The relationship between the Arctic Oscillation and ENSO as simulated by CCSM4

北极涛动(AO)和ENSO可以显著影响我国冬季气候。我们基于CCSM4的长期(501年)参照试验结果,揭示了冬季AO和ENSO间的关系存在年代际变化。在二者相关显著时期,二者对我国南、北气温均有显著影响;而在相关不显著时期,二者分别主要影响我国北部和南部的气温。气候态上出现的正位相AO、负位相太平洋年代际振荡和减弱的阿留申低压,可能有利于高低纬之间异常信号的传播,导致AO和ENSO的联系显著。     

北半球大气环流的纬向对称模态

运用自然正交分解方法（EOF）提取了北半球冬季热带外地区标准化纬向平均纬向风场的前两个模态。第1模态（方差贡献为34%）表现为中高纬带的西风（东风）异常和中纬带的东风（西风）异常,与之相联系的海平面气压场的异常表现为极区与中高纬度地区海平面气压场的反位相变化,即北极涛动（AO）;第2模态（方差贡献为21%）表现为中纬带的西风（东风）异常和中低纬带的东风（西风）异常,与之相联系的海平面气压场的异常表现为副极地地区与副热带地区海平面气压场的反位相变化,即副热带涛动STO（sub-tropical oscillation）。副热带涛动的水平结构表现出较强的纬向对称性,垂直方向上表现出相当正压性;与副热带涛动正位相相联系的纬向平均温度场表现为中高纬度地区负异常和副热带地区正异常,而且费雷尔环流加强南移。副热带涛动不仅在冬季有所表现,而且在整个冬半年（11月—翌年4月）都有所表现,但在夏半年则不存在。     

西太平洋海温和南方涛动与中国冬季气候异常关系年代际变化的对比分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和全球海温海冰GISST2.3b资料、英国CRU提供的南方涛动指数以及中国160站月平均降水和气温资料, 分析了冬季西太平洋海温和南方涛动与中国冬季气候异常关系年代际变化特征。结果表明:最近50年, 西太平洋海温指数 (WPI) 与南方涛动指数 (SOI) 之间相关关系的年代际变化在冬季很明显。当WPI-SOI相关关系不显著时, 在西太平洋赤道北侧的对流层低层存在高 (低) 海温-反气旋 (气旋) 异常环流系统, 不利于维持ENSO与西太平洋海温变化间的紧密联系; 与此相对应, 冬季整个对流层环流呈相当正压结构。在WPI-SOI相关显著 (不显著) 时段, 冬季中国降水、气温与西太平洋海温之间的相关较弱 (较强)。     

2008/2009年冬季北极涛动对河南冬季干旱的影响分析

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了2008-2009年冬季河南干旱主要发生时段的大气环流状况及干旱缓解的大气环流背景,结果表明:干旱发展主要阶段,北极涛动处于正位相,欧亚中高纬度环流长时间维持阻塞形势,东亚冬季季风偏弱,印缅槽区被反气旋控制,西太平洋副高位置偏东,欧亚地区环流异常长时间维持导致河南发生干旱.2009年2月大气环流发生转变,北极涛动转为负位相,有利于高纬度冷空气南下,低纬度西太平洋副热带高压西进北抬向内地输送水汽,在冷空气与水汽条件配合下,河南2月份经历多次降水过程,旱情得以缓解.     

2015/2016年冬季北极涛动异常活动及其对我国气温的影响

2015/2016年冬季,北极涛动(AO)季内变化特征明显。2015年12月,AO处在正位相,而到了2016年1月AO突然由正位相转为强负位相,导致极区冷空气南下,北半球和我国气温由暖转冷。AO由正位相转为负位相主要与北大西洋强风暴活动有关。2015年12月末,北大西洋上空有一气旋式强风暴出现,强风暴东侧西南气流将北大西洋上空大量的暖湿空气带向北极,导致北极气温迅速升高。北极气温迅速升高使得极区的位势高度场由偏低转为偏高,是导致AO由12月的正位相转为1月负位相的主要原因。     

两次不同ENSO背景下云南冬季极端冷事件的成因分析

2008年初和2016年初分别经历了一次中等强度以上的La Niña和El Niño事件,在不同的厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Niño/Southern Oscillation,ENSO)背景下,云南均发生了低温雨雪冰冻天气。本文利用大气环流、海表温度、云南124个观测站逐月温度等资料,通过多种统计方法探讨了不同ENSO背景下极端冷事件发生的原因。结果表明:1)2008年初和2016年初云南冬季极端冷事件在2月表现更明显。2)不同ENSO背景下,2月大气环流和云南气温变化差异较大。La Niña(El Niño)年西伯利亚高压加强(减弱),位势高度场北(西)高南(东)低,西太平洋副高偏弱(强),菲律宾异常(反)气旋西北侧异常北(南)风加强,东亚冬季风偏强(弱),云南东部气温偏低(高)。3)2008年和2016年的东北太平洋大气环流异常对赤道中东太平洋海温异常均有响应,同时2008年赤道中东太平洋冷海温作用激发的菲律宾气旋西部偏北气流对东亚冬季风的加强和向南活动有重要影响,而2016年赤道中东太平洋暖海温对菲律宾地区环流变化的影响并不显著。4)北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation,AO)和北极海冰变化对2008年2月和2016年2月西伯利亚高压的加强的影响表现出一定的差异特征,2月AO负位相变化对2008年西伯利亚高压的加强影响较大,而2月北极海冰偏少对2016年西伯利亚高压加强的影响显著。     

大气环流对北大西洋湾流区海温“再现”的响应

利用全球海洋—大气快速耦合模式（Fast Ocean-Atmosphere Model,FOAM）,采用模式中的初值方法,研究了湾流区海温再现过程及其对北半球大气环流和气候的影响。FOAM模式很好地模拟了北大西洋湾流区的海温＂再现＂过程,模式中海面热通量异常与SST异常表现出不同步的响应特征。海面热通量异常在初冬季节达到最大值,而SST异常滞后,在冬季晚期达到最大值,从而在初冬和晚冬对北半球大气环流造成不同的影响。初冬季节北半球大气环流主要受海洋热通量异常的强迫,在北大西洋和北太平洋上空呈现相当正压的异常低压槽响应,北极地区为异常高压脊,类似北极涛动的负位相,可能造成欧洲南部和北非大陆气温偏高,亚洲大陆气温偏低。而晚冬季节北半球大气环流主要受SST异常的驱动,在北大西洋和北太平洋上空表现为相当正压的异常高压脊响应,北极地区为异常低压槽,类似北极涛动的正位相,可能造成欧洲南部和北非大陆气温偏低,亚洲大陆气温偏高,中国东部降水异常偏多30%左右。北太平洋大气环流的异常由北大西洋湾流区海洋热通量和SST异常强迫下游大气环流所激发,进一步通过Rossby驻波的能量频散东传至北太平洋而造成的。     

冬季北极涛动的影响分析

采用美国NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料、中国气象局160站地面月资料以及美国国家海洋和大气局月平均北极涛动（AO）指数,研究了1979～2008年12～2月AO与该时期北半球大气环流和我国气候的关系。发现当AO异常时,西风带和副热带的环流有很大的差别。当AO异常强时,北太平洋是一对偶极性异常环流：中高纬度为反气旋异常环流,副热带为气旋异常环流。这种形势越到高层越明显,范围也越大。对流层中高层中高纬度的反气旋异常环流西扩到贝加尔湖以东,副热带的气旋异常环流西扩到中印半岛。由于这种异常分布,西太平洋副热带高压偏弱,东亚高空西风急流偏弱,东亚大槽偏弱。乌拉尔山附近是负距平,不利于乌拉尔山高压脊发展。在海平面气压场上,北太平洋为正距平,而在西伯利亚为负距平,阿留申低压和西伯利亚高压偏弱,因此东亚冬季风偏弱。由于冬季风偏弱,导致我国东部、东北、新疆和内蒙古温度偏高。AO异常弱时,环流形势正好相反,冬季风偏强,我国温度偏低。AO的异常也影响我国降水,AO异常强时,除内蒙古、新疆降水偏少外,大部分地区降水偏多,异常降水中心在华南沿海;而当它异常弱时,江南、华南、内蒙古和新疆降水偏多,其他地区降水偏少,异常降水中心位于江南。2008年1月AO活跃,与AO强时平均情况一致,两者在中纬度的东亚有非常好的相似性,都为正距平,表示东亚大槽偏弱;北太平洋的偶极性异常环流对在对流层中、上层也是明显的。最主要的差异在乌拉尔山和西太平洋地区,由于造成2008年1月我国南方持续雨雪冰冻天气重要因素的西太平洋副热带高压、乌拉尔山阻塞高压和冬季风与AO偏强的平均情况相反,因此AO不是造成持续雨雪冰冻天气的原因。     

