广西特大暴雨的特征分析

对1971－2001年发生在广西的特大暴雨和特大暴雨天气过程的时空分布特征及其环流形势特点作一较系统的分析，得出广西特大暴雨的月际分布具有明显的“单蜂型”，多发区域在沿海地区，造成广西特大暴雨的影响系统主要是热带气旋或热带低压系统。     

低空急流对广西热带气旋特大暴雨的影响及概念模式

利用ncep再分析资料,对1990～2003年期间,广西14次热带气旋特大暴雨过程进行850hPa低空急流的合成分析,结果指出:广西热带气旋特大暴雨的产生伴随着中南半岛西南急流的增强,西南急流是暴雨增幅的主要水汽和能量输送系统。另外,结合大尺度环流系统的分析给出广西热带气旋特大暴雨的概念模式。     

低空急流对广西热带气旋特大暴雨的影响及概念模式

利用ncep再分析资料，对1990～2003年期间，广西14次热带气旋特大暴雨过程进行850hPa低空急流的合成分析，结果指出：广西热带气旋特大暴雨的产生伴随着中南半岛西南急流的增强，西南急流是暴雨增幅的主要水汽和能量输送系统。另外，结合大尺度环流系统的分析给出广西热带气旋特大暴雨的概念模式。     

广西热带气旋特大暴雨的特征分析

概况 鉴于1958年以后,广西达到了县县有气象站,为使分析结果具有代表性,所以本文的分析时段取1958年到1990年。分析的重点是对广西有重大影响的热带气旋特大暴雨个例。 关于广西热带气旋特大暴雨的定义。考虑到热带气旋特大暴雨对广西影响的严重程度以及雨强及分布范围,对其定义如下:     

广西8月份重大暴雨的统计特征

本文对1959—1992年8月份广西重大降雨的时空分布,重大暴雨过程的主要影响系统的特征做了统计分析。表明8月份我区暴雨分布的严重不均一性,桂东南暴雨的多发性,以及桂西山区暴雨中心的离散性;热带气旋异常暴雨和西南低槽持续暴雨是形成我区8月份特大洪涝灾害的最主要影响系统。分析结果对促进我区8月份重大暴雨的预报服务工作也许是有益的。     

广西8月份重大暴雨的统计特征

本文对1959—1992年8月份广西重大降雨的时空分布,重大暴雨过程的主要影响系统的特征做了统计分析。表明8月份我区暴雨分布的严重不均一性,桂东南暴雨的多发性,以及桂西山区暴雨中心的离散性;热带气旋异常暴雨和西南低槽持续暴雨是形成我区8月份特大洪涝灾害的最主要影响系统。分析结果对促进我区8月份重大暴雨的预报服务工作也许是有益的。     

广西近50年暴雨日数变化的小波分析

利用1951—2005年广西降水资料,使用Morlet小波分析方法分析了暴雨和大暴雨日数的年际变化,结果表明均具有明显的周期变化规律特征,都存在着2、4、8、14年周期振荡信号,其中2年周期振荡信号最强,其次为4,8,14年,各周期信号分布的时间区域略有差异。广西暴雨日数变化总趋势为逐渐增多,在1990年代进入高峰期。影响广西暴雨发生的主要天气系统为热带气旋、西南低涡、低空急流、高空槽,其中热带气旋、西南低涡是广西特大暴雨发生的主要原因。     

1993年影响广西的热带气旋

本文对１９９３年影响广西的热带气旋有关特征作了分析，表明该年影响广西的热带气旋具有个数多，深入内陆持续时间长、特大暴雨发生频繁等特点；对有关灾情及防台减灾获得的效益作了简述；探９３０２号台风登陆前夕次生云团暴发性发展和登陆，对台风定位和桂南特大暴雨形成的影响，提出这是预报讨了广西热带气旋特大暴雨的一个值得重视的着眼点的观点。     

20世纪90年代以来广西重大水旱灾害回顾

简略描述20世纪90年代以来广西气象灾害情况,较为详细地分析了造成广西严重灾害的暴雨洪涝、干旱、热带气旋的分布特征及灾害损失情况。结果显示,1994年气象灾害直接经济损失最大;1994年是新中国成立以来暴雨洪涝灾害最严重的一年,其它特大暴雨洪涝发生在1996、1998、2001年和2005年;特大干旱损失最严重的是2003年;出现热带气旋最多的年份是1994年,2001年的灾损最严重。     

20世纪90年代以来广西重大水旱灾害回顾

简略描述20世纪90年代以来广西气象灾害情况,较为详细地分析了造成广西严重灾害的暴雨洪涝、干旱、热带气旋的分布特征及灾害损失情况。结果显示,1994年气象灾害直接经济损失最大;1994年是新中国成立以来暴雨洪涝灾害最严重的一年,其它特大暴雨洪涝发生在1996、1998、2001年和2005年;特大干旱损失最严重的是2003年;出现热带气旋最多的年份是1994年,2001年的灾损最严重。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.