近45年长江中下游地区汛期极端强降水事件分析

利用长江中下游地区1960—2004年78个台站汛期（4—9月）逐日降水资料,首先定义了不同台站的极端强降水阈值,然后统计出了不同台站近45年逐年汛期极端强降水事件的发生频次,并进行了时空分布特征分析。结果表明：长江中下游汛期极端强降水事件发生频次的多寡很大程度上影响着汛期总降水量的多少。一致性异常分布特征是长江中下游地区汛期极端强降水事件发生频次的最主要空间模态;长江中下游地区汛期极端强降水事件发生频次的空间分布可分为5个主要区域。通过最大熵谱估计分析表明,Ⅰ区显著周期为2～4年;Ⅱ区和Ⅳ区的主要显著周期是基本一致的,显著周期为2～3年和6.3年;Ⅲ区显著周期为14.7年的年代际变化;Ⅴ区显著周期为22年的年代际变化和4～5年的年际变化。各分区代表站中岳阳（Ⅰ区）表现为很显著的增长趋势,10年增长率为1.0次;南岳（Ⅱ区）和南京（Ⅳ区）增长趋势相对较弱;衢州（Ⅴ区）增长趋势相对最弱;而洪家（Ⅲ区）近45年来汛期极端强降水事件发生频次则表现为很弱的减少趋势。     

近46 a重庆汛期极端降水量异常特征

利用重庆33站1961-2006年汛期（5-9月）逐日降水资料,定义了不同台站的极端降水阈值,统计出了不同台站近46a逐年汛期极端降水量,并进行时空分布特征分析。结果表明：重庆地区汛期极端降水量空间分布差异明显,一致性异常分布特征是最主要空间模态,空间分布可分为5个主要区域;各区代表站汛期极端降水量占总降水量的比重相当大;从长期变化趋势来看,整个重庆地区近46a来汛期极端降水变化趋势不显著;各区汛期极端降水主要存在着2—3a、5a左右的年际变化和11a左右的年代际振荡。     

近46a重庆汛期极端降水量异常特征

利用重庆33站1961-2006年汛期(5-9月)逐日降水资料,定义了不同台站的极端降水阈值,统计出了不同台站近46a逐年汛期极端降水量,并进行时空分布特征分析。结果表明:重庆地区汛期极端降水量空间分布差异明显,一致性异常分布特征是最主要空间模态,空间分布可分为5个主要区域;各区代表站汛期极端降水量占总降水量的比重相当大;从长期变化趋势来看,整个重庆地区近46a来汛期极端降水变化趋势不显著;各区汛期极端降水主要存在着2~3a、5a左右的年际变化和11a左右的年代际振荡。     

近30 a福建省前汛期极端降水事件特征及其成因

利用1981—2010年前汛期(5—6月)福建地区台站逐日降水观测资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日资料,对福建地区极端降水事件发生规律及环流异常进行了分析。结果表明:近30 a福建地区前汛期各站极端降水事件的发生频次在40~62次之间,沿海台站发生次数明显少于内陆台站。区域性极端降水发生频次亦呈显著增加趋势,增幅为0.06次/a,且在1994年后,前汛期极端降水事件的发生频次明显增多。区域性极端降水86次事件平均的降水分布显示在闽西中部降水量最大,并由此向外围逐渐减小。极端降水事件对前汛期降水贡献较大,约占前汛期总降水量的两成以上。极端降水事件的发生与大气环流异常存在密切关系,对深刻认识福建地区极端降水事件的形成机制和变化规律具有重要意义。     

1961—2008年淮河流域主汛期极端降水事件分析

利用淮河流域117个台站1961－2008年主汛期（6－8月）逐日降水资料,采用降水百分位数法划分极端降水阈值,建立极端降水事件时间序列;在此基础上揭示淮河流域极端主汛期降水事件时空演变特征。结果表明：淮河流域主汛期极端降水总量年际变化大,其强弱与旱涝格局基本对应。极端降水事件发生频次的多寡很大程度上影响着淮河流域主汛期降水量。一致性分布是淮河流域主汛期极端降水事件发生频次的最主要空间模态,其发生频次空间上可分为流域中东部、中北部、西南部、西北部及南部5个主要区域。极端降水事件总体上有增加趋势,特别是流域     

陕西省汛期极端降水时空演变特征

基于陕西省78个气象站1961—2013年汛期(5—9月)逐日降水资料,统计了陕西汛期极端降水阈值,并利用线性倾向率、Morlet小波分析、经验正交函数分解(EOF)等方法研究分析了汛期极端降水事件的时空演变特征。结果表明:(1)陕西汛期极端降水阈值为25.5~57.5 mm·d~(-1),平均33.4 mm·d~(-1),空间上以秦岭为界,以南大部分站点高于平均值,以北低于平均值。(2)汛期极端降水事件频次月际变化较为集中,7月最多,5月最少;年及年代际变化较大,1975—1981年呈增加趋势,1982—1993年呈下降趋势,1993年以后又呈上升趋势,但整体上呈微弱增加趋势,其中关中、陕南地区汛期极端降水事件频次年及年代际变化与全省变化趋势基本一致,而陕北地区年际变化较小,与全省差异较大。(3)各分区汛期极端降水事件频次均存在多时间尺度特征,陕南、关中大尺度和中尺度的时间周期性基本一致,大尺度周期24~32 a,中尺度周期6~10 a,而小尺度周期略有不同;陕北完全不同,大尺度周期26~30 a,中尺度周期15~18 a。(4)陕西汛期极端降水事件频次的第1模态是陕北北部与其他地区呈反位相变化,第2模态是以秦岭为界的南北反相变化,第3模态是关中与陕南、陕北反相变化。     

1961-2005年鲁南地区汛期降水时空演变特征

使用鲁南地区14个气象站1961-2005年汛期(6-9月)降水资料,应用主成分分析和旋转主成分分析方法、M-K检验、滑动t检验和小波分析了汛期降水的时空演变特征,结果显示:鲁南汛期降水可分为6种雨型和3个分区:东部区、南部区和西北部区.雨型分布具有明显的年代际变化特征,各分区汛期降水极端最少年相同,极端最多年并不完全相同.汛期降水连续偏多(少)年多为2～3年,连续偏多(少)年最长为5年.汛期降水量第一主成分具有显著下降趋势,其变化具有明显的阶段性,1976年发生由多雨期到少雨期的突变.1976年之前存在9 a左右的周期,1976-1989年有6 a左右的周期,1990年代以后为12 a左右的周期.     

1961—2011年通辽市极端降水事件特征分析

文章利用通辽市9个气象站1961—2011年逐日降水资料,采用百分位值法定义了极端降水事件的阈值,统计了极端降水事件的频次,分析其空间分布特征和时间趋势变化。结果表明,通辽市极端降水事件阈值的空间特征是由南向北总体上呈高—低—高的分布特征,而极端降水事件频次空间差异较小,都在3.4d/a左右。1961—2011年,通辽市极端降水事件的发生频次呈减少趋势,减幅为0.23d/10a,存在明显的年代际差异。     

1960—2018年佛冈县前汛期极端降水的变化特征

利用1960—2018年佛冈县国家观测站4—6月的逐日降水量资料,对前汛期极端降水进行年际和年代际变化分析,结果表明:近59年佛冈县前汛期极端降水量、强度和日数均呈弱的下降趋势。近59年佛冈县前汛期共出现30次连续性极端降水,最长持续时间为3d。前汛期极端降水强度和日数分别在1988和1969年发生减少突变,极端降水量未发生突变。前汛期极端降水量、强度和日数均存在5~8年的年际周期振荡,年代际周期变化则存在差异。     

贵阳汛期旱涝演变特征及未来趋势预估

首先对贵阳近500 a（1470—2008年）旱涝等级资料进行增补,利用该资料进行等级序列展开频次和多尺度分析。结果表明：近58 a,贵阳出现极端旱、偏旱的频次明显高于过去近500 a的平均状况;汛期出现偏旱和旱的次数明显增多,旱重于涝的趋势非常明显。从年代际和百年际尺度看,210 a周期是贵阳旱涝振荡的主周期,而50 a周期是次周期,且20世纪80年代的干旱程度高于历史上任何一个年代;从年际和年代际尺度上,24 a周期是贵阳旱涝振荡的主周期,而7 a周期是次周期;汛期降水偏少,一般与旱灾对应一致,但若降水偏多,对应汛期各月降水分布均匀,则不一定对应涝灾。最后,结合诊断结果,借助IPCC AR4最新的模式预估数据集,预估贵阳汛期降水在未来10 a左右将处于旱涝交替频发期,之后至21世纪40年代中期将处于少雨阶段,可能会出现较长时期的干旱。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences