青海省雷暴年际变化特征分析

使用青海41个气象台站1961~2007年的年雷暴资料,对青海省年雷暴日数的时空分布及变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:雷暴空间分布青南地区最多,柴达木盆地最少;年雷暴47a来总体呈减少趋势,但各区变化特征不一致,基本上雷暴多的地区减少趋势越明显,雷暴最少的柴达木盆地变化不明显,甚至略有增加。青海省年平均雷暴日数在2000年发生明显突变,周期分析发现存在准5a周期振荡。青海省雷暴的年内分布为单峰型分布,雷暴主要发生在4~10月,占全年发生总数的99.6%,4~10月雷暴日数1961~2007年期间均呈不同程度的下降趋势,夏季减少趋势最为明显,春季(4~5月份)减少趋势较秋季(9~10月份)明显。     

1951-2010年大连市雷暴气候统计特征

利用1951-2010年大连雷暴资料,通过数理统计、Mann-Kendall和Morlet小波分析等方法研究大连市雷暴的气候特征。结果表明：近60 a年大连市年平均雷暴日较多,年际和年代际变化较大,年雷暴日呈增加趋势,每10 a雷暴日增加0.5 d。初雷日明显提前,终雷日明显推迟。雷暴有很强的季节性特点,集中出现在5-9月,而6-8月占近6成;夏季多于秋季,冬季最少。逐月平均雷暴分布与月平均气温、月降水量呈同相单峰形,7月雷暴出现高峰值,10月雷暴锐减。雷暴出现频率以02-06时为最高,16-20时为最低。雷暴日数的年际和年代际变化存在不显著的2-4 a和14-16 a振荡周期,并且在1972年发生突变。     

贵州省雷暴气候特征分析

利用贵州84个测站1961—2007年雷暴观测资料,通过数理统计、EOF分析、一元线性回归拟合,研究了贵州雷暴的气候变化特征。结果表明:贵州年雷暴日数较多,年际变化较大,季节变化也极为显著,从冬季到夏季,雷暴发生日数逐渐增多,从夏季到冬季,雷暴逐渐减少。贵州雷暴空间分布在冬季主要为南北走向,在其余季节为东西走向,在中部一线和南部常年存在几个低值中心,年雷暴日数均在20d/a以下。春季和夏季,春季和秋季,秋季和冬季的雷暴日数具有较高的正相关关系。从小波分析的结果看,4个季节的年雷暴日数均存在周期振荡,不同季节的振荡周期存在一定的差异。对贵州省47 a中4个季节雷暴日数进行线性拟合发现:贵州雷暴有逐渐减少趋势。     

莘县雷暴气候特征及变化规律分析

利用莘县1961—2010年的雷暴观测资料,分析了莘县雷暴的气候特征。结果表明:莘县年雷暴日数较多,年平均雷暴日数为24.1天,年际变化较大,年雷暴日数总体呈减少趋势,雷暴发生有明显的季节性变化,只发生在春、夏、秋三个季节,主要发生在夏季,占全年的78.6%,冬季无雷暴。月际分布呈单峰型,主峰出现在7月,次峰出现在8月。日变化明显,一日中均可出现雷暴,以午后到凌晨最多。雷暴初日多在4月中旬初,终日多在9月下旬。     

1973—2012年承德市雷暴气候特征分析

基于1973—2012年承德市9个地面气象观测站逐日雷暴观测资料,利用线性分析、突变分析、小波分析等统计方法,对承德市雷暴日数变化特征进行分析。结果表明:承德市雷暴日数呈现出由西向东递减的空间分布特征,大部分地区处于"中雷区",丰宁、滦平、承德市达到"多雷区"级别;全市年平均雷暴日数为39.5d,最多年为55.3d,而最少年为27.6d;1973—2012年承德市雷暴日数呈现显著减少趋势,平均10a减少2d左右,并于2006年发生突变;承德市雷暴发生存在明显季节差异,高发期主要集中在夏季,呈单峰型分布,7月雷暴日出现最多;初雷日一般出现在4月上旬,近40a呈显著推迟趋势,终雷日一般出现在10月中旬;雷暴日数存在明显的年际变化,且呈现出4~6a周期振荡。     