冬季北极涛动异常与新疆气温变化的关系

基于新疆96个气象站1961—2014年月平均气温、北极涛动指数和NCEP/NCAR再分析环流资料,分析了冬季北极涛动异常与新疆同期气温变化的关系及其影响。结果表明:冬季北极涛动指数与新疆冬季平均气温相关较好,42.7%的测站冬季气温与北极涛动指数的相关系数通过0.05显著性水平检验,主要集中在新疆北部地区。在冬季北极涛动指数偏强的7 a,新疆冬季气温偏高、偏低的概率分别为93.0%与6.3%;在冬季北极涛动指数异常偏低的14 a,冬季气温偏高、偏低的概率分别为41.5%和56.1%,偏低概率高于偏高概率。当冬季北极涛动指数偏强时,850 h Pa新疆及其北部广大区域盛行异常偏南风,不利于冷空气南下,新疆冬季气温高;反之,盛行异常偏北风,新疆冬季气温偏低。     

平流层异常下传对2009年12月北半球大范围降雪过程的影响

2009年12月北半球中纬度出现大范围持续低温、暴风雪等天气。采用NCEP／NCAR再分析资料研究了平流层AO（Arctic Oscillation,北极涛动）异常信号下传的特征及其对本次极端气候事件的影响,并讨论了与平流层异常信号下传相关的行星波活动。结果表明：1）与此次极端气候事件相联系的负位相A0异常11月首先发生在平流层,维持将近1个月后于12月初开始下传,并且迅速传至地面。12月整个对流层的位势高度及温度在极区附近出现强的正异常,而中纬度地区则为负异常。2）平流层AO异常信号下传后,地面出现有利于低温降雪过程的环流异常。12月上旬,亚洲大陆东部及北美大陆西部出现异常偏北风,造成了俄罗斯、北美西部大面积负的温度异常;12月中下旬,欧洲大陆盛行偏西北气流,同时蒙古高压增强,欧亚大陆北部包括中国北方出现大片负的温度异常。3）在此次极端气候事件之前,北半球高纬度地区有异常强的行星波上传至平流层,导致平流层出现负位相的AO异常,并维持了一个月;随后,上传到平流层的行星波减弱,同时平流层负位相的AO异常迅速传至地面,导致了有利于低温降雪的环流异常。     

Interannual Variability of Snow Depth over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Associated Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies

The interannual variability of wintertime snow depth over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) and related atmospheric circulation anomalies were investigated based on observed snow depth measurements and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data.Empirical orthogonal function(EOF) analysis was applied to identify the spatio-temporal variability of wintertime TP snow depth.Snow depth anomalies were dominated by a monopole pattern over the TP and a dipole structure with opposite anomalies over the southeastern and northwestern TP.The atmospheric circulation conditions responsible for the interannual variability of TP snow depth were examined via regression analyses against the principal component of the most dominant EOF mode.In the upper troposphere,negative zonal wind anomalies over the TP with extensively positive anomalies to the south indicated that the southwestward shift of the westerly jet may favor the development of surface cyclones over the TP.An anomalous cyclone centered over the southeastern TP was associated with the anomalous westerly jet,which is conducive to heavier snowfall and results in positive snow depth anomalies.An anomalous cyclone was observed at 500 hPa over the TP,with an anomalous anticyclone immediately to the north,suggesting that the TP is frequently affected by surface cyclones.Regression analyses revealed that significant negative thickness anomalies exist around the TP from March to May,with a meridional dipole anomaly in March.The persistent negative anomalies due to more winter TP snow are not conducive to earlier reversal of the meridional temperature gradient,leading to a possible delay in the onset of the Asian summer monsoon.     

Relationship between winter snow cover days in Northeast China and rainfall near the Yangtze River basin in the following summer

Based on observed snow and precipitation data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data,the relationship between the number of winter snow cover days in Northeast China and the following summer’s rainfall in the northern part of southern China is analyzed and the possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.The results indicate that a negative relationship is significant throughout the study period,especially more obvious after the 1980s.The pre-winter circulation patterns in years with more snow cover days and less summer rainfall in the south bank of the Yangtze River are almost the same.In years with more snow cover days,lower temperatures at the lower level over Northeast China are found in winter and spring.The winter monsoon is weaker and retreats later in these years than in those with fewer snow cover days.In spring of years with more snow cover days,anomalous cyclonic circulation is observed over Northeast China,and anomalous northerly wind is found in eastern China.In summer of these years,anomalous northeasterly wind at the lower level is found from the area south of the Yangtze River to the East China Sea and Yellow Sea;and with less southwesterly water vapor transport,the rainfall in the area south of the Yangtze River is less than normal,and the opposite patterns are true in years with fewer snow cover days.In recent years,the stable relationship between winter snow cover in Northeast China and summer rainfall in the Yangtze River basin can be used for summer rainfall prediction.The results are of great importance to short-term climate prediction for summer rainfall.     

2019年4～6月云南持续性高温天气的大气环流异常成因

2019年4～6月云南省发生了历史罕见的持续性极端高温天气,并引发了严重气象干旱。本文利用1961～2019年逐日温度和大气再分析等资料以及CESM-LE计划（Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble Project）模式模拟结果,分析了历史同期云南极端高温天气发生的环流特征,探讨了2019年云南破纪录持续性高温的成因。历史极端高温日的合成分析表明,云南地区对流层上层显著异常反气旋伴随的强下沉异常和到达地表太阳辐射增加,是引发该区域极端高温天气的主要成因。该异常反气旋的形成主要源自北大西洋经东欧平原、西西伯利亚平原向东亚传播的高纬度罗斯贝波和经北非、黑海、伊朗高原向东亚传播的中纬度罗斯贝波之间的相互作用。2019年极端高温的强度和与之相应异常反气旋出现自1961年以来的最强。外强迫导致的增暖对2019年极端暖异常强度的贡献约为37.51%,同时对类似2019年以及更强极端暖事件发生概率的贡献为56.32%,内部变率对该事件也具有重要贡献。2019年4～6月北极涛动（Arctic Oscillation,AO）和ENSO事件分别处于历史极端负位相和暖位相。一方面,在AO强负位相影响下,极地上空深厚的位势高度正异常向南伸至东欧平原,有利于高纬度波列和云南上空的反气旋异常增强。另一方面,ENSO事件暖位相加强了西北太平洋异常反气旋环流,令西北太平洋副热带高压增强西伸至我国内陆地区,维持了云南上空反气旋异常。两者的共同作用,造成了2019年4～6月云南上空持续的深厚异常反气旋,云南地区继而出现持续性极端高温事件。     

中国冬季积雪特征及欧亚大陆积雪对中国气候影响

该文首先回顾了有关中国冬季积雪的研究进展,包括中国冬季积雪的空间分布气候特征以及季节、年际和年代际变化,中国冬季降雪特征,气象因子对中国冬季积雪水量平衡的影响,外强迫和大气环流系统在积雪形成中的作用等。冬春季欧亚大陆积雪对同期和后期中国气候影响的相关研究说明与欧亚大陆积雪异常相关联的中国气候异常以及积雪通过改变土壤湿度、表面温度和辐射分布,引起大气环流异常,进而对中国气候产生影响的物理过程。应用美国环境预测中心 (NCEP) 第2版气候预测系统 (CFSv2) 的回报试验结果,对CFSv2在欧亚大陆积雪变化及其与中国气候关系的可预报性方面的分析表明,CFSv2能够较好地回报出春季欧亚积雪的年际和年代际变异及其与中国夏季降水之间的联系。文章最后提出了在积雪及其气候效应研究方面一些有待解决的问题。     

Extra-tropical cyclonic/anticyclonic activity in North-Eastern Pacific and air temperature extremes in Western North America

Synoptic extra-tropical cyclone and anticyclone trajectories have been constructed from mean daily sea level pressure (SLP) data using a new automated scheme. Frequency, intensity and trajectory characteristics of these transients have been summarized to form indices describing wintertime cyclonic and anticyclonic activity over the North-Eastern Pacific (east of 170°W) during 1950–2001. During this period, the strength of anticyclones gradually diminished and their frequency became more variable, while cyclones intensified in a discrete shift with deeper lows and further southerly trajectories occurring since the mid-1970s. These changes in synoptic transients translate into anomalously low seasonal mean SLP in the Aleutian Low, a low-level circulation anomaly consistent with the positive phase of the North Pacific Decadal Oscillation, with positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies along the west coast of North America and negative in the central North Pacific Ocean. A link between cyclonic/anticyclonic activity and tropical SST anomalies also exists, but this link only becomes significant after the mid-1970s, a period that coincides with more southerly cyclone trajectories. Southward excursions of mid-latitude cyclones during El Niño/positive NPO winters accomplish the northward advection of tropical air and discourage the southward penetration of polar air masses associated with transient anticyclones. Naturally, these changes in cyclonic/anticyclonic activity directly impact surface air temperatures, especially at night. We document these profound impacts on observed wintertime minimum temperatures over Western North America.     

Different Configurations of Interannual Variability of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High and East Asian Westerly Jet in Summer

This study investigates the circulation and precipitation anomalies associated with different configurations of the western North Pacific subtropical high(WNPSH) and the East Asian westerly jet(EAJ) in summer on interannual timescales. The in-phase configuration of the WNPSH and EAJ is characterized by the westward(eastward) extension of the WNPSH and the southward(northward) shift of the EAJ, which is consistent with the general correspondence between their variations. The out-of-phase configuration includes the residual cases. We find that the in-phase configuration manifests itself as a typical meridional teleconnection. For instance, there is an anticyclonic(cyclonic) anomaly over the tropical western North Pacific and a cyclonic(anticyclonic) anomaly over the mid-latitudes of East Asia in the lower troposphere. These circulation anomalies are more conducive to rainfall anomalies over the Yangtze River basin and south Japan than are the individual WNPSH or EAJ. By contrast, for the out-of-phase configuration, the mid-latitude cyclonic(anticyclonic) anomaly is absent, and the lower-tropospheric circulation anomalies feature an anticyclonic(cyclonic)anomaly with a large meridional extension. Correspondingly, significant rainfall anomalies move northward to North China and the northern Korean Peninsula. Further results indicate that the out-of-phase configuration is associated with the developing phase of ENSO, with strong and significant sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies in the tropical central and eastern Pacific which occur simultaneously during summer and persist into the following winter. This is sharply different from the in-phase configuration, for which the tropical SSTs are not a necessity.     

2005年12月威海连续性暴雪的气候背景

利用1966—2005年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和威海冬季降雪资料,对威海冬季降雪的时空分布特征以及2005年12月威海连续性暴雪的气候背景进行分析。结果表明：威海冬季降雪量呈明显的北多南少分布;12月降雪量和暴雪日数明显多于其他月份。威海市2005年12月的气候特征与威海12月降雪偏多年的气候特征非常相似,表现为东北亚大气环流经向型,中国东北、黄渤海到日本海一带500 hPa位势高度距平和850 hPa温度距平均为显著的负值中心,1000 hPa风场距平为气旋性弯曲;2005年12月的要素距平明显大于降雪偏多年。此外,2005年11月下旬黄渤海海温较常年显著偏高,为大气提供了充足能量,并造成边界层大气极不稳定;山东半岛地形抬升及其北岸的海陆风与环境风辐合,直接导致不稳定能量释放而形成威海连续性暴雪。     

