我国旱涝气候灾害的年代际变化及其与东亚气候系统变化的关系

通过观测资料分析我国旱涝灾害的年代际变化特征,表明从1976年之后迄今我国华北地区发生持续干旱,严重影响了此地区的水资源和经济的可持续发展,并且长江、淮河流域夏季季风降水明显增加,洪涝灾害频繁发生.作者还从东亚气候系统的年代际变化系统地分析了发生在我国旱涝气候灾害年代际变化的机理.分析结果表明: 从20世纪70年代中后期迄今,热带中、东太平洋海温上升,并出现 "类似于厄尔尼诺(El Ni(n)o)型" 分布的年代际海温距平.这不仅引起了东亚和西太平洋上空EAP型遥相关环流异常分布的年代际变化,使得从1976年之后迄今东亚夏季风变弱、西太平洋副热带高压偏南、偏西,而且引起了热带Walker环流的变化; 并且,由于热带Walker环流的年代际变化,引起了从20世纪70年代中后期到现在北非上空下沉气流的加强,从而使得萨赫勒及以东地区上空反气旋环流异常增强,并由于遥相关波列的传播,从而导致我国华南上空反气旋环流距平的增强; 此外,中高纬度欧亚型遥相关环流异常分布也发生了年代际变化,使得1976年之后我国华北地区上空出现反气旋环流异常.这些使得到达华北的偏南季风气流减弱和长江、淮河流域水汽输送的辐合,从而导致了我国旱涝的年代际变化.分析结果还表明了从20世纪70年代后期迄今青藏高原冬、春积雪天数增多,深度加深,以及我国西北干旱、半干旱区地-气温差增大,这些有利于长江和淮河流域夏季降水增多,而不利于华北地区夏季降水.     

气候系统与气候变化研究进展

<正>2012年,气候系统研究所以"东亚季风变异机理及其对中国气候影响"研究为核心,围绕东亚季风变异机理和预测、海一陆一气相互作用对东亚气候影响、青藏高原热力和动力过程及其影响、气候变化机理与预测理论4个主要方向开展研究,在东亚季风长期变化机理等方面取得了创新性成果。1东亚季风变异机理和预测研究     

福建夏季降水异常与ENSO循环及东亚季风的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR发布的500hPa高度和OLR场以及福建38个站降水资料,分析了福建夏季降水异常与ENSO及东亚夏季风、西太平洋副高的关系.结果表明,西太平洋副高南北进退的异常及位于我国东南沿海的热带季风环流的异常变化,直接影响夏季降水的异常副高脊线位置由春入夏北进的急缓,可能是夏季旱涝前期征兆;ENSO发展不同阶段,西太平洋副高脊线位置年变程存在较大的差异,夏季旱涝在较大程度上依赖ENSO循环的不同阶段.与ENSO循环有关的东亚太平洋地区EPA遥相关距平波列,严重地影响西太平洋副高南北位置及东亚夏季风强弱变化,是导致福建降水异常的一个重要途径.     

福建夏季降水异常与ENSO循环及东亚季风的关系

利用NCEP／NCAR发布的500hPa高度和OLR场以及福建38个站降水资料，分析了福建夏季降水异常与ENSO及东亚夏季风、西太平洋副高的关系。结果表明，西太平洋副高南北进退的异常及位于我国东南沿海的热带季风环流的异常变化，直接影响夏季降水的异常：副高脊线位置由春入夏北进的急缓，可能是夏季旱涝前期征兆；ENSO发展不同阶段，西太平洋副高脊线位置年变程存在较大的差异，夏季旱涝在较大程度上依赖ENSO循环的不同阶段。与ENSO循环有关的东亚太平洋地区EPA遥相关距平波列，严重地影响西太平洋副高南北位置及东亚夏季风强弱变化，是导致福建降水异常的一个重要途径。     

闽西北盛夏异常旱涝的环流特征及其诊断分析

通过对闽西北盛夏异常旱涝年份的环流特征对比分析得知,闽西北盛夏的异常旱涝与同期西太平洋副热带高压活动、欧亚中高纬度西风带环流特征等密切相关。进一步分析结果表明,春季(3~5月)的西太平洋副高强度、东亚槽强度等对盛夏异常旱涝有一定指示意义。     

东亚与太平洋地区热力差异对东亚季风的影响

利用1951-2014年NCEP/NCAR逐月、逐日再分析资料,1979-2014年CMAP降水资料对比分析了夏季各关键区大气热源及大气热源差值的变化特征,利用合成分析等方法探讨了关键区热力转换早晚对东亚副热带季风建立的影响,以及关键区热力差异大小对季风强弱的影响。结果表明,东亚与西太平洋热力转换早(晚)时,副热带季风建立时间早(晚),撤退时间晚(早),副热带季风持续时间长(短),热带夏季风爆发时间偏晚(早)。副热带季风建立的早晚与东亚和西太平洋热力转换的早晚在时间上较为一致。热带夏季风的爆发对副热带夏季风强度的增加有促进作用。高原的热力作用对东亚副热带季风的影响大于对热带季风的影响。海陆热力差值大(小)时,副热带高压脊线位置较常年偏南(北),东亚副热带地区表现为偏南(北)风距平,在低纬南海地区为偏西(东)风距平,高原及东亚大陆地区的上升运动较平均状态偏强(弱),西太平洋大部分地区的上升运动较平均状态偏弱(强)。且热力差值大时,南下的西北风与来自西太平洋的偏南风在30°N左右的副热带地区相汇,有利于此地区的降水的形成。包含高原的东亚与西太平洋热力差值大小比不包含高原的东亚与西太平洋热力差值大小对高度场、风场、垂直速度场的影响均更大。夏季热力差值大小对我国温度与降水的分布均有影响。     

闽西北盛夏异常旱涝的环流特征及其诊断分析

通过对闽西北盛夏异常旱涝年份的环流特征对比分析得知,闽西北盛夏的异常旱涝与同期西太平洋副热带高压活动、欧亚中高纬度西风带环流特征等密切相关。进一步分析结果表明,春季（3-5月）的西太平洋副高强度、东亚槽强度等对盛夏异常旱涝有一定指示意义。     

2000年我国汛期旱涝成因分析

回顾 2000年我国汛期 (6～8月 )的气候特征 ,从LaNina事件、东亚阻高、西太平洋副高、太阳活动、东亚季风、赤道辐合带、青藏高原积雪等因子 ,初步分析了我国 2000年汛期旱涝的成因     

中国东部夏季降水的准两年周期振荡及其成因

应用中国160测站降水资料和ERA-40再分析资料以及EOF和熵谱分析方法,分析了中国夏季(6～8月)降水和东亚水汽输送通量的年际变化,表明中国(特别是华南、长江流域和淮河流域以及华北等地区)夏季降水具有2～3 a周期变化特征,即准两年周期的振荡特征,并表明中国降水的这种周期振荡与东亚上空夏季风水汽输送通量的准两年周期振荡密切相关;并且,还利用NCEP/NCAR的海表温度和日本气象厅的沿137°E海温剖面观测资料,分析了热带西太平洋表层与次表层海温的年际变化,揭示了热带西太平洋热力状态的变化也有显著的准两年周期的变化特征.作者利用相关和集成分析来讨论热带西太平洋热状态的准两年周期振荡对中国夏季降水和东亚水汽输送的影响,表明了热带西太平洋海温的准两年周期振荡对东亚夏季风及其所驱动的水汽输送都有很大影响.此外,作者还利用东亚/太平洋型(EAP型)遥相关理论,简单地讨论了热带西太平洋热力状态的准两年周期振荡影响中国夏季风降水准两年周期变化的物理机制.     

东亚季风研究的进展

中国气象科学研究院曾长期组织和从事东亚季风及其对中国天气和旱涝影响的研究。该文对中国气象科学研究院在东亚季风研究方面取得成果进行综述, 并回顾了20世纪50年代以来国内有关季风的研究活动, 也回顾了影响我国天气气候、东亚季风环流系统的提出及其后续的有关东亚和印度季风系统的相互作用, 引发中国大陆暴雨生成的水汽输送, 表达中国大陆季风活动的季风指数设计等研究结果。综述了南海夏季风爆发、梅雨开始、中国雨季开始及传播等有关研究成果; 东亚季风系统中副热带地区低频振荡纬向和经向传播特征及与赤道地区不同之处, 东亚低频振荡对El Ni?o形成及夏季东亚热带和副热带季风爆发的可能影响, 东亚热带和副热带季风低频振荡对中国天气气候的影响等有关成果; 亚洲地区大气热源的计算及其分布, 青藏高原夏季热源对东亚夏季风及降水的可能影响, 青藏高原冬季冷源对El Ni?o生成的可能影响等有关成果; 东亚季风及降水的年际变化特征, 准4年年际振荡的分析及与ENSO形成间的相互作用, 极地对东亚夏季降水的影响及东亚季风年代际变化特征等成果。综述东亚季风系统形成的可能机制, 特别是亚洲大陆—西太平洋海陆热力差异及非洲、印度半岛、中南半岛及澳大利亚陆地与周围海洋对冬夏季风形成、印度和东亚季风系统形成、南海夏季风形成作用的结果。     

Factors favorable to frequent extreme precipitation in the upper Yangtze River Valley

Extreme precipitation events in the upper Yangtze River Valley (YRV) have recently become an increasingly important focus in China because they often cause droughts and floods. Unfortunately, little is known about the climate processes responsible for these events. This paper investigates factors favorable to frequent extreme precipitation events in the upper YRV. Our results reveal that a weakened South China Sea summer monsoon trough, intensified Eurasian-Pacific blocking highs, an intensified South Asian High, a southward subtropical westerly jet and an intensified Western North Pacific Subtropical High (WNPSH) increase atmospheric instability and enhance the convergence of moisture over the upper YRV, which result in more extreme precipitation events. The snow depth over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) in winter and sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) over three key regions in summer are important external forcing factors in the atmospheric circulation anomalies. Deep snow on the Tibetan Plateau in winter can weaken the subsequent East Asian summer monsoon circulation above by increasing the soil moisture content in summer and weakening the land–sea thermal contrast over East Asia. The positive SSTA in the western North Pacific may affect southwestward extension of the WNPSH and the blocking high over northeastern Asia by arousing the East Asian-Pacific pattern. The positive SSTA in the North Atlantic can affect extreme precipitation event frequency in the upper YRV via a wave train pattern along the westerly jet between the North Atlantic and East Asia. A tripolar pattern from west to east over the Indian Ocean can strengthen moisture transport by enhancing Somali cross-equatorial flow.     

Characteristics and Variations of the East Asian Monsoon System and Its Impacts on Climate Disasters in China

Recent advances in studies of the structural characteristics and temporal-spatial variations of the East Asian monsoon （EAM） system and the impact of this system on severe climate disasters in China are reviewed. Previous studies have improved our understanding of the basic characteristics of horizontal and vertical structures and the annual cycle of the EAM system and the water vapor transports in the EAM region. Many studies have shown that the EAM system is a relatively independent subsystem of the Asian- Australian monsoon system, and that there exists an obvious quasi-biennial oscillation with a meridional tripole pattern distribution in the interannual variations of the EAM system. Further analyses of the basic physical processes, both internal and external, that influence the variability of the EAM system indicate that the EAM system may be viewed as an atmosphere-ocean-land coupled system, referred to the EAM climate system in this paper. Further, the paper discusses how the interaction and relationships among various components of this system can be described through the East Asia Pacific （EAP） teleconnection pattern and the teleconnection pattern of meridional upper-tropospheric wind anomalies along the westerly jet over East Asia. Such reasoning suggests that the occurrence of severe floods in the Yangtze and Hualhe River valleys and prolonged droughts in North China are linked, respectively~ to the background interannual and interdecadal variability of the EAM climate system. Besides, outstanding scientific issues related to the EAM system and its impact on climate disasters in China are also discussed.     

亚洲夏季风的年际和年代际变化及其未来预测

本文是对我们近五年在亚洲夏季风年代际与年际变率及其未来预测方面研究的一个综述.主要包括下列三个问题:(1)根据123年中国夏季降水资料和印度学者的分析,检测出亚洲夏季风具有明显的年代际尺度减弱,这种年代际变化使中国东部(包括东亚)和南亚夏季降水的格局在过去60年中发生了明显变化.在东亚,从1970年代后期开始,主要异常雨带有不断南移的趋势,结果造成了南涝北旱的降水分布,这主要受到60～80年年代际振荡的影响.青藏高原前冬和春季积雪的年代际减少与热带中东太平洋海表温度的年代际增加是东亚降水型改变的主要原因,这是通过减弱亚洲地区夏季海陆温差与夏季风强度而实现的.未来亚洲夏季风的预测表明,东亚夏季风和南亚夏季风对气候变暖有十分不同的响应.东亚夏季风在本世纪将增强,雨带北推,尤其在2040年代之后;而南亚夏季风环流将继续减弱.这种不同的变化是由于两者对高低层海陆热力差异的不同响应造成.(2)年际尺度的变率在亚洲夏季风区主要表现为2年与4～7年的振荡.本文着重分析了2年振荡(TBO)形成的过程、机理及其对东亚降水的影响.对TBO-海洋机理进行了具体的改进,说明了东亚夏季风降水深受TBO影响的原因,尤其是阐明了长江型(YRV) TBO和淮河型(HRV) TBO的特征及其形成的循环过程.(3)在总结亚洲夏季风时期遥相关型的基础上,本文提出了季节内和年际尺度的低空遥相关型:即西北太平洋季风的遥相关型与印度“南支”和“北支”遥相关型.它们基本上反映了沿低空夏季风强风速带Rossby波群速度传播的结果.据此可以根据西北太平洋和印度夏季风的变化分别预测中国梅雨和华北雨季来临和降水异常.最后研究还表明,在本世纪亚洲夏季风可能更显著地受到人类活动造成的全球变暖的影响,未来的亚洲夏季风活动是人类排放的CO2引起的全球变暖与自然变化(海洋和陆面过程(积雪))共同作用的结果.     

Seasonal Prediction Experiments of the Summer Droughts and Floods during the Early 1990’s in East Asia with Numerical Models

It has been shown by the observed data that during the early 1990’s, the severe disastrous climate occurred in East Asia. In the summer of 1991, severe flood occurred in the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River basin of China and in South Korea, and it also appeared in South Korea in the summer of 1993. However, in the summer of 1994, a dry and hot summer was caused in the Huaihe River basin of China and in R. O. K.. In order to investigate the seasonal predictability of the summer droughts and floods during the early l990’s in East Asia, the seasonal prediction experiments of the summer droughts and floods in the summers of 1991-1994 in East Asia have been made by using the Institute of Atmospheric Physics-Two-Level General Circulation Model (IAP-L2 AGCM), the IAP-Atmosphere/Ocean Coupled Model (IAP-CGCM) and the IAP-L2 AGCM in?cluding a filtering scheme, respectively. Compared with the observational facts, it is shown that the IAP-L2 AGCM or IAP-CGCM has some predictability for the summer droughts and floods during the early 1990’s in East Asia, es?pecially for the severe droughts and floods in China and R. O, K.. In this study, a filtering scheme is used to improve the seasonal prediction experiments of the summer droughts and floods during the early 1990’s in East Asia. The predicted results show that the filtering scheme to remain the planetary-scale disturbances is an effective method for the improvement of the seasonal prediction of the summer droughts and floods in East Asia.     

Tibetan Plateau summer precipitation: covariability with circulation indices

Relations between Tibetan Plateau precipitation and large-scale climate indices are studied based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the boreal summer season. The focus is on the decadal variability of links between the large-scale circulation and the plateau drought and wetness. Analysis of teleconnectivity of the continental northern hemisphere standardized summer precipitation reveals the Tibetan Plateau as a major SPI teleconnectivity center in south-eastern Asia connecting remote correlation patterns over Eurasia. Employing a moving window approach, changes in covariability and synchronizations between Tibetan Plateau summer SPI and climate indices are analyzed on decadal time scales. Decadal variability in the relationships between Tibetan Plateau summer SPI and the large-scale climate system is characterized by three shifts related to changes in the North Atlantic, the Indian Ocean, and the tropical Pacific. Changes in the North Atlantic variability (North Atlantic Oscillation) result in a stable level of Tibetan Plateau summer SPI variability; the response to changes in tropical Pacific variability is prominent in various indices such as Asian monsoon, Pacific/North America, and East Atlantic/Western Russia pattern.

     

A Possible Impact of Cooling over the Tibetan Plateau on the Mid-Holocene East Asian Monsoon Climate

By using a 9-level global atmospheric general circulation model developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP9L-AGCM) under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the authors investigated the response of the East Asian monsoon climate to changes both in orbital forcing and the snow and glaciers over the Tibetan Plateau at the mid-Holocene, about 6000 calendar years before the present (6 kyr BP). With the Earth’s orbital parameters appropriate for the mid-Holocene, the IAP9L-AGCM computed warmer and wetter conditions in boreal summer than for the present day. Under the precondition of continental snow and glacier cover existing over part of the Tibetan Plateau at the mid-Holocene, the authors examined the regional climate response to the Tibetan Plateau cooling. The simulations indicated that climate changes in South Asia and parts of central Asia as well as in East Asia are sensitive to the Tibetan Plateau cooling at the mid-Holocene, showing a significant decrease in precipitation in northern India, northern China and southern Mongolia and an increase in Southeast Asia during boreal summer. The latter seems to correspond to the weakening, southeastward shift of the Asian summer monsoon system resulting from reduced heat contrast between the Eurasian continent and the Pacific and Indian Oceans when a cooling over the Tibetan Plateau was imposed. The simulation results suggest that the snow and glacier environment over the Tibetan Plateau is an important factor for mid-Holocene climate change in the areas highly influenced by the Asian monsoon.     

Analysis of the Simulated Climatic Characters of the South Asia High with a Flexible Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere GCM

The ability of a climate model to reproduce the climatic characters of the South Asia High （SAH） is assessed by analyzing the 110-yr output of a Flexible Coupled GCM, version 0 （FGCM-0）. Comparing the results of FGCM-0 with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the major findings show that FGCM-0 has better results in simulation of the geopotential height field at 100 hPa, and reproduces fairly the main atmospheric circulation centers. However, there are still some differences in the simulated results compared with the reanalysis data. The coupled model also successfully reproduces the mean seasonal variation of the SAH, that is, it moves from the Pacific Ocean to the Asian continent, remaining over the Tibetan Plateau from winter to summer, and then withdraws from the Tibetan Plateau to the Pacific Ocean from summer to winter. However, such observed relationships between the SAH positions and the summer precipitation patterns cannot be fairly reproduced in the FGCM-0.     

Diversity of the Coupling Wheels in the East Asian Summer Monsoon on the Interannual Time Scale: Challenge of Summer Rainfall Forecasting in China

Two types of three-dimensional circulation of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) act as the coupling wheels determining the seasonal rainfall anomalies in China during 1979–2015. The first coupling mode features the interaction between the Mongolian cyclone over North Asia and the South Asian high(SAH) anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau at 200 hPa. The second mode presents the coupling between the anomalous low-level western Pacific anticyclone and upperlevel SAH via the meridional flow over Southeast Asia. These two modes are responsible for the summer rainfall anomalies over China in 24 and 7 out of 37 years, respectively. However, the dominant SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and the North Atlantic Ocean fail to account for the first coupling wheel's interannual variability, illustrating the challenges in forecasting summer rainfall over China.     

高原大地形及海洋热力强迫对东亚及北半球环流和气候变化影响的观测研究

本文总结了“青藏高原大地形及西太平洋暖池势力强迫对东亚及全球气候变化的影响”专题五年来的主要研究工作。其中包括青世故高原东部大气热源的时间演变特征,夏半年高原热源异常对我国降水和北半球环流的影响;西沙海温变化特征及其与我南方降水的关系,北太平洋海温主因子特征及其与华南前汛期降水的变化。     

2007年全球重大天气气候事件概述

2007年全球气候明显偏暖,是有记录以来的第七个最暖年.2007年8月,一次新的拉尼娜事件开始形成.年初,强寒潮和暴风雪袭击中国东北地区、日本、美国和加拿大.夏季,东亚、南亚、欧洲中南部和美国等地均遭遇不同程度的高温热浪天气.年内,中国南部和美国东南部出现严重干旱,南亚地区出现洪涝,亚洲和南美洲多国暴雨频繁.2007年,西北太平洋热带风暴和台风活动频次虽然接近常年,但具有强度强、影响范围广、灾害重的特点;东太平洋热带风暴活动次数较常年同期偏少.2007年,大西洋飓风期的热带风暴活动次数接近历史同期水平.