伴随模式同化系统在修正模式误差中的应用研究

资料误差和模式误差都是制约数值预报结果准确性提高的关键因素,传统四维资料同化都是假设模式完全正确仅对初始资料进行修正,忽略了模式误差本身造成的预报误差。伴随模式同化系统不仅具有修正资料误差的能力,也可应用于修正模式误差方面的研究。本文将卫星中心导风系统提供的GMS5卫星风场与非常规温度资料用于MM5伴随同化系统修正模式地形误差进行试验性研究表明,该方法能够反演出一个既与初始气象要素场相匹配,又与模式更协调的地形场,得到比一般包络地形更好的效果,改善模式对强降水中心及降水区域的预报;数值试验结果还揭示模式误差对模式预报造成一定的影响,用伴随方法对观测资料进行修正的同时也对模式误差进行修正的方法是可行的。     

伴随模式同化系统在修正模式地形中的应用

任何模式都只是实际大气的一种近似模拟，存在误差。鉴于传统的四维资料伴随模式同化系统都是假设模式完全正确仅对初始场进行修正。将伴随模式同化系统应用于修正模式地形误差，通过对不同初始地形的修正试验表明，MM5伴随模式同化系统能很好地对地形误差进行修正，能够反演出与初始气象要素场分辨率相匹配、与模式更协调的地形场，为伴随模式同化系统的广泛应用提供了一种新的思路。     

中尺度数值模式MM5的四维变分资料同化系统

应用伴随方法求解以数值预报方程作为约束条件的四维变分资料同化方案，关键问题是如何构造伴随模式。以中尺度数值模式MM5为例，讨论了如何用伴随码技术建立MM5伴随模式，以及伴随模式系统中权重、尺度因子的选取；最后对MM5伴随模式系统进行了梯度检验，并利用实际资料进行四维变分资料同化试验。试验表明该系统有较强的同化能力，能够提高MM5降水预报的准确性。     

复杂地形下地面观测资料同化Ⅰ. 模式地形与观测站地形高度差异对地面资料同化的影响研究

中国地形复杂, 模式地形与实际观测地形存在一定高度差异, 因此设计合理的复杂地形下地面观测资料的同化方案有利于使我国目前仅用作探测手段的地面观测资料 (常规地面观测站和地面自动站) 在中尺度数值模式中得到充分利用.作者在MM5_3DVAR同化系统中利用近地层相似理论将地面观测资料进行直接三维变分同化分析, 并对地面资料同化方案设计中是否需要考虑模式与实际观测站地形高度差异进行探讨研究.研究结果表明: 通过近地层相似理论将地面观测资料同化到数值模式能起到一定的作用, 并且地面观测资料 (温度、湿度、风场、地面气压) 中各物理量同化到数值模式都能影响24小时降水数值结果, 但各物理量起的作用大小不一样, 其中影响最大的是温度, 其次为湿度; 地面观测资料同化方案设计有必要考虑模式地形与实际观测站地形高度差异, 适当考虑这种高度差异能取得较好的结果.     

复杂地形下地面观测资料同化I. 模式地形与观测站地形高度差异对地面资料同化的影响研究

中国地形复杂，模式地形与实际观测地形存在一定高度差异，因此设计合理的复杂地形下地面观测资料的同化方案有利于使我国目前仅用作探测手段的地面观测资料（常规地面观测站和地面自动站）在中尺度数值模式中得到充分利用。作者在MM5_3DVAR同化系统中利用近地层相似理论将地面观测资料进行直接三维变分同化分析，并对地面资料同化方案设计中是否需要考虑模式与实际观测站地形高度差异进行探讨研究。研究结果表明：通过近地层相似理论将地面观测资料同化到数值模式能起到一定的作用，并且地面观测资料（温度、 湿度、 风场、 地面气压）中各物理量同化到数值模式都能影响24小时降水数值结果，但各物理量起的作用大小不一样，其中影响最大的是温度，其次为湿度；地面观测资料同化方案设计有必要考虑模式地形与实际观测站地形高度差异，适当考虑这种高度差异能取得较好的结果。     

复杂地形下地面观测资料同化II. 模式地形与观测站地形高度差异代表性误差

第I部分研究结果(徐枝芳等,2007)表明模式与实际观测站地形高度差异对地面观测资料同化效果有较大影响。此文在MM5_3DVAR同化系统中利用近地层相似理论将地面观测资料进行直接三维变分同化分析,考虑模式与实际观测站地形高度差异对同化效果的影响,提出在地面观测误差中增加地形代表性误差来解决这个问题。研究结果表明:地面资料同化分析时,在其观测误差中加入一项新的误差——地形代表性误差,能较好地解决地面资料同化分析中模式与观测站地形高度差异问题;地面资料参与同化分析,在观测误差中加入与模式和实际观测站地形高度差异大小相关的地形代表性误差时,地面观测值对分析值的影响随着地形高度差异代表性误差的加入而减小,同时又部分地将地面观测信息通过变分分析融进分析场,使得低层分析更接近真实场,且地面资料利用率更高,24小时降水数值预报(模拟)的效果较好。     

中尺度模式的四维伴随同化系统及其同化试验

以中尺度模式MM4为基础，利用伴随码技术改进、完善了MM4伴随模式同化系统，并利用该系统进行了常规资料和非常规资料的伴随模式同化试验，例如加入了可降水量资料等。试验表明：在伴随模式同化系统中加入常规和非常规资料，可以改进初始场，从而改善预报场。     

复杂地形下地面观测资料同化Ⅱ.模式地形与观测站地形高度差异代表性误差

第Ⅰ部分研究结果 (徐枝芳等, 2007) 表明模式与实际观测站地形高度差异对地面观测资料同化效果有较大影响.此文在MM5_3DVAR同化系统中利用近地层相似理论将地面观测资料进行直接三维变分同化分析, 考虑模式与实际观测站地形高度差异对同化效果的影响, 提出在地面观测误差中增加地形代表性误差来解决这个问题.研究结果表明: 地面资料同化分析时, 在其观测误差中加入一项新的误差--地形代表性误差, 能较好地解决地面资料同化分析中模式与观测站地形高度差异问题; 地面资料参与同化分析, 在观测误差中加入与模式和实际观测站地形高度差异大小相关的地形代表性误差时, 地面观测值对分析值的影响随着地形高度差异代表性误差的加入而减小, 同时又部分地将地面观测信息通过变分分析融进分析场, 使得低层分析更接近真实场, 且地面资料利用率更高, 24小时降水数值预报 (模拟) 的效果较好.     

卫星云导风资料应用于伴随同化系统的数值试验研究

以2002年6月14日00时至15日00时发生在江南、华南一带的暴雨过程为例,利用MM5伴随模式同化系统,同化常规观测资料以及卫星云导风资料,研究MM5伴随模式对降水预报的改善以及云导风资料对于提高暴雨预报的作用。设计了4种数值试验方案,试验结果表明：MM5伴随同化系统对降水预报有较好的改善作用;GMS-5卫星云导风资料的加入增加了高空风场资料,将其同化到伴随同化系统中能有效改善模式初始场,提高了降水预报质量,特别对暴雨强降水的预报起到了较好的改善作用。     

云导风资料同化在伴随模式同化系统中的应用

以一次发生在长江流域的暴雨过程为例,设计了几种数值试验方案,并进行模拟。结果表明,MM5伴随模式同化系统能有效改善初始场与模式的协调能力,提高模式对于降水场和其它要素场的预报;使用云导风资料修正初始场后直接模拟的效果比未使用时直接模拟的效果要好,对部分区域的强降水预报精度有一定程度的改善;使用伴随模式同化系统后,加入云导风资料的同化试验对其它要素的改善与直接同化常规资料的效果相比,改善优势不明显,但从各要素的误差来看,对于风场的改善最好。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.