北京地区暖季对流天气的气候特征

对北京地区最近12年暖季(5—9月)雷暴、冰雹、暴雨和大风等各种对流天气进行了气候统计和分析。统计结果表明:北京地区暖季发生对流的概率很高,按日数统计的气候概率达47.77%,大风、暴雨和冰雹气候概率分别为27.29%、10.84%和6.29%。暴雨多发季节为7月中旬到8月上旬。冰雹集中于6月中、下旬。在对流天气的地理分布上,北京西北部、东北部山区及西南部山区多对流天气,中心区和东南部平原地区对流天气较少。暴雨呈西南—东北方向带状分布,东北部山区、中部和东南部平原地区多发生暴雨,而西北部和西南部山区很少发生暴雨。山区冰雹明显多于平原。西北部和东北部山区大风偏多。暴雨有明显的夜发性。冰雹集中发生在午后到傍晚,占冰雹总站次的76.72%。     

北京对流性天气的高空气候背景分析

对流性天气的气候背景分析是临近预报的基础,是做好北京2008年奥运气象服务必不可少的准备工作。对北京地区暖季(5—9月)发生雷暴、冰雹、暴雨和大风4种对流天气当日08时高空探测资料(2002—2005年)的压、温、湿、风等气象参数进行气候统计和分析,并与气候平均值进行比较,以揭示发生对流天气的环境条件及规律,为预报业务提供参考。结果表明:4种对流天气日所在各月高空要素均表现出比较典型的特征;500 hPa急流和对流产生有一定的对应关系:急流存在时,容易产生对流性天气,且雷暴、大风、暴雨甚至冰雹同时发生的概率增大;对流性天气过程与风向垂直切变有很好的对应关系,强雷暴、冰雹、暴雨和大风4种对流日500 hPa以下出现顺转平均发生率为84.2%。风向较强的逆转常常发生混合性对流天气,且逆转高度越高、对流越强。整层顺转容易发生多站暴雨,但雷暴发生较少。     

1970—2019年陇东地区强对流天气的气候特征分析

利用1970—2019年庆阳市8个国家观测站的常规观测资料、联防记录、SRTMDEMUTM 90 m分辨率数字高程和归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据,对雷暴、冰雹和雷暴大风3种强对流天气的气候特征进行对比分析。结果表明：庆阳市不同类型强对流天气的空间分布差异明显,雷暴东南部多,中、西部少。冰雹西北、东南部多中部少;雷暴大风则是中部多,东、西部少。不同强对流天气受下垫面的影响不同,冰雹的空间分布主要与海拔高度有关,两者呈显著的正相关关系,而雷暴大风则与NDVI呈显著的反相关关系。近50年3类强对流天气的范围和日数的年际变化整体呈减少趋势,尤其是21世纪以来减少趋势显著,并先后发生了显著的减少突变。雷暴大风的突变较早,发生在20世纪80年代中期,而雷暴和冰雹的突变较迟,发生于90年代中期前后;月变化基本呈“单峰型”特征,其中雷暴大风的平均日数出现最早为5月,但其平均站数峰值出现在7月;冰雹平均日数和站次的峰值均出现在6月,雷暴大风的峰值出现在7月;日变化呈“午后”型特征,14—19时最频发;白天时段的对流频率是夜间的2倍以上,夜间的对流主要集中在20—22时。     

基于中尺度数值模式快速循环系统的强对流天气分类概率预报试验

在利用实况探空资料、微波辐射计和风廓线构建的特种探空资料对北京地区强对流天气进行判别,以及快速更新循环同化预报系统(BJ-RUC模式)探空资料可应用性分析的基础上,针对模式探空基本要素计算多种热力、动力、综合不稳定物理量,根据统计的强对流天气判别指标,计算模式格点上的强对流发生概率,并进一步针对冰雹(雷暴大风)和强对流短时暴雨天气下不同物理量的阈值范围,初步探索中尺度数值模式对强对流天气分类预报的可能性.通过不同组合的预报方案进行的对比分析表明,利用北京地区中尺度数值模式快速循环系统(BJ-RUC)的格点探空资料进行强对流天气概率的预报是可以实现的,强对流天气的分类概率预报也存在一定的成功率.     