Indian summer monsoon rainfall predictability and variability associated with Northwest Pacific circulation in a suit of coupled model hindcasts

The Northwest Pacific (NWP) circulation (subtropical high) is an important component of the East Asian summer monsoon system. During summer (June–August), anomalous lower tropospheric anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation appears over NWP in some years, which is an indicative of stronger (weaker) than normal subtropical high. The anomalous NWP cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation years are associated with negative (positive) precipitation anomalies over most of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) region. This indicates concurrent relationship between NWP circulation and convection over the ISMR region. Dry wind advection from subtropical land regions and moisture divergence over the southern peninsular India during the NWP cyclonic circulation years are mainly responsible for the negative rainfall anomalies over the ISMR region. In contrast, during anticyclonic years, warm north Indian Ocean and moisture divergence over the head Bay of Bengal-Gangetic Plain region support moisture instability and convergence in the southern flank of ridge region, which favors positive rainfall over most of the ISMR region. The interaction between NWP circulation (anticyclonic or cyclonic) and ISMR and their predictability during these anomalous years are examined in the present study. Seven coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation models from the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Climate Center and their multimodel ensemble mean skills in predicting the seasonal rainfall and circulation anomalies over the ISMR region and NWP for the period 1982–2004 are assessed. Analysis reveals that three (two) out of seven models are unable to predict negative (positive) precipitation anomalies over the Indian subcontinent during the NWP cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation years at 1-month lead (model is initialized on 1 May). The limited westward extension of the NWP circulation and misrepresentation of SST anomalies over the north Indian Ocean are found to be the main reasons for the poor skill (of some models) in rainfall prediction over the Indian subcontinent. This study demonstrates the importance of the NWP circulation variability in predicting summer monsoon precipitation over South Asia. Considering the predictability of the NWP circulation, the current study provides an insight into the predictability of ISMR. Long lead prediction of the ISMR associated with anomalous NWP circulation is also discussed.     

近42年来我国北方冬半年寒潮频次的第一模态及其与北极涛动的相关分析

This study examined wintertime （November-April） cold wave frequency （CWF） in northern China during the last 42 years and its association with Arctic Oscillation （AO） through analysis of daily mean surface temperature from 280 stations across northern China and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts （ECMWF） 40-Year Re-analysis ERA-40 data. The leading empirical orthogonal function EOF mode of wintertime CWF （CWF-EOF1） indicates an identical signal over most northern China, with the characteristic trend of linear decline for the leading principal component （CWF-PC1）. After the linear trend is removed, remarkable inter-annual variability is found to be the dominant feature of the CWF-PC1. The regression map for sea level pressure based on CWF-PC1 corresponds to the negative phase of AO. Correlation analysis further proves that CWF-PC1 has a significant negative correlation with AO at the inter-annual time scale. The relationship between AO and global surface air temperature is also investigated in order to understand its association with cold air activity over East Asia, and it is suggested that the anomalies of atmospheric circulation in Siberia may serve as a bridge for interaction between AO and CWF in northern China during wintertime.     

Interannual Relationship between the Winter Aleutian Low and Rainfall in the Following Summer in South China

Using observations and reanalysis data, this study investigates the interannual relationship between the winter Aleutian Low(AL) and the rainfall anomalies in the following summer in South China(SC). Results show that the winter AL is significantly positively(negatively) correlated with the SC rainfall anomalies in the following July(August). Specifically, SC rainfall anomalies have a tendency to be positive(negative) in July(August) when the preceding winter AL is stronger than normal. The winter AL-related atmospheric circulation anomalies in the following summer are also examined. When the winter AL is stronger, there is a significant anticyclonic(cyclonic) circulation anomaly over the subtropical western North Pacific in the following July(August). Southerly(northerly) wind anomalies to the west of this anomalous anticyclonic(cyclonic) circulation increase(decrease) the northward moisture transportation and contribute to the positive(negative) rainfall anomalies over SC in July(August). This study indicates that the AL in the preceding winter can be used as a potential predictor of the rainfall anomalies in the following July and August over SC.