麦莎台风登陆后能量过程与水汽供应的诊断研究

对0509号台风"麦莎(Matsa)"登陆后长时间维持并轻度加强的过程进行了诊断研究,此过程涉及到多种因素.位涡分析表明,当中纬度西风槽东移,该槽底部分裂出的一个较小的正位涡中心与"麦莎"合并使"麦莎"的涡旋动能增强,而在9日之后"麦莎"与槽主体合并的阶段,槽区主要的正位涡中心与"麦莎"融合.动能收支分析发现,"麦莎"登陆北移过程中,高层的无辐散风穿越等高线将位能转换为动能这一过程较"麦莎"的整体加强为早,而辐散风是低层动能的主要来源.中低层天气尺度系统为积云对流的发展提供动能,而积云对流释放潜热又为高层动能的维持提供了帮助.将"麦莎"与北美"Agnes"飓风比较后发现,"麦莎"加强程度比"Agnes"较弱的原因之一,是高层的无辐散风把台风环流内的动能向环境输出,而"Agnes"飓风则是环境区有大量动能向台风环流区输送.分析水汽来源可知,在"麦莎"登陆期间及其后副热带和热带的两条水汽通道同时或分别为"麦莎"的积云对流提供了足够的水汽供应.     

登陆台风Matsa (麦莎) 中尺度扰动特征分析

地面中尺度自动站和多普勒雷达资料的分析都表明, 台风Matsa登陆后的低层螺旋云带中活跃着中尺度气旋性涡旋系统。本文使用新一代中尺度WRF模式对台风Matsa登陆后的变化特征进行了数值模拟, 使用四维变分多普勒雷达分析系统 (4D-VDRAS) 对台风Matsa多普勒雷达径向风进行了风场反演。在此基础上对台风Matsa登陆后中尺度扰动特性进行了初步探讨; 对台风Matsa与其螺旋云带的中尺度系统之间动能和涡度的相互转换进行了诊断分析。分析表明: (1) 数值模拟和雷达风场反演结果表明, 登陆台风Matsa的低层螺旋云带中活跃着中尺度气旋式涡旋系统, 与之相伴随的为较强的中尺度上升区, 而且, 中尺度垂直上升运动的强弱与雷达对流回波强度成正相关, 中尺度垂直上升运动越强, 雷达对流回波发展越旺盛。 (2) 台风Matsa与其中尺度系统动能转换的诊断分析说明, 低层中尺度系统从台风Matsa环流中获得动能而发展; Matsa在陆地上长久维持主要是从高层获得动能。 (3) 台风Matsa与其中尺度系统涡度转换的诊断分析说明, 低层中尺度系统向Matsa输送正涡度主要依靠中尺度垂直运动来完成; 高层正涡度的转换通过水平输送和垂直输送共同来完成。所以, 中尺度系统所产生的正涡度源源不断地向Matsa输送, 使Matsa的气旋性环流可以在陆地上长久维持。     

台风“鲇鱼”(1617)导致的江西持续性暴雨天气过程成因

利用常规地面观测资料、卫星和雷达资料以及NCEP再分析资料,对台风"鲇鱼"(1617)在江西引发的持续性暴雨过程的形成原因进行分析.结果表明:台风处于大陆副热带高压和西太平洋副热带高压之间的鞍型场中,系统稳定维持,移动非常缓慢,影响时间长.台风登陆后水汽输送通道仍然维持,低层一支由偏南风和偏东风汇合而成的低空急流,为台风暴雨提供充足的水汽和热量.台风暴雨过程分为两个阶段:第一阶段台风本体降水.登陆后台风暖心结构逐渐遭到破坏,但台风中心附近仍维持上下一致的垂直正涡度柱结构,中低层正涡度区位于台风低压中心和台风北侧风向辐合带,辐合带附近不断有局地中尺度对流云团生成发展.同时,台风高层的气流辐散区与低层台风中心北侧的辐合带相互配合,形成"高层辐散、低层辐合"耦合的垂直环流结构.第二阶段台风与冷空气相结合形成的降水.因冷空气锋区南压而产生的锋生作用,一方面导致台风低压的不稳定能量进一步释放,另一方面使得低层的动力抬升作用增强.台风影响期间,地形对台风降水的增幅有一定的贡献.     

热带气旋登陆维持和迅速消亡的诊断研究

采用动态合成方法, 对登陆后长久维持热带气旋(LTC)和迅速衰亡热带气旋(STC)的涡度、动能、热量和水汽的收支平衡进行计算和对比分析.结果表明: (1)LTC在陆上长久维持过程中, 其低层正涡度衰减缓慢并保持一定强度.STC登陆后正涡度减弱较快.(2)热带气旋登陆后涡度的收支主要取决于水平散度项、平流项和剩余项.散度项使LTC低层正涡度增加, 高层减少, 平流项和剩余项则使其低层涡度减弱, 高层涡度增加.总体而言, LTC自高层获得正涡度的补充, STC则没有获得环境正涡度.(3)低层, 摩擦耗散使LTC动能减少, 但动能通量辐合可补充部分动能而减缓衰减.中高层, LTC登陆后36～60 h动能收大于支, 动能的增加一部分来自于斜压动能制造, 一部分来自于次网格尺度.STC有类似的动能耗散, 却无动能补充.(4)LTC登陆后保持一定强度, 并从外界获得热量和水汽补充来支持积云对流发展, 而积云对流对LTC的维持具有正反馈作用.STC登陆后没有这一过程.     

卡努台风登陆后路径及维持机制分析

利用数值模式MM5的计算结果,对卡努台风预报中难度较大的两大问题：登陆后路径和该台风在陆上的强度变化进行分析。认为东亚大槽减弱后残留的湘黔低压是影响这次台风路径偏北的主要原因;台风登陆后,西南面水汽源被切断,中低层来自东部洋面的水汽输送是该台风长时间维持的能量途径,高层散度场与低层的配置加强了台风环流中的上升运动;低层位涡对台风移动路径和强度预报有较好的指示作用,在卡努台风中,垂直方向上能量的输送较少。     

1617号台风“鲇鱼”造成温州南部大暴雨成因分析

使用NCEP的1°×1°客观再分析资料、micaps资料、FY-2F卫星资料、多普勒雷达资料及浙江省中尺度站气象等资料,分析了1617号台风"鲇鱼"引发温州南部特大暴雨的成因,结果表明:1)台风"鲇鱼"影响期间,东南气流为暴雨的产生提供了充足水汽,分析TBB低值区可预测约一小时后雨强的大小;2)暴雨区上空低层辐合、高层辐散以及强上升运动为台风暴雨提供动力条件;3)温州南部地区向东南开口的"簸箕"地形引发的中尺度系统对降水起到了明显的增幅作用。最后,通过相似台风对比得出闽中登陆西进台风降雨预报可结合海上副高强度、风圈大小、水汽输送时间和高低层大气辐合辐散维持时间进行判断。     

台风Lekima(1909)登陆前后动热力结构变化对浙江极端降水的影响

利用NCEP FNL 1 °×1 °的全球再分析资料、FY-2F卫星相当黑体亮温TBB资料、中国自动站与CMORPH降水产品融合的逐时降水资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,重点分析了台风Lekima(2019)发展演变过程中的动热力结构变化和水汽分布特征与浙江极端强降水之间的关系。台风Lekima(2019)近海急剧加强为具有特殊双眼壁结构的超强台风,登陆前后环境水平风垂直切变维持较小值是主导台风高强度维持的重要原因。浙江上空维持着强盛的低层辐合和高层辐散场,高低层辐散风的高强度维持使得次级环流抽吸作用强,低层旋转风和辐散风对水汽、动量和热量的输送和分布起到显著的再分配作用,而中层的辐散风风向和风速变化对螺旋云带中的中尺度对流性降水具有重要的指示意义。登陆前后台风低层东北侧(超)低空急流和中层的辐合线是此次浙江台风暴雨的关键点,业务中需密切关注登陆前后台风东北侧的低空急流的影响区域及其变化。此外,700 hPa上非地转湿Q矢量散度场能较好指示未来1小时短时强降水的落区和强度变化,同时结合垂直速度场和低层水汽辐合场来综合判断台风降水落区的效果更佳。      

台风“威马逊”登陆后长时间维持原因分析

超强台风威马逊(1409)在华南三次登陆,登陆后减弱缓慢,带来了狂风暴雨和巨大的经济损失。利用NCEP再分析资料、CMABST最佳台风路径数据等资料,对"威马逊"长时间维持的原因进行天气学和动力学诊断分析,结果表明:(1)500hPa副高西伸发展,紧随着台风,副高和台风环流之间维持较强的气压梯度和水汽输送,有利于台风环流的维持。850hPa西南季风急流和越赤道气流合并卷入台风低压环流中,输送的水汽和不稳定能量是台风在登陆后衰减缓慢的重要原因。高空存在强流出气流,高层辐散抽吸作用有利于台风强度的维持和发展。(2)台风移向下游区域海温偏高、环境风垂直切变小、强盛水汽输送是台风强度维持的重要环境条件。台风登陆后涡度和垂直速度结构完整,减弱缓慢,利于台风环流的维持。台风移入的华南地区处于热力不稳定状态,有利于对流凝结潜热效率的增加和台风环流内对流活动的增强,从而有利于台风强度的维持。     

华北地区“16·7”极端强降水事件之环流及扰动能量变化特征

2016年7月18—22日在华北地区发生了一次极端强降水事件，其中19—20日降水较为集中，20日降水最强。本文利用NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日风场资料和国家级地面气象站基本气象要素日值数据集，研究了本次事件的Rossby波活动及能量变化，结果表明：本次极端强降水事件持续时间约5 d，雨带呈西南—东北走向。华北地区受对流层中低层的气旋性异常环流和对流层上层反气旋性异常环流的控制，水汽则主要源于孟加拉湾和中国南海地区。发生极端降水期间，波扰动能量在对流层低层主要呈经向传播而在对流层上层呈纬向传播，对流层低层的波扰动能量对华北地区的影响比上层更为明显。涡动动能在华北地区的增强和维持主要是涡动非地转位势通量散度项、涡动有效位能和涡动动能的斜压转换项以及其他剩余部分与摩擦耗散引起的能量损耗之和的共同作用，涡动动能在19日增强、20日维持，随后减弱。涡动热量通量变化显示低层有暖湿空气向北输送，高层有干冷空气向南输送，支持了正压和斜压转换，而华北地区上空涡动动量通量的变化则使得基本气流中的涡动动能增强，这些变化影响到极端降水事件的发生发展。     

北部湾热带低压发展成台风的结构演变和动能收支的诊断分析

本文对1985年8月下旬北部湾热带低压发展为台风的演变过程作了诊断分析。发现在台风的生成和加强的过程中,涡旋动能出现显著的加强和向下转移,最大涡度层和无辐散层明显下降.与此同时,暖心结构也逐步形成。这一过程与低层西南季风的增强北进,卷入台风环流中的过程密切相关。涡旋动能收支的计算表明,低压由于处在强的水平切变和垂直切变基流中,风场和温度场的不对称和暖心结构的形成,使台风获得正压和斜压不稳定能量,加之以积云对流为代表的次网格过程向涡旋运动输送能量,从而使低压发展为台风。台风的衰亡是由于登陆后低层偏冷气流的入侵和下部暖心结构的破坏,使台风只有纬向平均气流取得能量,不足以补偿摩擦耗散和位能通量的辐散,因而减弱为低压的。      

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.