奥运期间天津极端天气气候事件背景分析

利用1951～2006年天津7月下旬至9月上旬的日最高气温、降水量、最大风速和8月扬沙、雾、雷暴和冰雹的观测资料,统计了对足球比赛影响较大的高温、暴雨、大风、雾和雷暴等极端天气气候事件发生的概率及分布特点,以期为2008年北京奥运会天津分赛场的足球小组赛提供气候背景服务信息。结果表明:在奥运会期间,天津易出现高温、暴雨、雷暴和雾等不利天气;而大风、扬沙、冰雹的概率相对较小。相对而言,8月中旬至9月上旬,这些不利的极端天气气候事件发生的概率小,对各项赛事的开展较为有利。     

大连地区雷暴大风的气候和天气学特征

基于1999—2013年大连地区的雷暴大风、雷暴和冰雹等观测资料,对大连地区雷暴大风天气的气候和天气学特征进行了分析。结果表明:1999—2013年大连地区雷暴大风天气具有较强的地域特点,夜间雷暴大风天气的发生频率明显高于白天,海岛站雷暴大风出现次数明显多于陆地站;雷暴大风天气主要集中出现在夏季,10月雷暴大风发生也较多。统计表明,大连地区雷暴大风天气通常发生在空间尺度和时间尺度均相对较大的雷暴群中,单体雷暴出现雷暴大风的概率极低,且大都伴有降水,但雷暴大风与暴雨或冰雹相伴出现的概率较低。大连地区的雷暴大风天气是由多种有利的高低空系统配置及高低空急流和中高空干空气的共同作用产生的,其中高空急流和中高空干空气是制约雷暴大风产生的重要因素,高空急流有时制约雷暴大风的产生方位和分布形态,大连地区雷暴大风通常位于高空急流轴下方及其附近区域;中高空干空气具有3个作用:一是增强大气不稳定度;二是在干湿区的交界处形成较强的露点锋,有时具有雷暴的触发作用;三是与其他天气系统叠加时具有增强上升运动的作用。     

沈阳地区强对流天气潜势预报环境参数特征分析

利用常规探空观测和WRF分析场等资料,分析了2005—2014年沈阳地区强对流天气的气候背景特征、演变规律及日变化特征等,将强对流天气划分为冰雹、雷暴大风(≥17.2 m·s-1)、短时强降水(≥20 mm·h-1)和混合型4种类型;并分析探空资料在强对流天气潜势预报中的作用,着重探讨14时(02时)探空资料对沈阳地区强对流天气短时临近潜势预报的作用。结果表明:2005—2014年沈阳地区4种强对流天气中,以短时强降水天气发生次数最多,其次为雷暴大风天气,冰雹天气的发生次数最少,多数强对流天气发生在午后至傍晚。由合成T-Log P图的温湿廓线可知,沈阳地区短时强降水天气发生时中低层存在显著湿区,与雷暴大风和冰雹为主的强对流天气温湿廓线明显不同,多数合成T-Log P图的显著特点为中层大气干燥。冰雹型强对流天气的0℃层和-20℃层高度明显低于其他强对流天气类型的高度;冰雹型强对流天气T700-T500和T850-T500显著大于短时强降水型及雷暴大风型强对流天气,且T850-T500的指示意义更好;4种强对流天气类型平均SI均出现了正值,说明SI失去了不稳定性的指示意义;短时强降水天气的K指数明显高于冰雹天气;雷暴大风天气发生时对流有效位能明显小于其他强对流天气类型。可见,WRF中尺度模式中的T-Log P预报图对沈阳地区强对流天气的预报具有一定的指导意义。     

鲁中地区分类强对流天气环境参量特征分析

将山东中部地区16 a暖季(4-9月)106次伴随瞬时风力不低于8级的强对流个例划分为雷暴大风、冰雹雷暴大风和强降水混合型等3种类型,利用常规探空资料和地面观测资料,通过箱须图的形式分别讨论3种类型对应的一系列关键环境参数的分布特征和预报阈值。进一步,又将上述106次个例中的特强对流个例,包括产生25 m/s以上瞬时大风的特强雷暴大风个例、产生不小于20 mm直径冰雹的特强冰雹个例以及50 mm/h或以上强度的特强短时强降水个例提取出来构成一个子集,讨论其关键环境参数分布特征和预报阈值,并与全部对流个例的相应关键环境参数进行比较。最后,对鲁中地区强对流系统的触发机制进行了简要阐述和讨论。结果表明:(1)雷暴大风型、冰雹雷暴大风型和强降水混合型对应的850和500 hPa温差的最低阈值为25℃; 3种类型对应的地面露点最低阈值分别为13、16和24℃; 相应的大气可降水量最低阈值分别为20、24和32 mm; 相应对流有效位能的最低阈值分别为300、900和1300 J/kg; 相应的0-6 km风垂直切变最低阈值分别为12.0、12.5和8.0 m/s。(2)通过地面露点、大气可降水量以及暖云层厚度等关键参数的分布特征可以将上述3种类型的前两种与第3种类型即强降水混合型进行一定程度的区分,但要通过各个关键参数的分布特征区分前两种强对流天气是困难的。(3)对于伴随冰雹的强对流天气,适宜的融化层高度为3.0-3.9 km; (4)特强雷暴大风、特强冰雹和特强短时强降水等3种特强对流类型与全部强对流个例的3种类型相比,其条件不稳定度明显增大,体现为850和500 hPa温差的增大、水汽条件有所加强、对流有效位能明显增大,3种类型特强对流天气对应的对流有效位能最低阈值分别为1000、1100和2000 J/kg; 相应的0-6 km风垂直切变最低阈值分别为16、12和11 m/s,即特强雷暴大风型和特强短时强降水型的风垂直切变阈值明显增大。上述工作构成了山东中部伴随雷暴大风的强对流天气短时预报的一个基础,结合各类强对流天气发生的气候概率,可以通过决策树或模糊逻辑方法制作成适合于地、市气象台的分类强对流天气短时预报系统。      

湖南省强对流天气特征统计分析

本文运用2000～2005年湖南省内244个强对流天气资料,统计分析了湖南省强对流天气的时间、地域分布特征,并对湖南省强对流天气形势进行了分型,结果表明:湖南省强对流天气多在春、夏季出现,72%的强对流天气出现在夜间,其中冰雹、短时强降水出现几率山区大于平原.而大风在平原地区出现几率平均大于山区.省内强对流天气类型分为5种:地面冷锋型、副高边缘型、地面倒槽型、静止锋型、东风波影响型.     

基于ERA5资料的吉林省东部山区分类强对流预报阈值分析

利用高时空分辨率的ERA5再分析资料分析了吉林省东部山区近10a暖季(4—9月)出现的雷暴大风型、冰雹大风型、复合型等3种类型的分类强对流个例,通过绘制箱线图后进行不同类型环境对流参数分析,得到预报阈值.结果表明:基本对流参数中,3种类型的强对流天气对应的850hPa与500hPa温差阈值为25.3℃;广义位温阈值分别为297K、301K、308K;K指数分别为26℃、29℃、33℃.与各个类型强对流相关的参数中,当平均温度露点差≥5.2℃时,需要警惕雷暴大风的产生;当融化层高度位于2.8～3.4km时,需要警惕冰雹大风的产生;当暖云层厚度≥3.5km时,需要注意复合型强对流的产生.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences