气象灾害指标在湖南春玉米种植区划中的应用

根据湖南省97个气象站1961—2004年气温、日照、降水等气象资料, 结合玉米生态习性和田间试验分析结果, 计算了玉米生长期内相关的灾害指标。得出玉米吐丝-成熟期干旱、高温热害及播种-出苗期的连阴雨3个气象灾害指标对其生长的影响最大, 在分析该3个灾害指标的地域分布特征基础上, 利用该3个指标出现概率, 引进“无级变速”原理, 进行春玉米种植区划。区划结果表明:湖南大部分地方适宜种植春玉米, 从区划结果与实际产量对比分析比较, 湖南玉米的高产区均在最适宜区和适宜区内; 低产区大多都在较适宜区和次适宜区, 只是湘东南山地低产区在最适宜区范围内, 与实际情况不吻合。原因可能是这一区域玉米生长期内光、温资源不足, 加之土壤肥力较差的缘故。     

基于连阴雨灾害指数的陕西省苹果生长风险分析

利用陕西省苹果产区近40 a 8月中旬至10月中旬逐日降雨量资料,提出了以连阴雨灾害指数L<,u>(L<,u>=N<,r≥3>/N<,R=0>)(N<,r≥3>为8月中旬至10月中旬雨日连续3 d以上的日数,N<,R=0>为8月中旬至10月中旬无降水日数)量化进行风险分析的方法.用此方法计算了苹果产区各地连阴雨气象灾害指数,分轻度、中度、重度3级对果区各地连阴雨气象灾害指数进行了分级、评价.结果表明,有13个县连阴雨气象灾害指数为轻度,有27个县连阴雨气象灾害指数为中度,有8个县连阴雨气象灾害指数为重度.此计算结果与陕西果区实际连阴雨影响基本一致,表明灾害指数方法是一种较好的风险分析方法.     

临潼石榴花期连阴雨灾害等级指标研究

利用1991—2020年临潼石榴花期逐日气象观测数据及1996—2020年临潼石榴产量数据,采用主成分分析和K-means聚类分析方法,研究临潼石榴花期连阴雨灾害等级指标。结果显示:轻、中、重、严重4个灾害等级对应的连阴雨灾害综合指数(Z)的分级阈值分别为：Z≤032,032039。通过对比验证,建立的临潼石榴连阴雨灾害等级指标对连阴雨灾害具有较高识别能力,可为临潼石榴花期连阴雨灾害等级预报提供指导。     

江西省山洪灾害风险区划初步研究

通过应用地理信息系统技术编制山洪灾害风险区划的方法,以江西省分县小流域地理底图为基础,对影响山洪灾害形成与发展的暴雨气候、地形坡度、河网分布等因子进行分析和叠加,完成了江西省山洪灾害危险性评价图。以人口密度、GDP、耕地面积作为指标进行易损性分析,并借助GIS工具,将危险性评价图与易损性评价图进行叠加,完成了江西省山洪灾害风险区划研究。区划结果表明:GIS方法能有效地对影响山洪灾害形成与发展的因子数据进行空间分析。该风险区划图可通过对山洪易发区的规划决策而减轻山洪灾害的影响,同时也为当地居民提供了灾害的风险信息。     

河北省棉花连阴雨灾害定量化评估指标与风险分析

利用河北省棉区1981—2015年40个气象站逐日气象资料、农业气象观测站棉花农情、连阴雨灾情、棉花产量资料,分析连阴雨过程特征及其对棉花生长的影响,修订和完善连阴雨灾害指标;采用数理统计方法获取历史连阴雨产量灾损率、筛选关键致灾因子,采用权重系数法构建连阴雨强度指数,并建立基于强度指数的灾损评估模型;利用有序样本聚类分析法划分连阴雨强度等级;依据风险分析原理,构建连阴雨风险指数并进行风险区划。结果表明：建立的强度指数能够客观反映连阴雨灾害强度,灾损评估模型评估效果较好。棉花播种出苗期连阴雨发生概率低（0.076）、造成的损失小（平均产量灾损率0.09%）;现蕾至吐絮期连阴雨影响较大,发生概率和造成的灾损率由大到小依次为花铃期（0.447,17.1%） > 现蕾期（0.394,11.7%） > 吐絮期（0.237,7.2%）。近年来,现蕾期连阴雨发生站次减少,对棉花影响减弱,花铃期和吐絮期发生站次增加,尤其是吐絮期增加明显,成为连阴雨灾害影响棉花生长的主要时期。现蕾期和花铃期连阴雨高风险区主要分布在非主棉区,其中现蕾期高风险区分布在保定北部及以北棉区,花铃期高风险区分布在保定北部及以北棉区和石家庄、邢台、邯郸三市西部棉区;吐絮期高风险区分布在保定西南部、衡水西部、石家庄及其以南棉区,部分地区为主棉区。     

