Q矢量的改进与完善

在完全考虑非绝热加热项潜热作用的前提下，从原始方程出发，推导出改进后的湿Q矢量(以下记为Q^M)的表达式以及用其散度作强迫项的ω方程，并结合一次梅雨锋暴雨天气过程将改进前、后的湿Q矢量诊断能力进行比较，结果发现：(1)改进后的湿Q矢量对同时刻的地面降水的反映能力较原湿Q矢量(Q^*)有显著的提高。(2)在整个梅雨锋暴雨过程中，600hPa高度上的改进后的湿Q矢量散度辐合场的辐合强度及其辐合中心的位置对同时刻的地面实际降水的强度及雨区位置都有非常好的指示作用。     

非地转湿Q矢量的改进及其应用

在完全考虑非绝热加热项作用的前提下,从原始方程出发,推导出改进后的非地转湿Q矢量(Q^q),以及用其散度作强迫项的ω方程,将其应用于一次梅雨锋暴雨诊断分析,结果表明:改进后的非地转湿Q矢量对同时刻地面降水的反映能力较岳彩军改进的湿Q矢量(Q^M)、原非地转湿Q矢量(Q^*)、非地转Q矢量(Q#)有显著的提高;在整个梅雨锋暴雨过程中,500hPa高度上的Q^q矢量散度辐合场的辐合强度及其辐合中心位置对同时刻的降水强度及雨区位置有非常好的指示作用;Q^q矢量的垂直分布揭示了次级环流的方向和强弱,暴雨位于次级环流的上升支附近。     

改进的湿Q矢量分析方法及梅雨锋暴雨形成机制

利用实测暴雨资料,结合改进的MM4(MMM4)模式模拟输出的加密资料,分别利用改进的湿Q矢量(记为Q*)及改进的湿Q矢量分解(Partitioning),诊断分析了1991年7月5日20:00~6日20:00一次典型的江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程。结果表明,600hPaQ*矢量散度辐合区对同时刻地面降水的强度、落区及不均匀性有很好的指示作用。在整个梅雨锋暴雨过程中,Q*矢量散度辐散、辐合在垂直方向上是相间分布的,它所激发的次级环流可能是诱发梅雨锋暴雨产生的重要因素。进一步研究表明,改进的湿Q矢量分解比“总”Q*矢量更具有诊断意义,可将梅雨锋暴雨的垂直运动场进行有意义的尺度分离,更有利于梅雨锋暴雨的潜在物理机制的评估。在梅雨锋暴雨的不同阶段,对于垂直运动场而言,不同尺度的Q*矢量散度辐合场的强迫作用不同,有主、次之分。基于上述诊断分析结果,本文进而提出梅雨锋暴雨形成的可能物理机制,并给出其概念模式:由于初始大气中大尺度的水汽及垂直运动场的空间分布不均匀,从而造成了大尺度Q*矢量散度辐合,激发出次级环流,进而引发了中尺度Q*矢量散度辐合场的产生,最终产生次级环流,直接导致梅雨锋暴雨的发生。     

应用湿Q矢量分解理论诊断分析“05．7”梅雨锋暴雨

利用Q矢量分解理论对发生于2005年7月的一次江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程进行诊断分析,并对比分析了原非地转湿Q矢量（Q^＊）和改进后的非地转湿Q矢量（Q^M）的诊断能力。结果显示：对流凝结潜热的释放对此次梅雨暴雨中尺度系统的形成和维持起到非常重要的作用;将Q^M分解为平行和垂直于等位温线两个方向后,发现在暴雨强盛阶段,低层大气是以大尺度辐合为主,中高层相反,且南北方向有次级环流出现,表明次天气尺度的持续性水汽汇集和正反馈机制是此次梅雨锋暴雨的关键因子．     

圣帕台风暴雨的非地转湿Q矢量的诊断分析

利用WRF中尺度模式模拟了台风"圣帕"登陆后减弱成热带低压造成湖南省大暴雨的过程,使用模拟输出的高分辨率资料,借助非地转湿Q矢量对这次暴雨过程做了详细的诊断分析.结果表明:非地转湿Q矢量能比较清楚地揭示此次暴雨演变过程,尤其700 hPa的非地转湿Q矢量散度场对降水预报具有较好的指示意义,其散度辐合区域对应着降水的落区,散度辐合强度变化指示着降水强度的变化趋势,并且非地转湿Q矢量散度辐合强度的大小可预示着未来3～6 h降水的强弱,是具有预报价值的;非地转湿Q矢量散度是非地转ω方程的强迫项,并与地形条件共同作用激发了地面中尺度系统的发展与次级环流的形成,是此次暴雨得以发展与维持的机制.     

河南省一次大暴雨天气过程的非地转湿Q矢量分析

利用NCEP/NCAR格点分析资料,根据非地转湿Q矢量对2005年8月28-29日河南省大暴雨天气过程进行了诊断分析,试图找出非地转湿Q矢量与大暴雨过程的关系,分析结果表明,大暴雨区和非地转湿Q矢量辐合区以及上升运动区有较好的对应关系,暴雨产生在低层负的非地转湿Q矢量散度区域内,非地转湿Q矢量所激发的次级环流有利于暴雨的维持和发展,暴雨落区位于次级环流的上升支一侧。     

几种Q矢量的比较

利用 1 991 - 0 7- 0 5T2 0— 0 6T2 0一次江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程实况资料 ,结合地面降水分布 ,从定性 (矢量场 ,即 Q)、定量 (散度场 ,即 2 · Q)的角度细致、具体地比较分析了准地转 Q矢量、半地转 Q矢量、非地转 Q矢量及湿 Q矢量的诊断特性。结果表明 :半地转 Q矢量诊断能力优越于准地转 Q矢量。非地转 Q矢量、湿 Q矢量诊断能力明显优越于准地转 Q矢量、半地转 Q矢量。准地转 Q矢量诊断能力最差 ;从定性的角度分析 ,非地转 Q矢量与湿 Q矢量诊断能力相差不大。但进一步定量分析发现 ,在整个梅雨锋暴雨过程中 ,湿 Q矢量的诊断能力大于其他 Q矢量 ;70 0 h Pa高度上各 Q矢量的矢量、散度辐合区较其在 850 h Pa和 50 0 h Pa上对降水反映更好 ,尤其是70 0 h Pa湿 Q矢量散度辐合区与降水区有非常好的对应关系。     

应用湿Q矢量诊断梅雨锋暴雨

利用湿Q矢量，结合改进的MM4（MMM4）模式模拟输的加密资料，细致地诊断分析了1991－07－05T20－06T20一次典型的江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程，结果表明：湿Q矢量散度辐合场随高度向倾斜；在梅雨锋暴雨发展，衰亡阶段，湿Q矢量散度散，合场在垂直方向上主要呈现出了相间分布的特点；从湿Q矢量散度辐合场这个角度探讨了梅雨锋暴雨的内在机理，并给出了梅雨锋暴雨具体预后的新思路。     

湿Q矢量散度场与ω场的比较

结合1991年7月5日20时至6日20时一次典型的江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程实况资料，系统、细致地比较分析了实时分析的湿Q矢量散度场与同时次改进后的MM4（MMM4）模式实时分析输出场之间的差异。结果表明：在整个梅雨锋暴雨过程中，湿Q矢量散度辐合场与同时刻地面雨区之间的对应关系较ω场优越；700hPa湿Q矢量散度辐合区对同时刻地面降水场有指示作用，尤其在梅雨的发展阶段及强盛时期，它对实际降水的落区及强度指示作用更为明显：MMM4模式中关于垂直速度计算的方法方案有待进一步改进。     

非地转湿Q矢量在台风暴雨预报中的应用试验

利用NCEP/NCAR全球格点资料和TRMM卫星资料,采用改进后的非地转湿Q矢量,对0908号台风＂莫拉克＂引起的台湾南部特大暴雨过程进行预报应用试验。试验结果表明：（1）850 hPa高度层的非地转湿Q矢量散度及水汽通量散度分布可以预报未来24 h暴雨的落区及其雨带的分布,暴雨发生在Q矢量散度梯度大值区靠近辐合区域,同时该区域要有水汽辐合中心,雨带分布与该梯度大值区分布基本一致。（2）Q矢量辐合区的倾斜式发展很好地描述了暴雨中心强对流系统垂直结构,强对流系统发展旺盛期出现在暴雨发生前的18 h,具有一定预报意义。（3）台风暴雨发生在次级环流的上升支附近,最强次级环流上升支出现在暴雨发生时期;次级环流中的上升气流从低层到高层的倾斜方向较好地描述了雨带的移动,次级环流的调整比雨带移动提前了24 h,具有较好的预报应用价值。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Connections between the Eurasian teleconnection and concurrent variation of upper-level jets over East Asia

The variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) associated with the Eurasian(EU) teleconnection pattern is investigated using 60-yr NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data over the period 1951–2010. The EAJS consists of three components: the polar front jet(PFJ); the plateau subtropical jet(PSJ); and the ocean subtropical jet(OSJ). Of these three jets over East Asia,the EU pattern exhibits a significant influence on the PFJ and OSJ. There is a simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ. A significant positive correlation is found between the EU pattern and the OSJ when the EU pattern leads the OSJ by about 5 days. There is no obvious correlation between the EU pattern and the PSJ. The positive EU phase is accompanied by a weakened and poleward-shifted PFJ, which coincides with an intensified OSJ. A possible mechanism for the variation of the EAJS during different EU phases is explored via analyzing the effects of 10-day high-and low-frequency eddy forcing. The zonal wind tendency due to high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ, as well as the northward/southward shift of the PFJ. High- and low-frequency eddy forcing are both responsible for the positive correlation between the EU pattern and the OSJ, but only high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the lagged variation of the OSJ relative to the EU pattern. The negative correlation between the EU pattern and winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China is maintained only when the PFJ and OSJ are out of phase with each other. Thus, the EAJS plays an important role in transmitting the EU signal to winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China.     

<p>PARTITION OF SEASON BASED ON MULTIELEMENTS AND THE DECADAL CHANGE OF SEASON DURATION IN CHINA</p>

<p>Using the multielements similarity measurement method and 1950–C2017 NCEP/NCAR gridded daily reanalysis datasets, we analyzed season duration in China during 1950–C2016, and we defined the element with maximum absolute sensitivity as the key impact element at each point using the sensitivity analysis method. The decadal change of season duration and its key impact element before and after 1980 were studied. The results indicated obvious meridional and zonal differences in the distribution of season duration for the 67-year average, and that the key impact element has the same distribution characteristics as season duration. In addition, complementary relationships were found between the durations of spring and summer, autumn and winter, and the cold and warm seasons. Of those, the complementary relationship between the durations of spring and summer was strongest and the regions of complementarity were numerous. The complementary regions of autumn and winter durations were found mainly in western China. In the cold and warm seasons, the complementary regions were widespread and the complementary relationship was generally weak. Comparison of the periods before and after 1980 revealed an east–Cwest difference in the interdecadal variation of season duration. Interdecadal variation in spring and summer was found concentrated in northern and western regions, while that in autumn and winter was concentrated in the western region. Areas of significant interdecadal variation of the key elements were found concentrated in northern and western regions, corresponding well with the areas of significant interdecadal variation of season duration.</p>     

THE INFLUENCES OF SSTA OVER KUROSHIO AND ITS EXTENSION ON RAINFALL IN NORTHEAST CHINA UNDER THE BACKGROUND OF TWO DIFFERENT EL NIO CASES

By using the gauged rainfall in 160 stations within mainland China and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the impacts of anomalous SST in Kuroshio and its extension on precipitation in Northeast China were investigated. The results show that a difference in the meridional circulation such as the East Asia/Pacific teleconnection pattern(EAP)may be responsible for the difference in rainfall between 1998 and 2010. In comparison with 1998, the anomalous meridional circulation pattern in 2010 shifted northeastward, and then the western subtropical high, the mid-latitudinal trough and the northeastern Asia blocking high also shifted northeastward, causing intensified convergence of the cold and warm air masses at the southern region and thus more rainfall in the southwestern region and less in the northwestern region. In 1998, the anomalous cyclone, one component of the meridional pattern, located at the Songhuajiang-Nengjiang River basin, resulted in more rainfall in the majority of the area. The results of observation and the model show that the difference in SSTA in Kuroshio and its extension under the background of different El Ni觡o events is the key point:(1) The anomalous warmth moved westward from the mid-Pacific to the east of the Philippine Sea during the central event, which led the heat resources shifting to the northeast in 2010; subsequently, a shift occurred to the north of the anomalous ascent and decent, followed by a warm SSTA in the region of Kuroshio's extension in 2010 and Kuroshio in 1998.(2) The warm SSTA in the Kuroshio extension causing the Rossby wave activity flux strengthened in 2010, and then the westerly jet shifted northward and extended eastward. A warm SSTA in Kuroshio and cold SSTA in its extension in 1998 caused the westerly jet to shift southward and weaken. As a result,the anomalous anticyclone and cyclone shifted northward in 2010, and the blocking high also shifted northward.     

Land-use and sustainability under intersecting global change and domestic policy scenarios: Trajectories for Australia to 2050

Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future.     

Characterization and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in urban and suburban Tianjin,China

Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China, and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes. This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds(VOCs), which are ozone precursors, to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the Ha Chi(Haze in China) summer campaign in 2009. A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv, respectively. Of those, 51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization. The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities, which specifically contributed 60% to urban and 42% to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin. Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas, although the contribution of industry in the suburban area(36%) was much higher than that at the urban area(16%). We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction, and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life, especially in suburban areas.     

气候变化对中国东部季风区水资源脆弱性的影响评价

将耦合暴露度、灾害风险、敏感性与抗压性的脆弱性评估模型应用于中国东部季风区水资源脆弱性评价,从水资源供需平衡角度分析了气候变化对东部季风区水资源脆弱性的影响。结果表明,2000年气候条件下,我国东部季风区接近90%的区域水资源处于中度脆弱及以上状态。其中水资源中度和高度脆弱区域约占全区的75%,极端脆弱区域接近15%。中国北方海河、黄河、淮河和辽河流域的水资源脆弱性最高。未来气候变化影响将加剧水资源脆弱性的风险,不同RCP排放情景下2030年代我国东部季风区水资源中度脆弱及以上区域面积有明显的扩大,极端脆弱区域将达到20%~25%。由于未来需水的进一步增加,中国北方水资源脆弱性的格局并未发生根本变化,而南方东南诸河等区域将面临可能发生的水危机。