梅雨锋暴雨中尺度对流系统研究若干进展

梅雨锋暴雨中尺度对流系统是暴雨的直接影响系统,对其结构特征、活动规律及其发生发展的物理机制的深入研究,对提高梅雨锋暴雨的预报能力有重大意义。近年来对梅雨锋暴雨中尺度对流系统的研究取得了很大进展,文章对梅雨锋暴雨中尺度对流系统研究的若干进展作了简要综述,包括梅雨锋暴雨云系多尺度结构、梅雨锋暴雨的β和γ中尺度系统发生发展的环境条件和结构、云微物理分布和转化特征及其对热力动力过程反馈等方面,并对有关问题进行讨论。     

一次梅雨锋特大暴雨过程的数值模拟研究：不同尺度天气系统的影响作用

2003年7月4~5日在江淮地区沿梅雨锋有一系列中尺度对流系统相继生成和强烈发展,导致了江淮地区特大暴雨的形成。该研究利用中尺度数值模式MM5对这次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,在模拟结果的基础上重点分析了不同尺度天气系统相互作用对这次特大暴雨过程的影响作用。在这次特大暴雨过程中,位于梅雨锋北侧的东北—西南走向深厚、稳定的短波槽系统与槽前从西南移来的低涡系统相配合,加强了位于梅雨锋北侧的反气旋性扰动发展,从而导致梅雨锋北侧反气旋性涡旋的形成。该类反气旋性涡旋形成对江淮切变线的加强与维持起重要作用。中尺度对流系统的潜热释放首先导致梅雨锋低层切变线上的中尺度对流性涡旋(MCV)的形成,而中尺度对流性涡旋的形成进一步加强了切变线上的低层辐合,中尺度对流性涡旋消亡后,在切变线上形成低涡。梅雨锋附近主要存在4种不同垂直环流,它在降水的不同阶段具有不同的结构、配置与动力学作用。其中跨锋面、高层非地转两支垂直环流对锋区的对流扰动发展和暴雨形成最为重要,而降水发展可以调整锋区垂直环流的结构、配置,随降水的减弱,梅雨锋区的不同垂直环流系统又重新恢复到先前结构。梅雨锋上不同尺度、高度的天气系统之间的相互作用主要通过这些垂直环流系统调整实现。     

2006年6月5～8日梅雨锋上中尺度对流系统引发福建北部暴雨的诊断分析

利用1°×1°经纬度的NCEP再分析资料、地面1 h降水和卫星黑体辐射亮度温度资料,分析了2006年6月5～8日引发福建北部大暴雨的梅雨锋上的中尺度对流系统活动,探讨了梅雨锋上或锋前暖区一侧中尺度对流系统触发和增强的动力机制,并进一步研究了强降水凝结潜热造成的非绝热加热在对流系统发生发展中的作用。结果发现:福建北部强降水产生是由梅雨锋上或锋前多个β中尺度或α中尺度的强对流系统活动造成的,这些中尺度对流系统的发生发展与大尺度地转强迫造成的上升运动、武夷山脉等的地形动力强迫抬升作用、梅雨锋锋生以及锋面的阻挡和直接抬升作用有关。梅雨锋上强降水造成的非绝热加热在中尺度对流系统的形成和发展中起到了重要作用。最后,总结出梅雨锋上中尺度对流系统发生发展的概念模型。     

一次梅雨锋强降水过程中MCS数值模拟与分析

文章以2005年梅汛期一次影响闽浙两省的大暴雨天气过程为研究对象,对梅雨锋上的多个MCS(中尺度对流系统)进行了中尺度数值模拟,利用模式输出的高时空分辨率数据集分析了MCS的发生发展演变机制,及其与梅雨锋暴雨的关系。     

梅雨锋暴雨的Doppler雷达观测研究:中尺度对流回波系统的结构和特征

详细分析了１９９１年７月９日发生在江淮地区的一次梅雨锋大暴雨过程,研究了梅雨锋中尺度对流回波系统的形态、结构以及与它相伴随的中尺度天气系统,提出了梅雨锋内弱的低层辐合下暴雨对流回波的中尺度回波增强区（ＭＥＥＲ）概念,并与台湾地区中尺度试验（ＴＡＭＥＸ）中的梅雨锋暴雨研究结果作了比较     

梅雨锋中暴雨的Doppler雷达观测研究：中尺度对流回波系统的 …

详细分析了１９９１年７月９日发生江淮地区的一次梅雨锋大暴雨过程,研究了梅雨锋中尺度对流回波系统的形态、结构以及与它相伴随的中尺度天气系统,提出了梅雨锋仙弱的低层辐合下暴雨对流回波的中尺度回波增强了（ＭＥＥＲ）概念,并与 区中尺度试验（ＴＡＭＥＸ）中的梅雨锋暴雨研究了结果作了比较。     

1998年一次梅雨锋暴雨中尺度对流系统的模拟与诊断分析

文中利用观测资料 (包括部分‘四大科学试验’资料 )和高分辨率数值模拟结果 ,对 1998年 6月 16～ 17日发生在赣闽浙沿武夷山北麓地区的梅雨锋暴雨中尺度对流系统特征进行了分析研究。分析表明 :(1)本次梅雨锋暴雨发生在对流层中低层中 β尺度低压南侧的中尺度辐合线上 ;在弱的风垂直切变环境下 ,梅雨锋中α对流云系中有数个中 β尺度云呈塔状强烈垂直发展 ,它们是造成暴雨的中 β尺度对流系统。(2 )基于加密探空观测的对流有效位能计算显示 ,赣闽浙沿武夷山北麓地区的强暴雨发生前 ,最大对流有效位能可达到 2 6 0 0J/kg ;通过时间加密的探空观测有可能捕捉对流有效位能的中尺度变化特征。(3)利用高分辨率模拟结果对赣闽浙沿武夷山北麓的暴雨中β尺度对流系统 (中 β降水云塔 )的结构分析显示 ,强烈发展的中 β降水云塔为有利的中尺度动力配置结构 ,即对应着一个狭窄的、从地面伸展到 2 5 0hPa的正涡度区 ,其 1.5m/s的垂直上升运动与低层强辐合和高层强辐散相伴随。(4)通过分析与诊断 ,提出了低层中尺度辐合线上强烈发展的梅雨锋暴雨中 β尺度对流系统的气流运动图像 ,即 :在对流层低层 ,空气从西南和西北两个方向流入中 β降水云塔区 ,在云塔中垂直 (略向东倾斜 )上升 ;靠近云塔南 (北 )侧边缘的上升气     

暴雨中尺度系统数值模拟与动力诊断研究

本文总结了近年来我们在暴雨中尺度系统数值模拟与动力诊断研究领域的主要成果。从广义位涡理论、梅雨锋及变形锋生、暴雨中尺度系统的不稳定性、有限区域风场分解技术对暴雨中尺度系统的识别、中尺度波流相互作用理论以及数值模拟研究等方面进行了分类概括。对暴雨中尺度系统数值模拟与动力诊断的研究回顾表明,雷达资料同化进入模式有效地改进了对中尺度系统发生、发展的模拟结果;一些新的物理量,如非均匀饱和位涡、对流涡度矢量、变形场锋生以及有限区域风场分解方法等在暴雨中尺度系统及热带对流发展诊断分析中得到了广泛应用。同时,波流相互作用理论也被应用到了中尺度系统发展的动力分析研究中。     

2011年梅汛期一次暴雨过程的对流涡度矢量方程诊断分析

利用NCEP FNL资料、FY-2E云顶亮温、常规观测及加密自动站降水量等资料,以及高分辨率中尺度模式WRF V3.3的模拟结果,结合对流涡度矢量方程对2011年6月一次江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明,模拟结果再现了该次暴雨过程的降水特征,该过程主要受地面低压及梅雨锋锋面系统的控制和影响,其中6月14-15日为所选暴雨个例最旺盛的阶段,且该时段伴随梅雨锋上中尺度对流系统的移动发展和梅雨锋锋生。对流涡度矢量及其垂直分量的倾向方程的诊断分析表明,对流涡度矢量垂直分量的局地变化主要受非绝热加热项的影响;而非绝热加热与次级环流和梅雨锋锋生的关系说明中尺度对流活动与梅雨锋锋生存在类CISK机制的反馈关系。因此,对流涡度矢量,特别是其垂直分量可以用来诊断和揭示伴随非绝热加热的中尺度对流系统与梅雨锋锋生之间的关系。     

"0907"长江下游梅雨锋暴雨的数值模拟和诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、卫星TBB资料以及客观再分析资料,对2009年7月6—7日(简称"0907")的长江下游梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟和天气分析,重点研究了中尺度系统的发生发展机制。结果表明:7月6—7日对流层低层,长江下游北侧存在的一次天气尺度低压,其发展和东移,促使锋生加强,低空急流发生。WRF中尺度模式数值模拟结果显示,在次天气尺度低压的南侧不断形成β中尺度和γ中尺度对流系统。对其中一个β中尺度对流系统的分析研究表明:低空中尺度急流和中尺度辐合首先发生。之后中尺度辐散迅速加强。高层强辐散、低空中尺度急流核和中尺度低涡的相互耦合作用使系统不断发展并东移。高层相对干冷空气的侵入促使系统衰减消亡。     

A Simulation Study of the Mesoscale Convective Systems Associated with a Meiyu Frontal Heavy Rain Event

In this study, evolution of the mesoscale convective systems （MCSs） within a Meiyu front during a particularly heavy rainfall event on 22 June 1999 in East China was simulated by using a nonhydrostatic numerical model ARPS （Advanced Regional Prediction System）. Investigations were conducted with emphasis on the impact of the interaction among multi-scale weather systems （MWSs） on the development of MCSs in the Meiyu frontal environment. For this case, the development of MCSs experienced three different stages. （1） The convections associated with MCSs were firstly triggered by the eastward-moving Southwest Vortex （SWV） from the Sichuan Basin, accompanying the intensification of the upper-level jet （ULJ） and the low-level jet （LLJ） that were approaching the Meiyu front. （2） Next, a low-level shear line （LSL） formed, which strengthened and organized the MCSs after the SWV decayed. Meanwhile, the ULJ and LLJ enhanced and produced favorable conditions for the MCSs development. （3） Finally, as the MCSs got intensified, a mesoscale convective vortex （MCV）, a mesoscale LLJ and a mesoscale ULJ were established. Then a coupled-development of MWSs was achieved through the vertical frontal circulations, which further enhanced the MCV and resulted in the heavy rainfall. This is a new physical mechanism for the formation of Meiyu heavy rainfall related to the SWV during the warm season in East China. In the three stages of the heavy rainfall, the vertical frontal circulations exhibited distinguished structures and played a dynamic role, and they enhanced the interaction among the MWSs. A further examination on the formation and evolution of the MCV showed that the MCV was mainly caused by the latent heat release of the MCSs, and the positive feedback between the MCSs and MCV was a key characteristic of the scale interaction in this case.     

Mesoscale convective systems along the Meiyu frontin a numerical model

Summary  Two organized mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) developed sequentially along the Meiyu front over the Yangzi-Huai River basin and caused severe flooding over eastern China during 12–13 June 1991. In this paper, the structure and evolution of these MCSs are studied with a high-resolution (18 km) numerical simulation using the Fifth Generation Penn-State/NCAR Mesocale Model (MM5). The model reproduced the successive development of these two MCSs along the Meiyu front. The evolution of these MCSs was recorded clearly on satellite-derived cloud-top black body temperature (T _bb ) maps. A mesoscale low-level jet (mLLJ) and a mesoscale upper-level jet (mULJ) were simulated, respectively, to the south and east of each of these two MCSs. Our analyses shows that the mLLJ and mULJ were formed as a responses to the intense convection associated with the MCS. The mLLJs transported warm, moist air with equivalent potential temperature greater than 352 K into the MCSs, and strong low-level convergence can be identified on the left-front end of the mLLJ. This strong convergence was associated with intense upward motion in the MCS with speed up to 80 cm s⁻¹. Much of inflow into the MCSs extends up to the middle and upper troposphere, and ventilated through the mULJ. The development of the MCSs was also associated with substantial increase in potential vorticity (PV). The build up of PV in the lower-level along the Meiyu front was in turn related to a local intensification of the frontal equivalent potential temperature gradient, suggesting a relationship between the MCSs and the local enhancement and cyclogenesis of the front. In a sensitivity experiment without the effect of latent heating, a series of ascent centers with average separation of about 300 km were simulated. This result suggests that the initial formation of the MCSs along the Meiyu front could occur in absence of moist-diabatic process. Since the horizontal velocity gradient across the Meiyu front near the synoptic-scale low-level jet (LLJ) was quite large while the corresponding temperature gradient across the frontal zone was rather weak, we speculate that barotropic process may be responsible for triggering these MCSs along the Meiyu front. Received December 28, 1999 Revised May 11, 2000     

梅雨锋云带内α-中尺度对流系统周边水汽风的分析

应用准静止卫星水汽图像导出的风 (简称为水汽风 )分析东亚梅雨锋云带内中尺度对流系统 (MCS)在对流层上层的流出通道。结果表明梅雨锋云带内MCS有二类流出通道。一类MCS在对流层上层呈现为一个中尺度反气旋。MCS的东部有一支中尺度高空急流 ,这支中尺度高空急流向东流出后转向南 ,流入 2 0°N附近的南亚东风急流内 ,是MCS在对流层上层的主要流出通道。另一类MCS发生在中纬度西风急流的南侧。中纬度西风与MCS南部的偏东北风构成一个反气旋环流带。MCS前方的流出通道 (中尺度高空急流 )是中纬度西风急流的一个中尺度分支。梅雨锋云带内垂直方向水平风速切变小于 1m/ (s·10 0hPa) ,垂直方向“不通风”有利于云带内MCS的维持。初步分析验证了以前数值模拟得到的中尺度高空急流及其流出通道。     

A Numerical Study of the Evolution of a Mesoscale Convective Vortex on the Meiyu Front

The Advanced Research WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting） model is used to simulate the evolution of a mesoscale convective vortex（MCV） that formed on the Meiyu front and lasted for more than two days. The simulation is used to investigate the underlying reasons for the genesis, intensification, and vertical expansion of the MCV. This MCV is of a type of mid-level MCV that often develops in the stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems. The vortex strengthened and reached its maximum intensity and vertical extent（from the surface to upper levels） when secondary organized convection developed within the mid-level circulation. The factors controling the evolution of the kinetic and thermal structure of the MCV are examined through an analysis of the budgets of vorticity, temperature, and energy. The evolution of the local Rossby radius of deformation reveals the interrelated nature of the MCV and its parent mesoscale convective system.     

一次梅雨锋暴雨的中尺度对流系统及低层风场影响分析

本文利用常规气象观测资料,地面自动站加密观测资料和FY-2D、FY-2E卫星云图以及NCEP 1°×1°的FNL分析资料、EC 0.25°×0.25°的细网格模式数据等,对2015年6月15—18日梅雨锋暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统(MCS)活动特征、对流层低层风场对MCS发展的影响以及梅雨锋暴雨的垂直环流特征等进行了研究,结果表明:天气尺度梅雨锋上叠加的MCS的产生及向下游移动,以及其在安徽中部到江苏南部正涡度带作用下的发展增强,造成了江苏南部的局地强降水。强降水与中尺度低空急流核的位置吻合较好。在垂直方向上,高空急流入口区右侧与低空急流核左前方叠加,高低空急流耦合作用明显。在降水过程中,对流层低层具有较强的垂直风切变,有利于垂直涡度的增强和MCS的发展。对流层低层的垂直风切变也有利于不同源地的水汽在梅雨锋区汇集。梅雨锋北侧的干冷空气在对流层低(中)层以东北(西北)路径向锋区移动。南侧的暖湿气流沿西南路径移动、抬升,接近锋区后质点在上升过程中逐渐转向东移,在高空急流的抽吸作用下,快速向东流出,近地面层空气存在跨锋面环流。梅雨锋系统垂直方向上的次级环流是高层风场强烈辐散以及空气运动过程中质量补充和循环的结果。     

Numerical Study of a Mesoscale Vortex in the Planetary Boundary Layer of the Meiyu Front

It was found that the heavy rainfall event along the Meiyu front in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River on 23 June 2009 was connected with a mesoscale disturbance vortex, which originated from the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and developed upward later and was discovered by using the Shuman-Shapiro filtering method. The mesoscale disturbance vortex in the PBL (PMDV) in this process corresponded well to the short-time rainstorm in the Doppler radar echo. Analysis of the high-resolution simulation results from the Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW) showed that there were several surface disturbances along the southern warm section of the Meiyu front prior to the generation of the PMDV. The PMDV interacted with the mesoscale convective system (MCS) and intensiˉed the local convective precipitation. The north and southwest flows in the PBL converged at the time of the PMDV formation. Meanwhile, a southwesterly jet on the top of the PBL to the south side of the vortex reinforced the ascending motion and convergence. Hence, it is concluded that the PMDV was generated when the strong cold air flows north of the shear line encountered the southwest flow south of the shear line. The convergence line in the PBL, the intensification of the southwest wind, and the southward aggression of the north wind were critical for the development of the PMDV. The release of latent heat was found crucial for the formation of the PMDV as it facilitated the convergence at low levels.