共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
中国西南典型地区酸雨形成过程研究 总被引:20,自引:1,他引:20
本文根据云水和雨水化学特性的观测和雨水酸化模式的模拟计算,研究了中国西南地区酸雨的形成过程。结果表明:在重庆和贵阳等重污染城市,云下过程对雨水的酸化起主要作用,在污染较轻的中小城镇和乡村地区,雨水酸度主要决定于云内过程。 但是云下过程对雨水中的主要酸碱离子浓度都有不可忽视的明显影响。雨水的酸化主要是由于SO2与H2O2和O3的氧化,气溶胶起较弱的缓冲碱化作用。在重庆和贵阳等地,当地SO2浓度已高达饱和,其值增减50%,都不会对该地雨水酸度有明显影响,起控制作用的是氧化剂浓度。 相似文献
9.
10.
近来,在加利福尼亚南部雾的测量从科学角度来看已引起浓厚的兴趣。由加利福尼亚技术研究所环境工程师M.R.Hoffmann和学生在许多地方测定的雾的酸度,远高于以前报道的雾、云和雨水样品。加利福尼亚南部雾的酸度经常比该地区平均雨水的酸度高出100倍以上。纽约州立大学Albany分校大气科学研究中心主任V.A.Mohnen进一步阐明这一现象。自1978年以来他一直在阿迪龙达克(Adirondacks)的Whiteface山上测量雾和云水,并发现雾的酸度比同一地区的雨高出10倍以上。在Hoffmann的研究之前,大部分雾的测量是在离开重要污染源的农村地区进行。这些测量结果表明雾的酸度与云和雨水的酸度很接近。Hoffma- 相似文献
11.
A. Shibata 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1994,54(1-4):173-181
Summary A simple method of retrieving water vapor and liquid water content is presented and validated by applying the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager data using ground truth data from Japan. The method is based on an iterative technique which uses model functions of relating two geophysical parameters to brightness temperature. Water vapor is found by a model function of relating water vapor content to brightness temperature at 22.235 GHz. Liquid water content is found by two model functions. One function defines a level of clear sky condition, and the other gives a ratio of liquid water content to brightness temperature increased from clear sky conditions. The retrieved water vaporcontent is compared with upper air observations at Chichijima Island. The rms of errors is estimated at 3.3 Kg m–2. The retrieved liquid water content is related to monthly precipitation observed at Chichijima Island, and a correlation coefficient of 0.68 is obtained.With 7 Figures 相似文献
12.
用化学热力学方法计算了在标准气压下,不同温度的饱和水汽中双水缔合分子的浓度以及在一定水汽压条件下双水缔合分子的浓度随温度的变化。计算结果与8—13μ大气窗区水汽吸收系数随温度的变化进行了比较,证明双水缔合分子的吸收是8—13μ水汽连续吸收的主要因子。 相似文献
13.
Russell Seitz 《Climatic change》2011,105(3-4):365-381
Because air?Cwater and water?Cair interfaces are equally refractive, cloud droplets and microbubbles dispersed in bodies of water reflect sunlight in much the same way. The lifetime of sunlight-reflecting microbubbles, and hence the scale on which they may be applied, depends on Stokes Law and the influence of ambient or added surfactants. Small bubbles backscatter light more efficiently than large ones, opening the possibility of using highly dilute micron-radius hydrosols to substantially brighten surface waters. Such microbubbles can noticeably increase water surface reflectivity, even at volume fractions of parts per million and such loadings can be created at an energy cost as low as J m???2 to initiate and mW m???2 to sustain. Increasing water albedo in this way can reduce solar energy absorption by as much as 100 W m???2, potentially reducing equilibrium temperatures of standing water bodies by several Kelvins. While aerosols injected into the stratosphere tend to alter climate globally, hydrosols can be used to modulate surface albedo, locally and reversibly, without risk of degrading the ozone layer or altering the color of the sky. The low energy cost of microbubbles suggests a new approach to solar radiation management in water conservation and geoengineering: Don??t dim the Sun; Brighten the water. 相似文献
14.
I. A. Shiklomanov V. Yu. Georgievskii V. I. Babkin Zh. A. Balonishnikova 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2010,35(1):13-19
New data on water resources of the Russian Federation and their long-term dynamics are given. The distribution of water resources
according to federal districts is considered. Results of analysis of modern changes of river run-off intra-year distribution
under the influence of climatic factors are represented. The dynamics of water use for different economic needs is given.
The evaluation of water resources and water availability changes in perspective is executed. 相似文献
15.
A model for studying the heat and mass exchange between the atmosphere and a water body is developed, in which the phase change process of water freezing in winter and melting in summer and the function of the convective mixing process are taken into consideration. The model uses enthalpy rather than temperature as the predictive variable. It helps to set up governing equations more concisely, to deal with the phase change process more easily, and make the numerical scheme simpler. The model is verified by observed data from Lake Kinneret for a non-frozen lake in summer time, and Lake Lower Two Medicine for a frozen lake in winter time. Reasonably good agreements between the model simulations and observed data indicate that the model can serve as a component for a water body in a land surface model. In order to more efficiently apply the scheme in a climate system model, a sensitivity study of various division schemes with less layers in the vertical direction in the water body is conducted. The results of the study show that the division with around 10 vertical layers could produce a prediction accuracy that is comparable to the fine division with around 40 layers. 相似文献
16.
对预测垃圾填埋场渗滤液产生量的3种模型进行了比较,提出推荐采用Q=C×I×A×10-3公式为填埋场渗滤液产生量的预测模型;以辽宁某垃圾填埋场为例,通过模型预测值与现场实测值的对比,分析了预测模型的可靠性与准确性,为填埋场渗滤液产生量的预测及收集处理系统的设计提供了科学依据;同时,根据国内外渗滤液水质实测值,分析了水质特点。 相似文献
17.
微波遥感海上大气可降水和云液态含水量 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3
根据历史探空资料,对西太平洋海域中有代表性的热带和亚热带地区的云天大气做了l.35cm和8.5mm波段的辐射传输计算,揭示了海上云天辐射传输的某此特征。在此基础上,对原有的一种反演云天大气可降水(Q)及云的垂直积分液态含水量(L)的方法做了相应的改进。 1985年12月至1986年1月用船载双波长微波辐射计取得的西太平洋热带海域中的实际观测结果。着重给出了该海域中Q及L的日变化,对流云Q和L场的水平结构及弱冷锋过境时Q及L的演变等方面的个例。 此外,模式计算及海上观测都表明,8.5mm波长辐射计也可以单独探测海上晴空大气可降水。在此基础上,提出了有可能用两波长辐射计的独立测值进行相互比较来判断视野中是否有云。 相似文献
18.
频发的极端高温事件将导致城市用水量增长,增加城市供水设施的运行风险。综合采用气候相似性、终端用水模拟、供水管网系统水力学模拟等方法,构建了极端高温事件对城市用水量及供水管网系统影响的定量评估方法。以北京某新城区为研究案例,模拟结果表明极端高温事件将使日用水量较夏季常态增加5.7%,人均日用水量增加19.83 L,其中早晚用水高峰时段增幅较大,导致供水管网系统中不能满足28 m水头要求的节点比例增加了约13个百分点。 相似文献
19.
六盘山区是中国典型的农牧交错带和生态脆弱带,也是黄土高原重要的水源涵养地、生态保护区及国家级扶贫开发区。利用2017年6-11月隆德气象站地基多通道微波辐射计资料,结合同期平凉探空站及隆德地面降水等观测资料,分析了六盘山区夏秋季大气水汽、液态水变化特征。结果表明:六盘山区夏秋季在降水天气背景下,大气水汽含量和液态水含量均较高,分别为无降水天气背景下的1.4倍和7.0倍;降水天气背景下水汽在5000 m以下有明显的增加,且在此高度范围内的水汽密度随高度的递减率比无降水天气背景下明显偏小;各高度层的液态水相比无降水天气背景下均有明显增大,除6月外,主峰值均出现在0℃层高度层以下。六盘山区夏秋季各月中,6-9月。大气水汽含量高值区均出现在正午到傍晚时段,低值区均出现在日出前后;液态水含量在日出前、午后及傍晚分别出现峰值,最明显的峰值出现在午后。对一次对流性降水天气过程分析后发现,降水发生前40 min大气水汽含量和液态水含量出现两次明显的跃增,水汽向上输送不断加强,2500-7500 m高度的相对湿度明显增大。 相似文献
20.