冰雹云提前识别技术研究

利用雷达强回波45dBz高度和降雹日08时月平均0oC层高度,对1991—2003年宝鸡雷达站观测的165d 231块对流云数值拟合,得出识别冰雹云的指标:处于发展中的对流云,雷达强回波45dBz高度大于或等于多年降雹日08时0oC层月平均值2.9km,将有冰雹酝酿形成。对降雹造成灾害的雷达回波分析表明:雷达强回波45dBz平均底部越高提前识别时间越长,顶部越高距离降雹时间越短,冰雹云可能是45dBz初始回波位于云体中部并向上、向下扩展发展而成。该方法对单体降雹平均提前识别12min,对超级单体平均提前识别18min;对多单体冰雹云平均提前预警18min,对飑线中的超级单体平均提前预警25min。     

冰雹云的多普勒天气雷达识别参量及其预警作用

使用宜昌多普勒天气雷达基数据资料,采用统计计算方法,分析了2004—2008年宜昌境内52块强对流云的特征。结果表明：（1）在宜昌地区,产生冰雹的对流云中其平均最大反射率因子均在50 dBz及以上;回波顶高均在9 km以上,最高达到22 km,其中80%的冰雹云的回波顶高在12～16 km之间;最大垂直液态含水量在50 kg.m-2以上的比例为76%;利用回波强度、回波顶高和垂直液态含水量均不能很好地辨别雹云和雷雨云,但可将这些参量作为冰雹发生的参考条件。（2）利用45 dBz回波顶高可较好地识别冰雹云,当强回波高度达到7.6 km时预示有冰雹出现,其临界成功指数达86%。（3）降雹前,强中心回波顶高会出现跃增现象,跃增后不久地面出现降雹,这一特殊现象有助于提前进行冰雹预警。     

川西南山地冰雹雷达预警指标

基于西昌多普勒天气雷达观测资料,分析2006—2013年凉山州境内24块冰雹云特征。结果表明:冰雹云的雷达特征均满足回波强度超过50dBz,回波顶高超过-30℃层高度,45dBz回波顶高超过-10℃层高度,垂直累积液态含水量超过8kg·m-2。上述4项雷达参数特征在判别冰雹云的时效性上存在差异,回波强度超过50dBz,回波顶高超过-30℃层高度,45dBz回波顶高超过-10℃层高度等3项判别指标对冰雹云提前判别预警时间为4~40min,垂直累积液态含水量超过8kg·m-2则对冰雹云提前判别预警的时效性效果不佳。与25例短时强降水个例对比发现,45dBz回波顶高超过-10℃层高度作为冰雹雷达预警判别指标有较好的指示作用。     

延安市冰雹云初始回波识别

通过对延安市2000--2008年延安、洛川的711数字化雷达、多普勒雷达资料综合分析,得出降雹单体初始雷达回波特征：初始回波强中心高度一般在0℃层附近．在PPI图像上水平增长缓慢。且强中心位置偏移于回波的某一侧。在RHI图像上强中心范围快速上移,跨越0℃层高度,中心强度明显加大。产生降雹的初始雷达回波单体由低到高向其运动方向前沿一方微微倾斜。总结出潜在危险的对流复合系统的早期识别依据。具有降雹潜在危险的对流复合系统的出现。是产生降雹单体初始回波必备的环境场条件。     

一次多单体冰雹天气过程的雷达回波与闪电特征分析

利用多普勒雷达资料、三维闪电监测网资料和MICAPS常规观测资料,对2017年4月5日发生在贵州中部一次多单体冰雹天气过程雷达回波演变与闪电特征进行了综合分析,结果表明:(1)在高空槽和低空切变线配合的有利天气背景下,对流单体相继在贵州西部生成并向东移动发展,造成下游大范围冰雹灾害。(2)冰雹云单体移动发展过程中表现不同的增长特性,偏北路径冰雹云单体属于"跃增型"增长,偏南路径冰雹云单体属于"递增型"增长。"递增型"雹云单体具有较长的孕育时间,其产生的冰雹直径及密度高于"跃增型"冰雹云单体。(3)地闪频次5 min变化在降雹之前出现"跃增"现象并伴随地闪峰值,地闪频次峰值时间提前于降雹时间平均为7.3 min。"跃增型"冰雹云单体与"递增型"冰雹云单体平均正闪比和负闪比相当,但"跃增型"冰雹云单体云闪比率(Z)远高于"递增型"单体,在闪电发生空间分布上没有差异性,均沿脉冲单体移动方向呈带状分布。(4)闪电发生空间分布与雹云回波移动位置基本一致,闪电逐时分布标识出冰雹云的发展移动方向,对冰雹云移动发展具有指示作用。     

安顺市2015—2019年冰雹时空特征 及雷达临近预警指标研究

利用安顺市2015-2019年降雹个例、Micaps常规观测资料以及贵阳雷达资料,分析总结了安顺市冰雹时空分布特征及雷达临近预警指标。结果表明：安顺市冰雹以直径20 mm以下的小冰雹为主,冰雹站次呈北多南少特征;冰雹天气主要发生在春季,4月最多,5月次之;2015—2019年期间,2019年安顺市冰雹站次最多,2017年最少。直径10 mm以上与直径10mm以下冰雹对应的雹云相比,其强回波值更强、降雹概率更高、强回波中心平均升降次数更多、上升幅度及最高上升高度更高（须在0 ℃层高度以上）、对应的径向速度场有明显特征（逆风区、辐合/辐散、旋转）的比例更高、径向速度特征（逆风区、辐合/辐散、旋转）出现时间较降雹时间提前量更多。此外,强回波中心上升高度（0 ℃层高度以上）越高,冰雹直径越大。以上雷达回波特征均可作为安顺市冰雹预警指标,有利于提高安顺市冰雹预警准确率及提前量。     

榆林新一代天气雷达冰雹云识别指标分析

利用2005-2007年5—9月榆林雷达站观测资料和同期的常规高空、地面观测资料及榆林市境内的冰雹灾情资料,对其中的14次冰雹天气过程分析,重点考察冰雹产生过程中冰雹云在新一代天气雷达图上的演变特征。通过对地面降雹资料和相应的雷达产品资料分析,结果表明：榆林新一代天气雷达对责任区内的冰雹预报预警具有较好的指示作用。冰雹云识别指标为：强反射率因子区（回波强度≥50dBz）在-20℃层高度附近及以上,且强回波强度越强,高度越高,愈有利于大冰雹的产生;反射率因子剖面图上出现有界弱回波区（BWER）或弱回波区（WER）,区域的大小影响降雹的持续时间和冰雹的大小;垂直累积液态水含量VIL的大值区（≥40kg／m^2）代表降冰雹的潜势,VIL值越大。降大冰雹的潜势越大。三体散射现象可作为冰雹的预报指标。     

冰雹云雷达识别方法及防雹作业经验

总结了辽宁省40余年人工防雹工作积累的成果和经验,归纳了3种类型冰雹云的雷达回波特征以及利用回波形态、回波参量和综合指标对其进行雷达识别的方法,并结合冰雹云数值模拟结果,总结了对具有液态水累积区的雹云、对超级单体冰雹云和对多单体冰雹云实施人工防雹作业的一些经验,对于各地的科学防雹作业具有参考作用。     

多普勒雷达特征参数在人工防雹决策中的应用

对大连地区2003—2008年多普勒雷达观测到的37个冰雹和强雷雨个例雷达体扫资料进行PUP软件计算和处理,得到了每个个例雷达回波强度、回波顶高、30 dBz强回波中心高度、强回波顶高和垂直积分液态水含量几个主要雷达参数值、以及各参数随时间的变化特征,总结了冰雹云识别的雷达技术指标模型;根据大连地区降雹特点,将冰雹云分为强(超级单体)雹云、多单体雹云和单体雹云三类,总结了冰雹云类型判别的雷达指标(即防雹作业决策指标)。     

阿克苏地区西部冰雹天气雷达回波演变特征分析

利用2009—2020年阿克苏地区西部6县市中国气象局灾情直报、地面观测、阿克苏多普勒雷达资料，分析阿克苏雷达监测覆盖区冰雹天气时空分布及雹云雷达回波演变特征，结果表明：（1）2009—2020年共出现211站次冰雹，2011年最多，28站次；高发期为5—8月，6月冰雹频次最高；日变化峰值在16—19时。（2）雹云单体最强反射率因子均≥52 dBZ，回波顶高高于8 km，垂直累积液态水含量跃增达4.47 kg/m2及以上且垂直累积液态水含量最大值大于10.0 kg/m 2时雷暴单体发展为雹暴的可能性极大。超级单体雹暴反射率因子、回波顶高、VILmax统计指标均高于多单体和普通单体雹暴。（3）普通单体风暴多初生于乌什县、温宿县北部沿山一带；多单体雹云多初生于乌什县西部南部、温宿县北部沿山一带，乌什县境内最多；超级单体雹云多初生于温宿县。回波单体移动大多以西北-东南路径为主。（4）雹云回波发展初期往往伴随着第一次爆发式增长：反射率因子增大、回波顶升高、VIL跃增，超级单体雹暴表现更为明显，降雹时刻伴随着再一次爆发式增长。VIL急剧增大或急剧减少与降雹开始和结束关系最为密切。（5）超级单体雹暴维持时间和整体生命史均较多单体雹暴和普通单体雹暴时间长；多单体风暴需要较长的酝酿时间且影响区域较大。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences