhancing the northward transportation of low-level moisture.It is potentially helpful to understanding and even forecasting such kind of rain-snow weather anomalies as that in November 2009 using MJO.     

POSSIBLE INFLUENCES OF THE TROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE ON THE EASTWARD PROPAGATION OF MJO

Based on multiple datasets, correlation and composite analyses, and case studies, this paper investigated possible influences of the Indian Ocean dipole （IOD） mode on the eastward propagation of intraseasonal oscillation in the tropical atmosphere. The results showed that （1） the 30-60 day outgoing longwave radiation anomalies in the southeastern Indian Ocean and the 30-60 day 850-hPa zonal wind anomalies over the equatorial central Indian Ocean were significantly correlated with the IOD index; （2） during positive IOD years, the anomalously cold water in the southeastern Indian Ocean and the 850-hPa anomalous easterlies over the equatorial central Indian Ocean might act as barriers to the continuously eastward propagation of the intraseasonal convection, which interrupts the Madden-Julian oscillation （MJO） propagation in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean and western Pacific; and （3） during negative IOD years, the anomalously warm water in the southeastern Indian Ocean and the low-level westerly anomalies over the equatorial central Indian Ocean favor the eastward movement of MJO.     

THE CONTRASTS BETWEEN STRONG AND WEAK MJO ACTIVITY OVER THE EQUATORIAL WESTERN PACIFIC IN WINTER

This paper investigates the contrasts between strong and weak Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) activity over the equatorial western Pacific during winter using the NCEP reanalysis data. It is shown that the MJO over the equatorial western Pacific in winter shows significant interannual and interdecadal variabilities. During the winters with strong MJO activity, an anomalous cyclonic circulation lies east of the Philippines, strong anomalous easterlies control the equatorial eastern Pacific, and anomalous westerlies extend from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific in the lower troposphere, which strengthens the convergence and convection over the equatorial western Pacific. The moisture convergence in the lower troposphere is also enhanced over the western Pacific, which is favorable to the activity of MJO. Eastward propagation is a significant feature of the MJO, though there is some westward propagation. The space-time spectral power and center period of the MJO are higher during strong MJO activity winters. The anomalous activity of MJO is closely related to the sea surface temperature (SST) and East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). During strong MJO activity winters, there are positive/negative anomalies at high/low latitudes in both sea level pressure and 500 hPa geopotential height, and the temperature is lower over the central part of the Chinese mainland, which indicates a strong EAWM. China experiences more rainfall between the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, but less rainfall south of the Yangtze River. The SSTA is negative near the Taiwan Island due to the impact of strong EAWM and shows a La Ni?a pattern anomaly over the eastern Pacific. During the weak MJO activity winters, the situation is reversed.     

To begin or not to begin? A case study on the MJO initiation problem

Mechanisms for convective initiation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) remain poorly understood. During recent years, <50 % of large-scale convectively active episodes over the tropical Indian Ocean have led to MJO initiation. This study explores the structure and evolution of precipitation, diabatic heating, and potential vorticity (PV) that might be used to tell whether an MJO event will be initiated once such a convection episode occurs. Three different cases are studied. As convection becomes active in a large area over the tropical Indian Ocean, early signs favorable for MJO initiation are apparent: a persistent basin-scale coverage in the zonal direction by positive anomalies in precipitation and diabatic heating (in a swallowtail pattern), a persistent vertical dipole of PV generation with cyclonic (anticyclonic) PV generation in the lower (upper) troposphere covering a zonally extended area, and a cyclonic PV anomaly in the midtroposphere with a cyclonic PV pair straddling the equator immediately west of the diabatic heating center. All these signs are robust in the MJO composite but rarely occur all together in a given MJO case. The likelihood of an MJO event following a convective episode over the tropical Indian Ocean depends on how many of these signs occur and how persistent they are. While a preexisting MJO signal is neither a necessary nor a sufficient sign for MJO initiation, an active convective episode over the tropical Indian Ocean is necessary but insufficient for MJO initiation. MJO initiation depends on detailed convective behaviors over the tropical Indian Ocean.     

海气耦合对MJO数值模拟的影响

采用一种基于降水异常追踪MJO（Madden–Julian Oscillation）东传的MJO识别方法（MJO Tracking）评估了参与MJOTF/GASS（MJO Task Force/Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Atmospheric System Study）全球模式比较计划的全海气耦合模式（CNRM-CM）、半海气耦合模式（CNRM-ACM）和大气模式（CNRM-AM）1991～2010年模拟MJO的能力,探究了海气耦合过程对模式模拟MJO能力的影响机理。CNRM-CM模式模拟的MJO结构更加接近观测,该模式不仅具有最高的MJO生成频率,也能够模拟较强的MJO强度以及较远的传播距离。海气耦合过程会造成CNRM-CM和CNRM-ACM模式中印度洋—太平洋暖池区域海温气候态的冷偏差。但是这种海温气候态的偏差基本没有改变模式模拟MJO的能力。CNRM-CM中MJO对流中心东（西）侧存在较强的季节内尺度海温暖（冷）异常,纬向梯度明显,而CNRM-ACM和CNRM-AM中不存在这样的海温东西不对称结构。结果表明在CNRM模式中海气耦合过程调控模式海温季节内尺度变率对模式MJO模拟能力的影响比调控模式海温气候态更加重要。     

热带大气季节内振荡对西南地区东部夏季降水的影响及其可能机制

利用1979~2013年6~8月的西南地区东部20个台站日降水量资料、逐日MJO(Madden-Julian Oscillation)指数、全球OLR(Outgoing Longwave Radiation)逐日格点资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析日资料,采用合成分析和线性回归等方法,对夏季MJO不同位相活动影响西南地区东部夏季降水的原因及其可能机制进行了初步分析。研究表明,MJO与西南地区东部夏季降水之间存在着显著的关系,当MJO处于第4(第6)位相时,由于西太平洋副高位置偏南(偏北)、向西南地区东部的水汽输送偏多(偏少),在异常上升(下沉)气流影响下,西南地区东部夏季降水偏多(偏少)。MJO影响西南地区东部夏季降水的可能原因是:当MJO处于第4位相时,赤道东印度洋地区上空大气释放凝结潜热,其激发东北向传播的异常波动,进而影响东亚环流,使得西南地区东部出现夏季降水偏多的环流形势,西南地区东部夏季降水增多;但在第6位相时,西太平洋地区上空对流释放的凝结潜热,其激发PJ(太平洋-日本)型Rossby波列,出现不利于西南地区东部夏季降水的环流形势,西南地区东部夏季降水偏少。     

热带季节内振荡与影响广西的热带气旋生成发展的联系

利用1978-2013年美国NOAA逐候MJO指数和中国气象局上海台风研究所热带气旋资料,研究了MJO与影响广西热带气旋发生发展的联系。结果表明,当MJO处于非洲大陆和西印度洋时,热带气旋生成区域上空为异常东风带;而当MJO处于西太平洋时,热带气旋生成区域北侧为东风异常带、南侧为西风异常带,有利于季风槽或气旋性环流加强,导致影响广西热带气旋频数偏多。当MJO处于东印度洋时,南海上空风场存在明显的向南分量,热带气旋生成数少、位置偏南;而当MJO处于东太平洋时,热带西太平洋对流受到抑制,导致影响广西热带气旋偏少。     

Impacts of the MJO on Winter Rainfall and Circulation in China

Impacts of the MJO on winter rainfall and circulation in China are investigated using a real-time multivariate MJO index.Composite results using the daily rainfall anomalies and "rainy day" anomalies according to eight different MJO phases show that the MJO has considerable influence on winter rainfall in China. Rainfall anomalies show systematic and substantial changes(enhanced/suppressed) in the Yangtze River Basin and South China with the eastward propagation of the MJO convective center from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific.When the MJO is in phase 2 and 3(MJO convective center is located over the Indian Ocean),rainfall probability is significantly enhanced.While in phase 6 and 7(MJO convective center is over the western Pacific),rainfall probability is significantly reduced. MJO in winter influences the rainfall in China mainly through modulating the circulation in the subtropics and mid-high latitudes.For the subtropics,MJO influences the northward moisture transport coming from the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea by modulating the southern trough of the Bay of Bengal and the western Pacific subtropical high.For the mid-high latitudes,the propagation of the low frequency perturbations associated with the eastward-propagating MJO convection modulate the circulation in the mid-high latitudes,e.g.the East Asian winter monsoon and the low trough over central Asia.     

IMPACT OF TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS ON THE PRECIPITATION OF GUANGDONG IN JUNES

The impact of tropical intraseasonal oscillations on the precipitation of Guangdong in Junes and its physical mechanism are analyzed using 30-yr (1979 to 2008), 86-station observational daily precipitation of Guangdong and daily atmospheric data from NCEP-DOE Reanalysis. It is found that during the annually first rainy season (April to June), the modulating effect of the activity of intraseasonal oscillations propagating eastward along the equator (MJO) on the June precipitation in Guangdong is different from that in other months. The most indicative effect of MJO on positive (negative) anomalous precipitation over the whole or most of the province is phase 3 (phase 6) of strong MJO events in Junes. A Northwest Pacific subtropical high intensifies and extends westward during phase 3. Water vapor transporting along the edge of the subtropical high from Western Pacific enhances significantly the water vapor flux over Guangdong, resulting in the enhancement of the precipitation. The condition is reverse during phase 6. The mechanism for which the subtropical high intensifies and extends westward during phase 3 is related to the atmospheric response to the asymmetric heating over the eastern Indian Ocean. Analyses of two cases of sustained strong rainfall of Guangdong in June 2010 showed that both of them are closely linked with a MJO state which is both strong and in phase 3, besides the effect from a westerly trough. It is argued further that the MJO activity is indicative of strong rainfall of Guangdong in June. The results in the present work are helpful in developing strategies for forecasting severe rainfall in Guangdong and extending, combined with the outputs of dynamic forecast models, the period of forecasting validity.     

MJO活动对云南5月降水的影响

本文分析了1979～2008年5月MJO(Madden and Julian Oscillation)不同位相上大尺度环流对流和水汽输送的异常情况及其对云南5月降水的影响。按MJO活动中心位置从西向东分为8个位相, 在不同位相上, 云南5月降水呈现出明显的差异:第4～6位相(MJO对流中心位于赤道印度洋中部至西太平洋)降水偏多, 而第7～8位相(赤道太平洋中部以东)和第1～3位相(赤道印度洋中西部)降水偏少, 其中以第6位相的降水正异常和第2位相的负异常最为显著。在MJO 1～8位相中, 对流主体从热带印度洋东移。在第1～3位相, 孟加拉湾还未形成西南向水汽输送, 而云南又处于水汽辐散区, 降水较少;第4位相时对流主体到达90°N附近, 部分对流云系向孟加拉湾北传, 并在孟加拉湾生成气旋性环流, 向云南输送水汽, 云南降水增多;第5位相时对流主体传到南海, 部分对流云系在南海北传, 同时在南海形成北传的气旋性环流;第6位相时赤道MJO对流主体虽然东移出孟加拉湾, 但孟加拉湾和南海的两个气旋性环流依然继续北传, 孟加拉湾气旋东部的西南风和南海气旋西部的东北风在云南交汇, 云南被强烈的水汽辐合区控制, 降水最充沛。第7～8位相时, 对流主体减弱, 东移到南海和西太平洋一带, 孟加拉湾转向为偏北风, 停止向云南输送水汽, 且云南处于水汽辐散区控制, 降水偏少。因此, MJO主体在东传过程中, 激发了热带对流在孟加拉湾和南海两条通道上的北传, 强盛的水汽输送和两个海区气旋环流的有利配置是造成云南5月降水的重要原因。