乌鲁木齐两种类型降水的雨滴谱特征

利用乌鲁木齐2018年1—12月雨滴谱仪观测数据,分析了两种类型降水(雨、雨加雪)滴谱的微物理参量,以探究乌鲁木齐不同类型降水的雨滴谱特征,此外,对总粒子数浓度与降水强度(Nt-R)、雷达反射率因子与降水强度(Z-R)等关系也进行了研究。结果表明:(1)两种类型降水的雨滴谱均为单峰分布,粒子数浓度峰值均在低谱段,雨夹雪的滴谱宽度为0.31～7.50 mm,雨的谱宽为0.31～5.50 mm。(2)雨的平均粒子尺度参数(如质量加权平均直径Dm)和降水强度R均略大于雨夹雪,而雨夹雪的平均总粒子数浓度Nt比雨的约大23.7%。(3)文中拟合得到的雨、雨加雪Z-R关系分别为Z=181.7R1.45、Z=205.4R1.27。     

雨滴谱参数化及其在降水估计中的应用

结合2014年7月30—31日滁州地区一次强飑线降水过程的地面雨滴谱观测资料,构建了雨滴谱模型参数与雷达反演降水中常用的Z=ARb中系数A和指数b之间的相关关系,得出了适用于此次飑线降水的新Z-R关系。通过与雨滴谱观测结果和参考关系(Z=300R1.40)反演结果进行对比,对新的Z-R关系反演降水效果进行了评估。结果表明:利用降水强度对粒子数浓度和尺度标准化处理后,Gamma分布可以较好地描述此次飑线降水的雨滴谱分布。Z-R关系随着降水雨滴谱的变化而变化,指数b与不同阶数矩量随雨强的变化有关,系数A与雨滴谱的谱型分布有关。此次飑线降水Z-R关系的指数b=1.37;雨滴谱在Gamma分布下,系数A=340.91,在指数分布下,系数A=371.95。新的Z-R关系和参考关系反演的降水强度较实际观测值均偏小,但新的Z-R关系提高了此次飑线降水的总体估计效果。     

乌鲁木齐地区两种类型降水的雨滴谱特征

利用乌鲁木齐2018年1-12月雨滴谱仪观测数据，分析了两种类型降水（雨、雨加雪）滴谱的微物理参量，以探究乌鲁木齐不同类型降水的雨滴谱特征，此外，对Nt-R、Z-R等关系也进行了研究。结果表明：（1）两类降水的雨滴谱均为单峰分布，粒子浓度峰值均在低谱段，雨夹雪的滴谱宽度约为0.31~7.50 mm，雨的谱宽为0.31~5.50 mm。（2）雨的平均粒子尺度参数（如质量加权平均直径Dm）和降水强度R均略大于雨夹雪，而雨夹雪的平均总粒子数浓度Nt比雨的大23.7%。（3）文中拟合得到的雨、雨加雪Z-R关系分别为Z=181.7R1.45、Z=205.4R1.27，与传统天气雷达降水估测关系Z=300R1.4对比分析后，发现利用Z=300R1.4进行降水估测时存在低估现象，而对降雨的估测误差更大。     

利用PMS的 GBPP-100型雨滴谱仪观测资料确定Z-R关系

根据地面雨滴谱确立雷达反射率因子Z和雨强R之间的关系需要大量的观测资料.本文利用GBPP-100型地面雨滴谱仪在沈阳、哈尔滨和河南观测的雨滴谱资料做形变误差订正后,用最小二乘法拟合三地的Z-R关系,并按照层状云、积层混合云和积雨云降水分类,确定了三种降水类型的Z-R关系.结果表明,Z=ARb形式能够很好地描述以上的Z-R关系,对降水类型分类得到的Z-R关系代表性更好.系数A、b以层状云最小,积层混合云次之,积雨云最大.A值随着雨滴尺度的增大而增大,随数密度增大而减小,b值则随着数密度和雨滴尺度的共同增大而增大.     

利用激光降水粒子谱仪研究雨滴谱分布特性

利用Parsivel激光降水粒子谱仪2009年3—6月在南京观测获取雨滴谱资料,分类对各次降水过程雨滴谱进行Gamma分布拟合,对比分析了南京地区不同云系降水的雨滴谱分布特征以及Gamm a分布参数相关特性,并且讨论了"标准化"Gamma分布参数随雨强及雷达反射率因子的变化关系。结果表明:用Gamma分布拟合本次试验不同云系降水的雨滴谱分布精度都比较高;"标准化"的Gamma分布参数较Gamma分布参数更具有物理意义,且其参数μ和Dm与雷达反射率因子Z均具有较佳的对应关系,μ随Z的增大依次递减,Dm则随Z的增大呈指数型递增。     

福建安溪雨滴谱特征

雨滴谱观测对理解云-降水物理过程和提高雷达降水估测等有重要意义,利用福建安溪2017-2020年雨滴谱资料,研究不同季节和不同类型的雨滴谱特征和差异,提出该地区降水的雷达反射率因子与降水强度(Z-R)关系和形状参数与斜率参数(μ-A)关系,并与国内其他典型地区进行对比.结果表明:福建安溪雨滴谱季节差异明显,整体上夏季雨...     

雨滴谱的变化对降水估测的影响研究

选取2013年5月20日发生在广东三水的一次飑线过程作为研究对象,首先结合飑线回波带移经三水及其上空雷达回波的时间-高度分布特征将降水过程划分为3个阶段,然后通过计算各时刻的粒子总数密度、中值体积直径和峰值数分析降水过程雨滴谱的变化,再对Z-R关系(Z=aR~b)进行分析,根据雨滴谱实测资料分别统计整体Z—R关系和3个降水阶段的Z—R关系,在此基础上讨论雨滴谱的变化和雷达观测的回波强度对降水估计的影响。结果表明:中值体积直径在对流云降水阶段和层状云降水阶段基本一致,但对流云降水阶段的粒子总数密度远大于层状云降水阶段;对流云降水阶段以双峰型为主,当降水向层状云类型发展时,多峰谱比例增加;雷达观测的回波强度常低于雨滴谱计算的反射率因子,离地面越近两者的相关性越好;根据3个降水阶段分别进行Z—R关系拟合,即分型Z-R关系,通过相对误差分析可知,利用分型Z—R关系反演雨强的效果明显优于整体Z-R关系反演效果,雨滴谱在层化降水阶段估计的相对误差最小、对流云降水阶段反演精度稍低于层状云降水阶段,这与对流云降水中雨强和雨滴谱谱型变化大且快有关;在雷达观测方面,利用分型Z-R关系反演雨强的相对误差较小而雷达观测的误差在对流云降水阶段较小,当降水向层状云降水转化时,雷达观测引起的相对误差增大,这主要是由于对流云降水阶段中雨滴谱仪和雷达对应的回波强度误差最小,也与雷达观测精度、两种仪器采样的时空差异和雨滴谱特征变化等因素有关。     

基于雨强分级的夏季降水微物理特征分析

利用南京地区2013—2014年夏季Parsivel激光雨滴谱观测资料,讨论了小、中、大、暴4种降水强度等级的微物理参量演变特性、雨滴谱形状因子μ与尺度参数λ关系、雷达反射率因子Z与降水强度R关系。结果表明:1不同强度等级降水的粒子平均直径差异较小,降水粒子数浓度、单位体积含水量、单位时间降水能量均随降水强度等级的增强而增大。2在小雨阶段,Gamma分布函数会高估D小于0.625mm的粒子数,在暴雨阶段会低估D小于1mm的粒子数;不同强度等级降水的μ-λ间均存在较好的二项式函数关系,小雨样本的拟合曲线与所有样本拟合曲线接近,中雨、大雨与R大于5mm/h样本拟合曲线接近,暴雨则高于R大于5mm/h样本拟合曲线。3夏季降水的Z-R间存在较好的指数关系,但如果采用所有样本拟合关系估计降水,会存在高估暴雨阶段降水强度的现象。     

2014—2015年南京春夏两季降水微物理特征分析

利用激光雨滴谱仪OTT的观测资料,分析了2014—2015年南京地区春、夏两季小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨四类不同降水强度的雨滴的微物理参量的演变特性,以及雷达反射率因子Z与降水强度R的关系。结果表明,不同强度等级降水的粒子平均直径差异较小,降水粒子数浓度、单位体积含水量均随降水强度等级的增强而增大;Gamma拟合分布时春季和夏季暴雨的效果最好;春季和夏季降水的Z—R关系间存在较好的指数关系。     

基于实测雨滴谱数据的微波链路和天气雷达降水估计关系研究

利用南京地区连续两年夏季的实测雨滴谱数据,分析了雨滴谱和降水特征,区分降水类型计算了微波链路衰减系数与雨强的关系(雨衰关系)和雷达反射率因子与雨强(Z-R)的关系,所得关系与ITU-R雨衰模型和常用Z-R关系均有差异,其中对流性降水中的Z-R关系为Z=161.63R~(1.55),层状云降水中为Z=227.23R~(1.53)。在两次不同类型降水过程中利用微波链路和天气雷达反演降水,结果表明:使用ITU-R雨衰关系反演降水存在高估层状云降水、低估对流性降水的问题,使用常用Z-R关系反演降水存在明显低估降水的问题,而使用雨滴谱计算的雨衰关系和Z-R关系反演的降水与雨量计实测降水更加一致,平均绝对误差降低,相关性明显提高。说明使用实测雨滴谱数据计算得到的本地化的雨衰关系和雷达Z-R关系,能够提升定量测量降水的准确性。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Connections between the Eurasian teleconnection and concurrent variation of upper-level jets over East Asia

The variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) associated with the Eurasian(EU) teleconnection pattern is investigated using 60-yr NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data over the period 1951–2010. The EAJS consists of three components: the polar front jet(PFJ); the plateau subtropical jet(PSJ); and the ocean subtropical jet(OSJ). Of these three jets over East Asia,the EU pattern exhibits a significant influence on the PFJ and OSJ. There is a simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ. A significant positive correlation is found between the EU pattern and the OSJ when the EU pattern leads the OSJ by about 5 days. There is no obvious correlation between the EU pattern and the PSJ. The positive EU phase is accompanied by a weakened and poleward-shifted PFJ, which coincides with an intensified OSJ. A possible mechanism for the variation of the EAJS during different EU phases is explored via analyzing the effects of 10-day high-and low-frequency eddy forcing. The zonal wind tendency due to high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ, as well as the northward/southward shift of the PFJ. High- and low-frequency eddy forcing are both responsible for the positive correlation between the EU pattern and the OSJ, but only high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the lagged variation of the OSJ relative to the EU pattern. The negative correlation between the EU pattern and winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China is maintained only when the PFJ and OSJ are out of phase with each other. Thus, the EAJS plays an important role in transmitting the EU signal to winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China.     

THE INFLUENCES OF SSTA OVER KUROSHIO AND ITS EXTENSION ON RAINFALL IN NORTHEAST CHINA UNDER THE BACKGROUND OF TWO DIFFERENT EL NIO CASES

By using the gauged rainfall in 160 stations within mainland China and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the impacts of anomalous SST in Kuroshio and its extension on precipitation in Northeast China were investigated. The results show that a difference in the meridional circulation such as the East Asia/Pacific teleconnection pattern(EAP)may be responsible for the difference in rainfall between 1998 and 2010. In comparison with 1998, the anomalous meridional circulation pattern in 2010 shifted northeastward, and then the western subtropical high, the mid-latitudinal trough and the northeastern Asia blocking high also shifted northeastward, causing intensified convergence of the cold and warm air masses at the southern region and thus more rainfall in the southwestern region and less in the northwestern region. In 1998, the anomalous cyclone, one component of the meridional pattern, located at the Songhuajiang-Nengjiang River basin, resulted in more rainfall in the majority of the area. The results of observation and the model show that the difference in SSTA in Kuroshio and its extension under the background of different El Ni觡o events is the key point:(1) The anomalous warmth moved westward from the mid-Pacific to the east of the Philippine Sea during the central event, which led the heat resources shifting to the northeast in 2010; subsequently, a shift occurred to the north of the anomalous ascent and decent, followed by a warm SSTA in the region of Kuroshio's extension in 2010 and Kuroshio in 1998.(2) The warm SSTA in the Kuroshio extension causing the Rossby wave activity flux strengthened in 2010, and then the westerly jet shifted northward and extended eastward. A warm SSTA in Kuroshio and cold SSTA in its extension in 1998 caused the westerly jet to shift southward and weaken. As a result,the anomalous anticyclone and cyclone shifted northward in 2010, and the blocking high also shifted northward.     

<p>PARTITION OF SEASON BASED ON MULTIELEMENTS AND THE DECADAL CHANGE OF SEASON DURATION IN CHINA</p>

<p>Using the multielements similarity measurement method and 1950–C2017 NCEP/NCAR gridded daily reanalysis datasets, we analyzed season duration in China during 1950–C2016, and we defined the element with maximum absolute sensitivity as the key impact element at each point using the sensitivity analysis method. The decadal change of season duration and its key impact element before and after 1980 were studied. The results indicated obvious meridional and zonal differences in the distribution of season duration for the 67-year average, and that the key impact element has the same distribution characteristics as season duration. In addition, complementary relationships were found between the durations of spring and summer, autumn and winter, and the cold and warm seasons. Of those, the complementary relationship between the durations of spring and summer was strongest and the regions of complementarity were numerous. The complementary regions of autumn and winter durations were found mainly in western China. In the cold and warm seasons, the complementary regions were widespread and the complementary relationship was generally weak. Comparison of the periods before and after 1980 revealed an east–Cwest difference in the interdecadal variation of season duration. Interdecadal variation in spring and summer was found concentrated in northern and western regions, while that in autumn and winter was concentrated in the western region. Areas of significant interdecadal variation of the key elements were found concentrated in northern and western regions, corresponding well with the areas of significant interdecadal variation of season duration.</p>     

Land-use and sustainability under intersecting global change and domestic policy scenarios: Trajectories for Australia to 2050

Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future.     

碳交易政策的经济影响:以广东省为例

通过构建广东省两区域动态模型,对广东省碳交易及其他政策措施进行定量评估,分析实施可调控总量的碳交易政策机制对广东省及参与交易部门的经济影响。研究结果表明,按照减排情景到2015年广东完成19.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景,GDP将减少0.7%;按照强减排情景到2015年将完成20.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景GDP将减少0.9%;如果在强减排情景的基础上实施碳交易政策,GDP相对基准情景减少0.8%,到2015年实施碳交易政策可减少GDP损失约90亿元,说明广东建立碳排放权交易机制能够发挥支持经济发展和节能减碳双赢的作用。