陇县烟草的自然降水条件及其灾害评估

利用陇县国家气象站1980—2016年逐日降水、日照等常规观测资料,通过距平分析、功率谱分析、Morlet小波变换及相对降水效应模拟计算,分析陇县烟草的自然降水条件,并通过构建暴雨及连阴雨灾害指标对灾害进行评估。结果表明:陇县烟草大田期自然供水相对较充足,但自然降水存在年际周期振荡和阶段性多尺度振荡特征;自然降水条件年际差异较大,主要为适宜和不适宜供水条件占比差异;受灾方面,陇县烟区较易受暴雨灾害影响,且主要表现为轻度灾害,而连阴雨灾害不易出现。     

基于GIS的咸宁市枇杷气象灾害危险性评价

气象灾害是影响枇杷规模化种植和发展最重要的因素之一。以湖北省咸宁市典型枇杷产区为例,首先在对该区近10 a枇杷种植情况及气象灾害调查的基础上,结合该市6个国家级气象站及135个区域气象站观测资料以及30 m×30 m精度的DEM高程数据,分析确定致灾因子指标,建立枇杷气象灾害指数和等级标准;然后,利用层次分析法计算得到各气象灾害危险指数权重,构建气象灾害综合危险性评价模型;最后,借助多元回归分析方法建立气象灾害概率空间分布函数,结合GIS技术,对该市枇杷种植的气象灾害危险性进行评价和区划。结果表明：(1)咸宁市枇杷种植的气象灾害主要是低温冻害、高温热害和春季连阴雨,其中低温冻害对枇杷种植的危险性高于春季连阴雨和高温热害。(2)咸宁市中部、南部的中高山地区为枇杷种植的高危险区,中部和南部山体以北的丘陵、低山区为中危险区,北部沿江滨湖区、中部盆地及湖库四周为低危险区。(3)咸宁市枇杷种植的气象灾害危险性与地理因子之间关系密切。随着海拔增高,枇杷遭受低温冻害和连阴雨灾害的危险性呈增大趋势,高温热害的危险性则呈降低趋势;由于水体增温效应和山体对南下强冷空气的屏障作用,沿江、湖库等近水体区域及中...     

江汉和江南西部春玉米涝渍指标及风险评估

以江汉和江南西部地区春玉米为研究对象,利用研究区域内57个气象站1961-2012年的逐日降水量资料、春玉米生育期资料和春玉米涝渍灾情资料,筛选春玉米不同生育时期的涝渍灾害样本。采用多元线性回归分析方法,定量分析当前过程降水量和前期降水量对春玉米涝渍灾害的影响,并据此构建当量降水量。基于正态分布的Lilliefors检验和t-分布区间估计方法,计算不同生育时期、不同等级涝渍灾害的当量降水量指标阈值,由此构建该区域春玉米不同生育时期的涝渍灾害等级指标并进行独立样本验证。在此基础上,利用信息扩散理论风险评估方法,计算各站点的春玉米涝渍致灾风险指数。结果表明:当前过程降水量和前2旬降水量对该区域春玉米涝渍灾害有显著性影响;构建的区域春玉米涝渍等级指标能够较好地反映实际受灾情况,指标验证结果与历史记录有较高一致性;出苗-拔节期和拔节-抽雄期发生春玉米涝渍灾害的风险相对较低,抽雄-成熟期为春玉米涝渍灾害的高风险时期,高风险区域主要位于湖北省恩施市、宜昌市西南部、荆州市西南部以及湖南省张家界市北部。     

薄膜育秧温度效应的研究

高安市耕地中的绝大部分以种植水稻为主。历年来,早稻春播期间因天气变化造成烂种烂秧,影响早稻生产。而采用薄膜育秧改善田间小气候,减少天气灾害对育秧的影响是一种行之有效的方法。1高安市春播天气分析高安市早稻播种育秧时段为3月中旬一4月上旬。此期间冷空气活动频繁,气温变化剧烈,时响时雨,且常常出现连阴雨、大风、冰雹等灾害性天气,对播种育秧十分不利。利用高安1959～门则年的气象资料进行分析,33a（年）中春季米出现低温连阴雨灾害的有16a（年）,频率为48％;达轻底灾害指标的有6a（年）,频率为18％;达重度灾害指标的…     

江西省柑橘生产现状及气象服务需求分析

通过深入走访江西省柑橘主产区种植户、合作社、气象及果业等部门,对柑橘生产现状、气象灾害和气象服务需求等进行调查分析。结果表明,江西省柑橘种植分布范围广泛、品种多样,经济效益可观。种植面积以赣州最大,抚州次之,吉安第三;种植品种有赣南脐橙、井冈蜜柚、南丰蜜橘、新余蜜橘等;柑橘稳产后,每公顷纯收入在3.7万元以上。柑橘气象灾害主要有冻害、高温低湿、挂果后干旱、高温日灼、连阴雨等,柑橘种植的主要气象服务需求有灾害预警、灾害防御措施、柑橘保险、品质评价等。根据柑橘生产过程中的气象灾害及服务需求,给出了气象服务建议及灾害防御技术措施,可为橘合理安排生产提供指导,以期能促进柑橘产业健康发展。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences