天津城区暴雪的环流形势与雷达特征分析

利用常规观测资料和天津新一代天气雷达资料,对20022017年发生在天津城区的4次暴雪天气过程进行了分析,结果表明:4次暴雪过程均属于回流型降雪,但环流形势和影响系统却不尽相同;暴雪主要产生在500 hPa和700 hPa高空槽、850 hPa切变线东移的形势下;水汽主要来源于700 hPa西南急流及850 hPa低空和925 hPa超低空急流的水汽输送。回流东北风在天津地区形成冷空气垫,有利于西南暖湿气流的爬升,加强了地面的动力抬升作用。通过对暴雪过程的雷达径向速度场分析看到,暴雪过程具有零速度等值线闭合特征,此特征是冬季降雪过程独有的特征,反映了近地面层与中高层之间的风切变,闭合越完整表明切变越强烈,可以直观地预警暴雪量级。另外,高仰角上中尺度辐合线维持时间的长短与降雪量之间对应关系较好,可以作为预警降雪量级的一个指标。VWP图上从观测到西北风出现到降雪结束平均需要12 h,这可以作为暴雪结束时间的预报指标。     

华北南部一次回流暴雪天气的诊断分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对发生在华北南部的一次回流暴雪天气过程进行了动力、热力等诊断分析。结果表明：该回流暴雪天气属于华北回流中的两槽一脊型,导致这次强降雪的影响系统是高空急流、西来槽、低涡切变和低空急流,东北冷空气起到了触发作用。最大降水出现在南北风转换阶段,当东北风完全控制低层,降水结束。高空辐散和低层辐合相叠置及高空正涡度的下传,有强降水的产生,但上升运动中心较低。降雪前的增暖增湿与低层冷空气的楔入使华北南部位于θse能量锋区和水汽辐合区内,有利于强降雪的产生。回流天气的水汽主要来自于南方,低层东北冷空气也有间接输送水汽作用。     

甘肃东部一次暴雪过程的诊断分析和数值模拟

应用NCEP1°×1°的6 h再分析资料和常规气象观测资料以及RUC模式高分辨资料,对2013年2月17日甘肃河东暴雪天气从天气实况、环流特征、水汽条件、动力条件及西北区域RUC模式输出的模拟结论进行了诊断分析。结果表明：高空冷槽、700 hPa低涡、地面冷锋是这次暴雪的主要影响系统;降雪前期,低层正涡度增强,低层辐合、高层辐散是暴雪发生的动力机制;降雪前期,由于低涡辐合作用,700 hPa高度以下,湿度猛增,为降雪提供了充沛的水汽条件;降雪中心和政上空有θse密集强能量锋区;西北区域RUC模式模拟的24 h内降水量范围、落区、量级与实况一致,模拟的地面风速偏大。     

山西省秋季罕见大暴雪天气过程诊断

对2009年11月10～12日山西省出现的特大暴雪的环流背景、前期高空环流形势、地面影响系统、水汽条件、动力条件及云图演变等方面进行了诊断分析。结果表明:①这次极端天气事件发生在10月下旬到11月上旬北半球环流呈现明显高指数特征,全国大部分地区异常偏暖的背景下,暴雪伴随剧烈降温天气;②300hPa辐散使得对流层上层具备强烈抽吸条件是造成强降水的重要环境因素。这种低层辐合和高层辐散配置导致的强垂直上升运动是暴雪形成的动力机制;③500hPa河套小槽引导西路冷空气东移与极涡尾部的东路冷空气叠加,低层及地面的倒槽区有辐合上升气流,与锋面和高空槽、切变线配合,为降雪区提供有利的抬升条件,是造成此次暴雪的主要原因;④1500m高空有2支低空急流存在,一支是较强的东风湿急流,一支是偏南风急流,低空南风和东风急流向暴雪区提供了丰沛的水汽,低层850hPa强的水汽辐合、强的上升运动为这次暴雪天气提供了水汽和动力条件;⑤FY-2C卫星红外云图分析,这次强降水山西受到3个对流云团的影响,3个中尺度对流云团形成和消亡的时间大致间隔8～10h,对流云团的不断生成和发展是这次强降雪天气得以长时间持续。     

陕西中部一次局地短时暴雪天气的机理分析

利用高低空实况观测资料、卫星云图和物理量,对2018年1月28日陕西中部局地短时暴雪天气机理进行了诊断分析,结果表明:局地短时暴雪是在系统性降雪结束之后,低层850hPa、700hPa已经转为干冷的西北气流,水汽条件差,大气低层绝对稳定的不利条件下产生的;有利的条件是:500hPa低槽东移,带来了强的冷空气;低层风速的辐合或中层较强辐合,配合高层辐散,仍然产生很强的上升运动,具有高架雷暴的特点。前期的系统性降水使得低层保持一定的湿度,当上升运动足够强时,将低层的水汽抬升,对局地强降水提供了比较有利的水汽条件。     

一次中亚低涡造成的新疆暴雪天气过程分析

利用实况观测资料、EC/T639数值模式预报资料和NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对2012年2月一次由中亚低涡造成的冬季新疆西部地区典型暴雪天气过程的环流特征和物理量场进行了综合分析。结果表明:此次暴雪天气过程属欧洲脊发展、中亚低涡东移造成的新疆西部及天山北坡的降雪过程。200 hPa西南急流使高层辐散,起到"抽气机"作用;500 hPa偏南气流与700 hPa东风急流为暴雪提供了水汽和热量的输送,同时加强了抬升运动;高层辐散、低层辐合以及较强的上升运动是暴雪发生的动力条件,上升运动的强盛发展阶段对应降雪强度最大时段;水汽的垂直输送导致局地比湿显著增大,深厚的湿层和强烈的水汽辐合为暴雪提供了充沛的水汽条件;云图上"干侵入"出现的时间与位置可以大致判断强降雪出现的时间和位置。     

唐山一次暴雪天气过程的诊断分析

在分析环流背景、影响系统及诸层物理量场特征基础上,结合MICAPS资料和NCEP 1°×1°的6 h再分析资料,对2007年3月初唐山暴雪天气过程进行了诊断分析.结果表明,加深的高空槽、700 hPa低涡及东北平原回流的强冷空气是这次暴雪的主要影响系统,降雪期间的高空辐散低层辐合、正涡度的增强、较强的上升运动以及冷空气强迫抬升是暴雪发生的动力机制,低层持续的偏东风是主要水汽输送通道,700 hPa的Q矢量辐合区与降雪落区有较好对应关系.     

2008年初江苏暴雪天气的模拟分析

利用常规探测资料,分析2008年1月27—28日淮河以南的区域性暴雪天气过程发现:暴雪发生在巴尔喀什湖阻塞高压东侧不断补充南下的冷空气与低空的西南急流输送的暖湿空气相结合的背景条件下,中低层的气旋式环流及其东侧的暖式切变线是暴雪天气的主要影响系统。PSU/NCAR非静力原始方程中尺度模式MM5V3.6较好地模拟了暴雪过程。高分辨率的数值模拟资料显示:水汽通量散度和垂直运动的特征揭示了700 hPa以上的中层的大气运动是暴雪发生的关键;整层的气温均在0℃以下,为降雪提供了充分的气温条件。通过对位涡、湿位涡的诊断发现,冷空气由中层自北向南向低层楔入,导致暖湿气流加强了的垂直运动沿冷空气垫倾斜上升产生对称不稳定,中尺度的对称不稳定是这次暴雪天气的物理机制。     

河南中东部强降雪物理量特征统计分析

利用高空、地面资料以及NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料，对2010—2019年河南中东部强降雪个例的热力、水汽、动力等物理量特征进行统计分析。结果表明：强降雪前0—6h，对流层中下层的暖湿气流越厚，对应降雪量越大，且低层需要一定强度的冷空气。大气可降水量（TPW）对于预报降雪量的大小有较好的指示意义，大雪、暴雪和大暴雪的必要水汽条件分别是TPW不小于10mm、10.5mm、16mm。400hPa以下最大垂直上升速度的均值和降雪量级呈近似线性关系，最大垂直上升速度越强，对应降雪量越大。雨转雪时，对流层中下层温度层结可分为常规型、低层强冷型和低层直温型。     

北京地区4月一次罕见暴雪的形成机制分析

利用雨滴谱仪、多普勒天气雷达、微波辐射计、地面加密自动站、EC再分析资料及气候整编资料等多源观测资料,分析了2018年4月4—5日,北京地区罕见暴雪过程的极端性及形成机制。结果表明:(1)此次过程是北京地区4月首次出现纯雪日,降雪量和积雪深度均突破历史同期记录,1000～850 hPa温度标准化异常SD值均小于-3,日降雪量排在整个冷季的前5%,是一次极端天气过程。(2)低层强冷空气入侵形成冷垫,700 hPa强西南低空急流输送充沛水汽,使北京地区上空800～500 hPa产生条件性对称不稳定,暖空气在锋区以上的强上升运动触发不稳定能量,产生高架对流,局地雷达回波具有夏季对流单体的倾斜结构特征,有利于暴雪增幅。(3)降雪过程先后受到两次冷空气叠加影响,前期强冷空气持续剧烈降温导致低层温度偏低,使得温度达到降雪阈值,是此次极端降雪过程产生的主要原因。(4)微波辐射计监测显示,降雪的起止时间与逆温具有良好的对应关系,降水相态主要取决于1 km以下的温度变化。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.