关中地区两次初夏区域性暴雨过程特征分析北大核心CSCD

使用1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料、常规观测及云图资料,从环流形势、物理量和TBB特征出发,结合盛夏暴雨过程对比,分析总结2006年6月2-3日("0602"过程)和2013年5月25日("0525"过程)关中地区两次初夏区域性暴雨特征。结果表明,关中初夏暴雨发生前,青藏高压明显偏南、偏弱,暴雨区北侧200 hPa急流形态、位置变化小,急流轴南侧的风速经向切变明显增大。初夏暴雨期间无西太平洋副热带高压和远距离台风作用,上游与周边西风带影响系统差异导致低层水汽输送与辐合明显弱于盛夏暴雨,分布形态不同。850 hPa大陆东部高压稳定维持有利于初夏暴雨低层偏东南气流发展、维持。初夏暴雨发生在位势稳定层结环境,暖湿空气沿着低层冷空气向北爬升,暴雨中心等熵面随高度向北倾斜,存在能量锋生和对称不稳定。暴雨区上空中高层深厚的正位涡和低层浅薄的负位涡垂直差异增大,300 hPa以上增幅明显,存在位涡异常。初夏暴雨中心以东约300 km处纬向中尺度垂直环流有利于暴雨区上升运动维持,但上升中心强度、高度和低层高能轴附近不稳定能量明显小于盛夏暴雨。总螺旋度显著增幅区对初夏暴雨落区有指示作用,其正负区相交零线、正值区增大中心分别和大雨、暴雨落区北界一致。同时,关中以北存在显著负螺旋度区,总螺旋度正值范围、强度明显偏小,中心移动、增大区偏南,局地螺旋度垂直方向正值中心区域相对分散。关中初夏暴雨云系范围大,结构复杂,主要由对应高层显著反气旋区的北部盾状中高云区和南部带状低云区组成,云团中心TBB>-60℃、云顶偏低,暴雨主要位于南北云区交汇处的窄带强回波附近,而非TBB中心区或梯度大值区附近。     

关中地区两次初夏区域性暴雨过程特征分析

使用1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料、常规观测及云图资料,从环流形势、物理量和TBB特征出发,结合盛夏暴雨过程对比,分析总结2006年6月2-3日("0602"过程)和2013年5月25日("0525"过程)关中地区两次初夏区域性暴雨特征。结果表明,关中初夏暴雨发生前,青藏高压明显偏南、偏弱,暴雨区北侧200 hPa急流形态、位置变化小,急流轴南侧的风速经向切变明显增大。初夏暴雨期间无西太平洋副热带高压和远距离台风作用,上游与周边西风带影响系统差异导致低层水汽输送与辐合明显弱于盛夏暴雨,分布形态不同。850 hPa大陆东部高压稳定维持有利于初夏暴雨低层偏东南气流发展、维持。初夏暴雨发生在位势稳定层结环境,暖湿空气沿着低层冷空气向北爬升,暴雨中心等熵面随高度向北倾斜,存在能量锋生和对称不稳定。暴雨区上空中高层深厚的正位涡和低层浅薄的负位涡垂直差异增大,300 hPa以上增幅明显,存在位涡异常。初夏暴雨中心以东约300 km处纬向中尺度垂直环流有利于暴雨区上升运动维持,但上升中心强度、高度和低层高能轴附近不稳定能量明显小于盛夏暴雨。总螺旋度显著增幅区对初夏暴雨落区有指示作用,其正负区相交零线、正值区增大中心分别和大雨、暴雨落区北界一致。同时,关中以北存在显著负螺旋度区,总螺旋度正值范围、强度明显偏小,中心移动、增大区偏南,局地螺旋度垂直方向正值中心区域相对分散。关中初夏暴雨云系范围大,结构复杂,主要由对应高层显著反气旋区的北部盾状中高云区和南部带状低云区组成,云团中心TBB-60℃、云顶偏低,暴雨主要位于南北云区交汇处的窄带强回波附近,而非TBB中心区或梯度大值区附近。     

2016年6月赣北两次对流性暴雨过程对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°FNL资料和多普勒雷达、卫星TBB等资料,对2016年6月1—2日和18—19日江西省北部两次对流性暴雨过程进行对比分析。结果表明,高空冷涡、西太平洋副热带高压、中低层急流、高空槽等共同作用导致两次暴雨发生。中层有冷空气影响,低层深厚西南急流维持时,更利于降水的对流性特征维持。两次暴雨过程强降水由低质心较强回波的“列车效应”造成。强降水回波带有多单体风暴和强降水超级单体风暴特征时,强降水效率更高。两次过程水汽收支中水汽通量散度项由正转负,水汽垂直输送项由负转正,中低层水汽辐合将低层大量水汽向上输送至中高层,利于强降水的形成。差动涡度平流中心与上升运动中心吻合,其导致垂直动力强迫,促进扰动不稳定和垂直运动的发展。强上升运动区南北两侧垂直经向环流和反环流的形成,为强暴雨的发生维持提供了持续的强水汽水平输送和辐合抬升条件。     

一次长江中下游梅雨锋暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、FY-2C卫星云顶亮温(TBB)和中尺度模式WRF输出的15 km高分辨率资料,对2008年影响浙皖赣地区的一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了诊断分析.结果表明,青藏高原东侧西风槽和副热带高压之间的相互作用、对流层中低层切变线的维持以及低涡东移、发展是暴雨发生的天气尺度背景.TBB数据显示,在切变线附近不断有中尺度对流云团生成并东移、发展.与暴雨区相对应,在低空西南急流左侧存在多个β中尺度强水汽通量辐合中心,高空西风急流人口区右侧排列着一系列的辐散中心,表明该地区存在较强的水汽辐合上升运动.对流层低层高温高湿、中高层冷空气侵入,导致大气层结处于极不稳定状态.湿位涡的分布与中心位置对暴雨落区及强度具有较好地指示意义.暴雨区附近对流层高、低层都存在较明显的位涡水平平流,导致位涡扰动不断地自上游向下游地区移动.锋区前暖区的对流层中低层存在强垂直位涡柱,引发气旋性环流的发展,从而促进了辐合上升运动.     

东北冷涡背景下浙江省两次强降水过程的对比分析

受东北冷涡西南部冷空气南下影响,2009年6月初浙江省连续发生了两次不同特点的强降水过程。利用常规气象观测资料、自动站资料、NCEP再分析资料及卫星TBB资料,对这两次东北冷涡背景下的强降水天气过程的大尺度环流背景和动力、热力及水汽输送条件进行对比分析。结果表明：同在东北冷涡天气背景下,由于中低层温度场配置不同、上下游系统强弱不同,导致浙江省发生的天气现象不同。6月2日降水是一次连续的区域性暴雨过程,雨带呈带状分布,以层状云降水为主,其低层为大范围的辐合,高层辐散,且低层辐合强于高层辐散;低空存在西南急流,为暴雨提供了重要的水汽和动力条件,大气层结比较稳定。6月5日强降水是一次强对流天气过程,降水分布不均匀,强度大,历时短,高、低空没有大范围的辐合辐散区,也没有低空西南急流,前期水汽条件较差,降水过程以热力作用为主;大气层结不稳定触发了强对流天气的发生,出现局地暴雨。两类暴雨的预报着眼点分别为：第1类区域性暴雨的预报重点为高层辐散、低层辐合结构和低空西南急流;第2类局地性暴雨的预报重点为大气的不稳定度与东北冷涡后部冷空气的干侵入。     

干侵入对陕西“2008.07.21”暴雨过程的影响分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了2008年7月21日发生在陕西西南部一次暴雨过程的大尺度环流背景和水汽条件,运用相对湿度、风矢量、湿位涡和垂直涡度等多种物理量场,研究了该暴雨过程中干侵入的机制和特征,以及对暴雨发生、发展和维持的影响.结果表明,此次强降水过程是在高空槽和低空气旋的有利形势下产生的.水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾,持续的高层辐散、低层辐合的环流配置保证了低层源源不断的水汽辐合并抬升凝结,有利于转化为降水.受高空低槽发展东移的影响,干侵入在垂直层次上表现为由对流层中高层向低层的注入,水平方向上主要表现为由西向东的侵入,其中在103°E以西地区存在较强的下沉运动是干侵入的载体.应用湿位涡与倾斜涡度发展理论分析表明,当对流层中高层具有高值位涡的干空气侵入到低层时,由于湿位涡守恒特性,引起倾斜涡度发展,进而导致低层垂直涡度的急剧发展,有利于上升运动将水汽向上层输送,冷暖空气相遇,产生此次暴雨过程.     

一次华南西部低涡切变特大暴雨的中尺度特征分析

利用常规观测资料、卫星云图、雷达回波反演资料、自动气象站降水量以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2007年6月12—13日发生在华南西部的一次低涡切变特大暴雨过程的中尺度特征进行了分析,结果表明:(1)500 hPa高空槽经向度加大并东移南压,中低层低涡沿切变线东移,低空西南急流建立以及地面浅薄冷空气活动等天气系统相互作用触发了中尺度对流系统(MCS)的发展,造成暴雨。(2)地面降水时空分布具有明显的中尺度特征。大暴雨中心水平尺度都小于200 km,雨团持续时间5—7 h。(3)特大暴雨中心主要是由MCS移入造成的。柳江特大暴雨中心由两个MCS产生,一个沿低涡切变南侧的偏南气流移到暴雨中心上空;另一个沿切变线东移到暴雨中心上空。沿海暴雨中心则由一个MCS发展引发的。降水主要出现在MCS的中部冷云区内或云团边缘TBB梯度最大处。与MCS的生消过程对应,柳江暴雨区包含两次中尺度降水过程,第1次降水以热对流云团造成为主,第2次降水以低涡云系激发的MβCS产生强降雨为主;而沿海暴雨区是1次短时间持续性的MβCS强降水产生。暴雨主要由不断发展旺盛的对流单体引起,暴雨发生伴随着低空西南急流的建立,2—3 km高度上低空急流风速脉动增强了MCS的发展。(4)暴雨发生在高相当位温舌中,湿层厚度超过400 hPa,暴雨区层结具有位势不稳定或中性层结。(5)中尺度对流系统具有深厚的垂直环流结构,低层涡度柱在暴雨发生过程明显抬升,增强低层水汽辐合,锋区的动力强迫上升运动加强低层能量和水汽的往上输送,高层辐散气流增强MCS的发展。同时,暴雨区地形的作用增强了锋面强迫上升运动。     

远距离台风“浣熊”（2008）和“榕树”（2011）暴雨过程对比分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、地面高空常规观测资料、中尺度自动气象站等资料,对2011年10月13日(简称"榕树"过程)和2008年4月19日(简称"浣熊"过程)台风与中纬度系统相互作用产生的江西省南部暴雨个例进行对比分析。结果表明:1)"浣熊"过程为台风与西风带低槽结合产生的系统层状云降水。"榕树"过程是台风倒槽与西风槽相互作用,槽前云系与台风倒槽云系结合诱发中尺度对流云发展的对流性降水。2)"榕树"过程期间,仅有一条由台风东侧的偏南气流形成的水汽输送带,但江西省南部一直位于水汽辐合中心。"浣熊"过程虽有台风东侧的偏南气流和孟加拉湾的西南气流2条明显的水汽输送带,但江西省南部位于水汽辐合区的边缘,水汽辐合强度稍弱。3)"榕树"过程强降水发生期间,从地面至400 h Pa高度有正涡度柱的维持。"浣熊"过程近地层至边界层系统发展不明显,近地层辐合抬升力条件稍弱。4)"榕树"过程的热力不稳定作用更大,造成降水的对流性更强。"浣熊"过程有低空急流建立加强,暴雨范围更大。5)"榕树"过程由于有高空急流的抽吸作用以及地面中尺度系统生成,形成南北两支次级环流圈,更有利于上升运动的维持。     

粤西地区一次前汛期的暴雨过程分析

分析了2010年6月1-2日粤西地区一次全区性前汛期暴雨的环流背景及影响系统,并从水汽条件、动力条件等物理量特征加以剖析.结果表明,500 hPa南支槽不断东移,南海夏季风的爆发使得水汽的输送加强,低层低涡东移,切变线南压,为这次暴雨过程创造了良好的动力条件;低空西南急流的存在加强了低层水汽和能量的输送,有利于强降水的产生;弱冷空气侵入触发了此次降水过程;该过程是粤西地区一次典型的前汛期暴雨.     

2012年6月25—26日贵州省大暴雨天气诊断分析

利用Micaps常规气象资料、贵州省自动站资料、NCEP/NCAR资料和FY-2E卫星TBB资料对2012年6月25—26日贵州地区的暴雨过程进行了分析。结果表明:此次暴雨是受到500 hPa西风槽,700 hPa西南低涡和高低空急流的影响,暴雨落区主要位于500 hPa西风槽附近的上升区,西南低涡中心的东南侧,低空急流的北边和高空急流南边。暴雨发生所需的丰富水汽主要来源于南海,其次东海和孟加拉湾也有贡献,水汽辐合中心与强对流云团有很好的对应。垂直螺旋度的分析表明其与雨强中心有很好的对应关系,雨强中心位于中低层的垂直螺旋度正值中心的附近以及其东北侧。而湿位涡的分析表明本次暴雨的发生与暴雨落区北侧中高层"干入侵"有关,暴雨区低层存在着对流不稳定。     

Concentration of Peroxides and Formaldehyde in Air and Rain and Gas-Rain Partitioning

Rain and air of Florence have been collected in a continuous way andanalysed by flow analysis spectrofluorimetric methods for formaldehydeand hydrogen peroxide. Diurnal and seasonal variations were observed;the mean/maximum concentrations of all data (as gm^–3) are 3.3/23.4 for HCHO and 0.4/4.93 forH₂O₂. The effect of external sources and ofphotochemical reactions produces periods of positive and negativecorrelations for these compounds. The mean/maximum rain concentration ofall data are 98/443 g l^–1 for HCHO and 84/685 g l^–1 for H₂O₂. Concentrationratios rain/air and discrepancies to Henry's Law equilibrium arediscussed.     

FT-IR Study of the Kinetics and Products of the Reactions of Dimethylsulphide, Dimethylsulphoxide and Dimethylsulphone with Br and BrO

Kinetics and products of the gas-phase reactions of dimethylsulphide (DMS), dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and dimethylsulphone (DMSO₂) with Br atoms and BrO radicals in air have beeninvestigated using on-line Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) as analytical technique at 740 ± 5 Torr total pressure and at 296 ± 3 K in a480 L reaction chamber. Using a relative rate method for determining the rate constants; the following values (expressed in cm³molecule^–1 s^–1) were found: k_DMS+Br = (4.9 ±1.0) ×10^–14, k_DMSO + Br < 6 × 10^–14,k_{DMSO 2} + Br 1 × 10^–15,k_DMSO + BrO = (1.0 ± 0.3) × 10^–14 andk_{DMSO 2} + BrO 3 × 10^–15 (allvalues are given with one on the experimental data). DMSO, SO₂, COS, CH₃SBr andCH₃SO₂Br were identified as the main sulphur containing products of the oxidation of DMS by Br atoms. From the reaction between DMSO and Br atoms, DMSO₂and CH₃SO₂Br were the only sulphur containing products thatwere identified. DMSO, DMSO₂ and SO₂ were identified as themain sulphur containing products of the reaction between DMS and BrO.DMSO₂ was found to be the only product of the reaction between DMSO and BrO. For the reactions of DMSO₂ with Br and BrO no products were identified because the reactions were too slow.The implications of these results for atmospheric chemistry are discussed.     

安康及石泉水库入库流量变化特征及汛期预测

利用安康及石泉水库2000—2011年逐日入库流量及对应时段安康及石泉流域观测站逐日降水资料,分析了安康及石泉水库入库流量的变化特征及其与流域面雨量的关系。结果发现,安康及石泉入库流量主要集中在7到10月,极端入库流量在7—9月的出现频率最大;入库流量变化与其流域面雨量关系密切,其中6—10月,逐日入库流量与面雨量呈显著正相关;随着面雨量的增长,入库流量呈阶段性增长趋势,安康水库入库流量分别在流域面雨量达到20 mm和40 mm时显著增加,石泉水库入库流量则分别在流域面雨量达到15 mm和30 mm时大幅增加;建立了引入降水累积效应的汛期安康及石泉水库入库流量预测模型,经检验表明模型能较好地模拟入库流量的实际变化,对电力部门汛期水量调度有参考价值。     

Henry's law and the behavior of weak acids and bases in fog and cloud

Experimental data from two field experiments on ground based clouds were used to study the distribution of formic acid, acetic acid, ammonia and S(IV) species between liquid and gas phase. The ratio of the concentrations of these compounds between the phases during concurrent measurements was compared to ratios expected according to Henry's law (considering the pH influence). Large discrepancies of several orders of magnitude were seen. Three hypotheses have been investigated to explain the observed discrepancies: The existence of a microscale equilibrium which does not persist in a bulk sample, a thermodynamic shift of the equilibrium due to competing reactions, and nonequilibrium conditions due to mass transfer limitations. Approximate quantitative calculations show that none of these hypotheses is sufficient to explain all of the discrepancies, so a combination of different effects seems to be responsible for this observation. The same theoretical considerations also suggest that mass transfer limitation may be an important factor for highly soluble compounds. The data presented here indicates that it is not possible to simply extrapolate interstitial gas phase composition from measured bulk liquid phase concentrations of a fog or cloud.Notation [r _max] liquid phase molar uptake rate (mol l^–1 s^–1) - [A _g ] concentration ofA in gas phase (atm) - [A _l ] concentration ofA in liquid phase (mol l^–1) - [A _g , 0] concentration ofA in gas phase (atm) at time 0 - LWC liquid water content (g m^–3) - R universal gas constant (0.082 l atm mol^–1 K^–1 - D _g diffusivity (for all gases 0.1 cm² s^–1 was used) - K _H ^* effective Henry's law coefficient (mol l^–1 atm^–1) - t _f lifetime of fog droplet (s) - a droplet radius (cm) - accommodation coefficient - R factor of discrepancy - T temperature (K) - v mean molecular speed (cm s^–1) formic acid: 35 000 acetic acid: 31 000 ammonia: 58 000     

Recent changes of the tropical water and energy budget and of midlatitude circulations

Rising atmospheric H₂O content and temperature above the tropical Pacific (Hense et al. 1988) stimulated research on tropical ocean-atmosphere fluxes in the belt 10° S-14° N, based on COADS data for 1949–1979. Increasing sea-surface temperature was accompanied by regionally varying increases in the air-sea temperature and humidity gradients. The apparent rise in wind speed appeared to be only partly biased. Using several assumptions of the wind speed trend, increasing evaporation was found nearly everywhere. The best estimates vary regionally between 7% and 15%, with highest values above the warmest oceans between longitude 66° E and the date line. In the Atlantic, freshening surface waters (Levitus 1989) also suggest an increase of precipitation. Conversion of zonally averaged results into global estimates led to a rise of the energy input into the atmosphere, with a most plausible value of 8–10 W/m². Since large-scale sea-surface warming appears to be induced by the greenhouse effect of CO₂ combined with other trace gases, a powerful feedback mechanism — including H₂O phase changes — should be responsible for the intensification of the hydrological cycle. This energy input of tropical origin seems to be larger — by a factor near 4 — than the dry greenhouse effect. Such a well-founded conjecture of increasing internal/potential energy in the tropics suggests a similar rise of kinetic energy within the extratropical atmospheric circulation. This can be checked on the basis of daily operational hemispheric analyses of the German Weather Service, here using the period October 1961–March 1988. During the cold season they show, at the surface, a deepening of the Icelandic and Aleutian Lows by 6 and 10 hPa, respectively, and at the 50 kPa level an amplification of the baroclinic westerlies by 20–40%. Upper wind observation series have been used to check this strengthening of the westerlies and an expansion of the Aleutian Low. During the warm season, weaker changes in opposite directions are observed. While the observed facts are incompatible with many of the recent climate models, a few models (Wilson and Mitchell 1987, Hansen et al. 1988) using an advanced parameterization of tropical convection support the evolution of a powerful tropical heat source centred within mid-tropospheric layers.     

Chemical character of precipitation and related particles and trace gases in the North and South of China

Rainwater samples were collected at four sites, including Beijing and Mazhuang Town in the north of China, Shenzhen and Mangdang Mountain in the south of China. Character of atmospheric particles and gases were also measured at Mazhuang Town and Mangdang Mountain. Both of Beijing and Shenzhen are urban sites; Mazhuang Town and Mangdang Mountain are rural and remote sites respectively. The atmospheric pollution at rural plain site in the north of China was more serious than that at remote mountain site in the south of China. At Beijing, Mazhuang Town, Shenzhen and Mangdang Mountain the average pH values in rainwater were 6.02, 5.97, 4.72 and 4.81, respectively and the concentrations of total ions in rainwater were 1454, 1125, 187 and 191 μeq/l, respectively. While the acidity of the rain was higher in the south than that in the north, the rainwater in the north of China was more severely polluted than that in the south. The major acidic ion in the rainwater is SO₄^2-, and NH₄⁺ is the most important neutralizing ion in rainwater at the four sites, followed by Ca²⁺. The amounts of organic acid in precipitation were compared with other sites in the world. The ratios of organic acid to total free acid in rainwater at Mangdang Mountain was 13.8% and the influence of organic acid on acidity of rainwater at mountain site in the south of China is more important. The variation of atmospheric particles, gases and components in rainwater and cloud-fog water during special rain and cloud-fog events was discussed. The importance of washout process varied with atmospheric species. The impacts of rainfall, rain duration time and wind speed on wash-out process were estimated by regression analysis.     

Run-turning points and turning periods of flood and drought years

Summary Based on the theory of recurrent events, run-turning points and turning periods are described and applied to the data of Shanghai. It is shown that in the case of this application a good fit of the mathematical models of turning points and turning periods exists. An important application of this theory to climatology is that the double negative binomial distribution can be suggested. Examining some more details of this example it is not difficult to prove that the parameters (means and variances) of run-turning points and turning periods are useful tools for flood/drought analyses, while the climatic prediction is unreliable, because of unpredictable cyclical variation components. The problem of the climatic prediction by means of quasi-periodicities has been discussed also in connection with the turning periods.

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Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Theorie sich wiederholender Ereignisse wurden Wendepunkte und Wiederholungszeiten beschrieben und auf die Daten von Shangai angewandt. Es zeigte sich dabei gute Übereinstimmung mit mathematischen Modellen der Wendepunkte und der Wiederholungszeiten. Eine wichtige klimatologische Anwendung dieser Theorie liegt in der Annahme einer doppelten negativen Binominalverteilung. Weitere Details zeigen, daß die Parameter (Mittel und Varianzen) der Wendepunkte und der Wiederholungszeiten brauchbare Instrumente zur Analyse von Flut- und Dürrejahren sind, während die Klimavorhersagen aufgrund unvorhersagbarer zyklischer Varianzkomponenten unzuverlässig sind. Das Problem der Klimavorhersage über Quasiperiodizitäten wird in Zusammenhang mit Wiederholungszeiten gleichfalls angesprochen.

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With 1 Figure     

Spatial and temporal patterns of trends and variability in diurnal temperature ranges of Turkey

Summary Spatial and temporal patterns of trends in the diurnal temperature ranges (DTRs) of the 70 stations and the role of maximum and minimum temperatures on the year-to-year variability and the long-term trends of the DTRs in Turkey have been investigated for the period 1929–1999. The principal results of the study are as follows:(i) The daytime maximum temperatures have shown weak warming and cooling in comparison with significant warming of the night-time minimum temperatures in many regions of Turkey and in most seasons. (ii) The DTRs have significantly decreased at most of the urbanised and rapidly urbanising stations throughout the seasons except partly in winter, without showing an apparent north/south (west–east) and land/sea gradient. (iii) Annual and seasonal DTRs of some stations have shown significant increasing trends. Nevertheless, the spatial distribution of significant increasing trends in the DTR series is geographically incoherent across the country in all seasons and annually, as compared with significantly decreased DTRs. (iv) Autumn and summer DTRs have decreased generally at a higher rate than in winter and spring. (v) Changes in the temperature regime of Turkey towards the more temperate and/or warmer climate conditions are most strongly related with the significant night-time warming in spring and summer. (vi) Magnitudes and signs of correlation coefficients and correlation patterns between the DTRs and the maximum and minimum temperatures have revealed that there is an opposite physical control mechanism on the year-to-year variability and the long-term variations and trends in the DTRs, particularly for the annual, spring and summer series. (vii) Significant increases of the night-time temperatures have most likely led to strong decreasing trends in the DTRs of most stations during the spring and summer seasons and annually and of some stations during winter and autumn. (viii) The asymmetric trends and the symmetric, but with different magnitude, trends in the maximum and minimum temperatures resulted in a significant decrease in the DTRs of many stations and are a considerable signal of ongoing changes in the climatic variability of Turkey.     

Windspeed dependence of heat and mass transfer through coats and clothing

Penetration of a layer of fibre by wind reduces its effectiveness as a barrier to heat flow. In the literature, the dependence of coat or clothing insulation I(u) on windspeed u is usually described by a relation of the form I(u) = I(0) – au ^1/2, where a is a constant. Re-analysis reveals that it is more appropriate to treat coat conductance (proportional to 1/I) as a linear function of windspeed. Vapour conductance can also be treated as a linear function of windspeed.On leave from Washington State University, Department of Agronomy and Soils.     

A smog chamber for studies of the reactions of terpenes and alkanes with ozone and OH

The design and performance of a smog chamber for the study of photochemical reactions under simulated environmental conditions is described. The chamber is thermostated for aerosol experiments, and it comprises a gas chromatographic sample enrichment system suitable for monitoring hydrocarbons at the ppbv level. By irradiating NO _x /alkane-mixtures rate constants for the reaction of OH radicals with n-alkanes are determined from n-pentane to n-hexadecane to be (k±2)/10^–12 cm³ s^–1=4.29±0.16, 6.2±0.6, 7.52 (reference value), 8.8±0.3, 10.2±0.3, 11.7±0.4, 13.7±0.3, 15.1±0.5, 17.5±0.6, 19.3±0.7, 22.3±1.0, and 25.0±1.3, respectively at 312 K. Rate constants, (k±2)/10^–17 cm³ s^–1, for the reaction of ozone with trans-2-butene (21.2±1.0), cis-3-methylpentene-(2) (47.2±1.7), cyclopentene (62.4±3.5), cyclohexene (7.8±0.5), cycloheptene (28.3±1.5), -pinene (8.6±1.3), and -pinene (1.4±0.2) are determined in the dark at 297 K using cis-2-butene (13.0) as reference standard.