抚州市近59a雷暴气候特征及影响系统分析

利用1960─2018年抚州市11个气象站雷暴资料和NCEP再分析资料,采用线性趋势、Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析等方法,分析了抚州市雷暴的时空分布特征及变化趋势,并分析了雷暴天气与气象要素的关系及其主要影响系统。结果表明:抚州市雷暴空间分布不均,东多西少,南多北少;年均雷暴日数有70.5 d,总体呈下降趋势,平均以-4.46 d·(10 a)-1速度减少。雷暴主要发生在春、夏季,两季雷暴日数占全年雷暴总日数的86.6%,雷暴发生频次春季以4月最多,夏季以8月最多;雷暴发生时间存在明显的日变化,主要发生在13─20时。雷暴日数在1987年发生突变,存在3～6 a的短周期、13～15 a的年代际周期变化和21 a左右的低频振荡。抚州市雷暴的天气形势主要有锋面型、高空槽(切变线)型、副热带高压边缘型、东风波与台风倒槽型。     

廊坊市雷暴气候特征及区划研究

利用廊坊市9个气象站1964—2011年的雷暴日资料,通过数理统计、线性趋势拟合和小波分析,研究了廊坊市近48 a来雷暴的时空分布特征和周期性特征,并结合信息扩散法,进行了不同雷暴日数下的概率区划.结果表明:廊坊市雷暴日的年际变化幅度较大,年均雷暴日数总体呈下降趋势,约每10 a减少2 d;廊坊市雷暴月、季变化呈明显的单峰型,雷暴主要发生在4—10月,其中夏季(6—8月)占全年的74.5%;中北部的雷暴日数明显多于南部地区;10a及以上周期在绝大部分地区具有全域性,而短周期3~5 a大多表现在20世纪90年代之前;随着雷暴日数的增大,雷暴发生高概率区逐渐北移,当雷暴日数异常偏大(>40 d)时,中部的部分地区也处于雷暴发生高概率区.     

山东省雷暴时空变化特征

根据1966-2005年山东省的雷暴资料,运用数理统计及自然正交函数展开（EOF）方法,对山东省雷暴气候特征进行了诊断分析。结果表明：山东省年雷暴日数的空间分布呈现出泰沂山区多、半岛沿海和山东西部平原较少的特点;雷暴主要发生在夏季,有明显的日变化;在过去40 a中,山东雷暴日数具有较强的年际、年代际变化,呈明显的波动下降的特点,并有一定的阶段性。     

东营市雷暴特征分析

利用东营市1971--2000年的雷暴气象资料,对东营市雷暴的时空变化及初终日分布等特征进行统计分析,总结出东营市雷暴气候特征的变化规律：雷暴日数分布逐年代呈减少趋势,且夏季多于春、秋季;雷暴日分布最易出现于白天午后15-18时;雷暴初日较雷暴终日的分布时间集中,初、终日逐年代变化成抛物线型,并对其上述特征产生的原因加以总结。     

新疆北部沿天山经济带雷暴气候特征

利用新疆北部沿天山主要经济区内16个站点1979年-2008年雷暴资料,分析了雷暴活动的时空分布特征,其中包括雷暴变化趋势和振荡周期。结果表明：在全球变暖背景下,30a来北疆沿天山主要经济带西部区域的雷暴持续期缓慢上升,年平均雷暴日数在波动中减少。雷暴空间分布的总趋势是自东向西递减。新疆北部沿天山主要经济带西部区域年雷暴日数明显多于东部,西部区域年雷暴日数相对东部区域变化幅度较大。年降水量与年平均雷暴日没有明显的相关性;年平均温度与年平均雷暴日有负相关。小波分析显示新疆北部沿天山主要经济带的东部和西部均具有明显的16a左右周期波动。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.