一次长生命史超级单体风暴的雷达观测特征和维持机制

2016年6月14日一个长生命史的超级单体风暴在山东产生了大范围的冰雹和雷暴大风天气。利用常规观测资料、中尺度自动站资料、多普勒天气雷达资料和风廓线雷达资料对其天气背景、雷达观测特征进行分析,对其维持机制进行探讨。结果表明:在华北冷涡的背景下,在较强的深层垂直风切变和中等强度对流有效位能环境条件下,地面中尺度辐合中心触发生成强对流风暴;维持阶段风暴右前方低层一直存在暖湿气流的入流槽口,垂直结构呈现出经典超级单体的结构特征,中气旋发展深厚且强盛,最大垂直涡度在1.0×10~(-2)s~(-1)以上,每次单体强中心高度的跃升和快速下降均伴有一次地面大冰雹事件的发生;发展和维持阶段地面冷池边界扩张与低层垂直风切变大小相当,达到平衡状态,在风暴前方形成较强的辐合上升运动,大于150m~2·s~(-2)的风暴相对螺旋度环境,风暴沿地面中尺度辐合线移动,这些都是超级单体风暴维持较长生命史的有利条件。     

一次冰雹天气过程的潜势条件和中尺度特征分析

基于常规观测资料、NCEP(1°×1°)再分析资料、FY-2G卫星云图和多普勒雷达资料等对2018年6月10日发生在甘肃省平凉市的冰雹天气过程进行分析,得出以下结论:(1)此次冰雹过程属于典型的西北气流型,高空强冷平流、冰雹发生区明显的切变线和地面辐合线以及高层气流引导地面辐合线附近生成的中尺度对流系统MCS,是造成此次强天气的主要影响系统。(2)中尺度辐合线和干线为此次冰雹天气提供了较好的触发机制;强冰雹发生区螺旋度的异常增大为雹暴系统的发展增强提供了强有力的环境场条件;强垂直风切变可促使不稳定能量释放,形成冰雹等天气,和湿斜压作用共同形成MCS发生发展的有利条件;冰雹发生区0℃层、-20℃层高度及二者之间的厚度均有利于大冰雹的形成。(3)多普勒雷达资料显示,引发强天气的回波单体附近,悬垂回波、弱回波区、钩状回波等特征明显,对应径向速度图有明显的中气旋、中层径向辐合及风暴顶辐散等特征配合,对此次冰雹等天气有很好的指示作用。     

浙中一次强对流天气动力热力场和雷达回波特征分析

利用NCEP再分析资料、常规气象观测和区域自动站观测资料、闪电及多普勒雷达天气资料,对2013年5月29日浙中局地强对流天气过程的环境场、触发机制和雷达回波特征进行了分析。结果表明：局地强对流天气是在东北冷涡背景下产生的;高空冷平流南侵、低层暖平流北上,有利于大气对流不稳定度进一步加大;在热力不稳定能量增长储存条件下,冷空气、地面辐合线与中低层切变线是强对流天气的重要触发机制,地面辐合线对强对流天气还具有组织作用;沿等熵面移动的较大位涡有利于超级单体风暴的发生和发展;初夏0 ℃层高度偏高,但在满足强烈位势不稳定、中等风垂直切变以及低层充足水汽条件下仍可以导致局地小冰雹的产生;地面大风过程是低空暖湿气流入流在快要进入上升气流区时受到上升气流区的抽吸作用而加速导致生成的;多个回波强核被中气旋组织在一起,形成超级单体风暴造成了局地强风雹天气。     

东北冷涡对江淮飑线生成的影响研究

利用常规气象资料、自动站资料、卫星和雷达资料以及NCEP再分析资料,对近10年东北冷涡天气背景下强对流天气过程的物理机制和中尺度特征进行了分析,并重点分析了在东北冷涡背景下,2009年6月3、5和14日在黄淮和江淮地区分别产生飑线并造成大范围雷雨大风、冰雹等强对流天气。结果表明,在东北冷涡发展阶段,即温压结构不对称、大气斜压性强时,冷涡的西、西南、南至东南部容易发生雷雨大风、冰雹等强对流天气。在东北冷涡形势下,飑线生成时具备以下特征:(1)存在明显的中尺度气旋式环流,850 hPa、925 hPa和地面有辐合线或干线存在;(2)静力不稳定,中低层温度直减率大;(3)风垂直切变强,风随高度强烈顺转,400~500 hPa有西风急流存在,且与强对流天气的发生区域紧密相关;(4)伴随着飑线发展,在飑线后侧有显著升压,雷暴高压的强弱不仅指示了飑线发展的不同阶段,同时可作为地面大风预报的参考依据;(5)飑线的移动与对流回波的传播、出流边界和引导气流密切相关。     

一次冰雹强对流天气过程的潜势条件和中尺度特征分析

基于常规观测资料、NCEP(2.5°×2.5°)再分析资料、FY-2G卫星云图资料和多普勒雷达等资料对2018年6月10日发生在甘肃省平凉市的冰雹等强对流天气过程进行分析,得出以下结论：(1)此次强对流天气过程属于典型的西北气流型,高空强冷平流、强对流发生区明显的切变线和地面辐合线以及高层气流引导地面辐合线附近生成的中尺度对流系统MCS,是造成此次强天气的主要影响系统。(2)中尺度辐合线和干线为此次强对流天气提供较好的触发机制；强对流发生区螺旋度的异常增大为雹暴系统的发展增强提供了强有力的环境场条件；强垂直风切变可促使不稳定能量释放形成冰雹等天气,和湿斜压作用共同形成MCS发生发展的有利条件；冰雹发生区0℃层、-20℃层高度及二者之间的厚度均有利于大冰雹的形成。(3)卫星云图中MCS发展明显,容易给局地强对流输送能量,利于强对流的维持发展,且强对流区主要位于云顶亮温TBB低值区的后部和南部,多普勒雷达资料显示,引发强对流天气的回波单体附近,悬垂回波、弱回波区、钩状回波等特征明显,对应径向速度图有明显的中气旋、中层径向辐合及风暴顶辐散等特征配合,对此次冰雹等强对流天气有很好的指示作用。     

两次冰雹过程边界层气象要素变化特征

基于常规气象观测、浙江省自动气象站、宁波多普勒雷达和凉帽山岛370 m高塔边界层资料,对宁波市2012年7月7日(个例1)和2013年3月22日(个例2)两次冰雹过程进行了比较分析,结果表明:两次过程发生在不同季节和天气背景下,个例1由强热对流单体所致,个例2则是具有高架雷暴特征的移动性强对流带所造成。地面流场都显示:雹暴前侧入流辐合带和后侧下沉气流辐散区相对雹暴中心位置变化不大,两次过程前部冷出流边界前沿距离降雹中心约8~10 km及其后约4 km处形成了下沉尾涡。雹暴前侧入流区边界层主要表现为气压下降、气流转向雹暴中心、风速及辐合加大等;而下沉辐散区则表现出天气要素的剧烈变化。个例1高塔处于冰雹前侧入流区,边界层气象要素变化低层先于高层,临近降雹时由于拖曳作用削弱了抽吸作用,近地层各气象要素均有短时间的反向变化。个例2高塔处于低层入流区时,风速增大也最先出现在塔层底部;雹暴过境时,冷高压出流造成高塔处边界层风向、风速剧烈变化,上下各层时间较一致。     

鄂西北一次超级单体风暴过程的观测分析

2016年6月7日下午鄂西发生一次伴有超级单体的强对流过程。利用常规地面和高空观测资料以及区域自动站、多普勒天气雷达等资料,对该过程超级单体形成的环境条件及雷达回波特征进行了详细分析。结果表明:(1)上干下湿不稳定层结、较高的对流有效位能与强烈的低空垂直风切变是有利于超级单体产生的环境条件,地面辐合线和鄂西北山区地形对超级单体的触发和增强起到关键作用;(2)宽大有界弱回波区以及位于其上的强悬垂回波,弱回波区前侧强入流与中层径向辐合(MARC)的存在,都表明超级单体具有降雹潜势;(3)大风核(27 m·s-1)持续时间超过2 h、中气旋深厚持久、阵风锋、高空强冷平流下传以及风暴内部下沉气流的共同作用,导致了地面大风;(4)前侧入流槽口斜升气流强而持久且风暴顶辐散长时间维持,造成强降水。     

“9.24”内蒙古东南部致灾飑线过程成因分析

利用常规观测、地面自动站加密观测资料、NCEP(0.25°×0.25°)再分析资料以及多普勒雷达资料等,对2016年9月24日发生在内蒙古东南部一次致灾飑线天气过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)中高层干冷空气扩散东南下与低层西南急流的辐合急剧加强为强飑线提供了非常有利的大尺度环流背景;(2)对流有效位能(CAPE)在强对流爆发前有明显跃升;假相当位温(θse)中低层分布呈显著的倒漏斗状,而且随高度增高递减率明显增大,这种上干下湿的层结有利于雷暴大风和冰雹等强对流天气产生;(3)地面中尺度露点锋(干线)和中尺度辐合线长时间维持、耦合并加强成为这次强对流天气的直接触发和维持机制;飑线后部一直维持雷暴高压,表明有地面大风存在;(4)雷达回波伴有弓形回波特征,低层呈现有界弱回波区(BWER),中高层有明显的回波悬垂,50～55 dBz强回波区延伸到7.5 km,表明对流风暴内有强烈的上升气流,有利于短时强降水和大冰雹的形成;(5)弓形回波径向速度剖面图上存在中层径向辐合(MARC)。     

高层东风波引起的一次超级单体雹暴天气数值研究

利用WRF中尺度模式对2018年7月26日发生在浙中北的一次超级单体雹暴过程进行数值研究,结合自动站资料,天气雷达资料、NCEP再分析资料等分析冰雹天气发生的环流背景,冰雹云的雷达回波和流场结构特征,并探究冰雹形成的物理机制。结果表明:此次强对流天气是在高层东风波环流背景下,由地面辐合线触发的超级单体雹暴过程。雹暴发生在强的对流有效位能、上干下湿的层结和弱垂直风切变的环境场中。模拟试验成功地模拟出了雹暴云团的发展演变过程。0℃层位于5 km的高度,-20℃层位于8. 5 km的高度,且超过40 dBZ的强回波向上扩展至-20℃层以上,有利于冰雹的生长。雹云发展旺盛时呈现典型的低层辐合、高层辐散特征。雹云右侧出现悬垂回波和有界弱回波区。雹云中存在大量的过冷云水,冰雹粒子的核心生长区位于0℃层和-20℃层之间,主要由霰粒子转化而成,并通过不断碰并过冷云水和过冷雨水增长。     

一次超级单体雹暴的中尺度对流特征和形成条件分析

北京2014年7月16日一次超级单体风暴造成了罕见大冰雹、短时大风和局地暴雨等强天气。利用雷达、自动站、探空、基于雷达观测的四维变分同化系统(VDRAS)等资料针对中尺度对流特征和形成条件进行了分析。结果表明:1)这次超级单体风暴有穹窿回波和悬垂、中气旋、三体散射等典型大冰雹雹暴云特征。2)降雹属于西北气流型,雹区出现在低层切变线和地面辐合区(辐合线)附近,低层很好的水汽条件是这种类型下降雹的必要条件。此外,1500 J/kg以上的高CAPE以及上干下湿的不稳定层结、850 hPaθse 360 K的高能舌中心均有利于强对流的发生;"喇叭口"型探空、适宜的0℃层和-20℃层高度以及这两个特性层之间厚度变小是大冰雹出现的典型环境。3)有利的地形、雷暴下山冷池增强导致前侧辐合增强是超级单体发展并向南移动的有利条件。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.