新一代极轨气象卫星风云三号A星及在轨试用情况

风云三号是实现全球、全天候、三维、定量和多光谱遥感的中国第二代极轨气象卫星系列,该系列的第一颗星风云三号A星（FY-3A）是一颗试验试用卫星,已于2008年5月27日11时成功发射并转入在轨运行和测试阶段。本文在概述中国气象卫星的基础上,介绍了FY-3A卫星的主要设计指标,同第一代极轨气象卫星相比主要观测能力的改进、FY-3A地面应用系统的设计和实现、FY-3A遥感产品的设计以及遥感产品在在轨测试期间试验试用情况。     

风云气象卫星“一带一路”热带气旋监测能力与最新进展

面向风云卫星服务“一带一路”倡议,我国风云气象卫星在轨运行的静止和极轨两个系列6颗卫星,已经联合组成了服务“一带一路”星座布局,建立了风云卫星应急减灾数据服务机制。本文对利用FY-2H、FY-4A和FY-3C/D开展的“一带一路”热带气旋监测方法以及最新进展进行了概述,列举了2018年和2019年影响力较大的连续致灾热带气旋、跨海域热带气旋,以及双/三/四个热带气旋共存的典型个例。结果显示在基于风云卫星开展的“一带一路”热带气旋监测业务中,将热带气旋发生演变的原理与气象卫星不同仪器观测原理相结合,在热带气旋生命史不同阶段根据所关注的不同侧重点,分别对应应用风云气象卫星不同观测仪器,对于热带气旋全生命史监测预报有重要意义。     

中国新一代极轨气象卫星——风云三号

风云三号(简称FY-3)是中国第2代极地轨道气象卫星系列.它的第1颗星--风云三号A星(FY-3A)于2008年5月27日上午11时02分33秒在山西太原卫星发射中心发射升空.新一代极轨气象卫星主要是实现伞球、全天候、三维、定量、多光谱遥感,以满足现代气象业务,特别是数值天气预报业务的发展,同时监测大范围气象及其衍生自然灾害和生态环境变化,为研究全球气候变化规律,进行气候诊断和预测提供地球物理参数,为农、林、交通、海洋、水文等多领域提供服务.FY-3A携带11个对地观测仪器,其观测数据通过星地链路进入地面接收站,并在数据处理和服务中心(国家卫星气象中心大楼内)汇集.在强大的计算机和网络支撑下,利用科学算法对仪器遥感数据进行处理,生成各类产品,提供给用户使用.FY-3A发射后,经过半年的在轨测试和试运行,于2009年初正式投入业务运行,卫星和地面系统状态稳定,工作正常.文中较系统全面地介绍了卫星轨道、数传、仪器、数据接收、处理和产品等,尤其分析了星载仪器的主要技术特征,并给出了部分产品应用实例.     

高被引论文选编

正"风云系列气象卫星"主题来源数据库:SCI-E和CAJD,检索时段:2014—2015年FY-3 VIRR热红外通道在轨辐射定标的评估和校正——Assessment and correction of on-orbit radiometric calibration for FY-3 VIRR thermal infrared channels.Remote Sensing,2014,Vol.6,No.4.风云-3(FY-3)可见光红外扫描辐射计(VIRR),以及它的前身——FY-1 CD卫星搭载的多光谱可见光红外扫描辐射计(MVISR),已经积累了超过14年的全球连续观测。此数据资料对于     

FY-4A云导风在GRAPES_RAFS中的同化应用评估

云导风资料具有较高的时空分辨率特性,是数值天气预报中重要的非常规观测资料之一。2016年12月我国第二代静止气象卫星风云四号首颗试验卫星(FY-4A)成功发射。依据国家卫星气象中心提供的2017年8月FY-4A卫星红外和高空、低空水汽通道云导风测试数据,选用美国国家环境预报中心的FNL全球分析资料为参考场,对比分析云导风资料观测分布及偏差特征。评估结果表明,FY-4A云导风测试数据分布稳定,水汽通道云导风资料观测数明显多于红外通道;红外通道云导风资料偏差和均方根误差最小,水汽通道云导风资料在高层偏差较大。基于GRAPES_RAFS系统,选取2017年第13号台风天鸽做24 h预报试验。个例试验结果表明,同化FY-4A云导风资料对模式高度场和风场分析有一定调整作用,特别是同化FY-4A水汽通道云导风资料,对强降水落区和强度预报有所改善。     

我国气象卫星及应用发展与展望

截止到2008年6月底,我国已成功发射了4颗风云一号极轨气象卫星、1颗风云三号极轨气象卫星和4颗风云二号静止气象卫星.目前,风云一号D星、风云二号C和D星在轨业务运行,风云三号A星正在在轨测试中.我国的气象卫星已初步实现了业务化、系列化,率先实现了国防科工委提出的我国遥感卫星从试验应用型向业务服务型转变的目标.同时,我国也已成为世界上同时拥有极轨和静止两个系列气象卫星的3个国家或国家集团之一.世界气象组织已将风云一号系列、风云二号系列和风云三号系列卫星纳入全球业务应用气象卫星序列,使我国风云卫星成为全球综合地球观测系统的重要成员.我国气象卫星在我国国民经济建设和防灾减灾中发挥了重要作用,也为区域,乃至全球许多国家的经济发展做出了重要贡献.回顾了我国气象卫星及地面应用系统的发展历程,简要总结了我国气象卫星应用所取得的重要成绩,同时对未来我国气象卫星的发展趋势和发展目标等进行了展望.     

中国首颗降水测量卫星(风云三号G星)的探测能力概述与展望

2023年4月16日09时36分(北京时)中国首颗降水测量卫星—风云三号G星(FY-3G)成功发射,本文在介绍风云三号降水星技术特征的基础上,着重分析FY-3G降水探测能力及在暴雨监测中的应用前景。结果表明：卫星轨道高度407 km、倾角50°,装载了Ka/Ku双频降水测量雷达、微波和光学成像仪的FY-3G卫星,可对影响中国大部分地区的台风、暴雨、强对流等灾害性天气系统三维结构进行探测。FY-3G在设计层面上,降水探测能力与目前美国第二代全球降水测量计划(GPM)核心星(GPMCO)相当,在载荷类型、数量、通道设置等方面优于GPMCO卫星。FY-3G业务运行后将与风云三号上午、下午和黎明星等其他极轨气象卫星以及风云高轨静止卫星组成风云降水探测星座体系,提升风云卫星星座的降水总体探测能力,为气象防灾减灾提供更强的基础支撑。     

FY-2B与NOAA卫星红外通道的相对定标

FY-2是自旋扫描静止气象卫星,其红外通道的在轨定标是将黑体从后光路插入目标光路中进行的,此种定标不是全光路定标,存在较大的误差。为了获得较好的红外通道在轨定标系数,用定标精度较高的NOAA(16,17)卫星通道4观测数据与FY-2B红外通道观测数据进行了相对定标试验。相对定标的工作主要是两种卫星观测仪器响应函数之间的光谱匹配和观测图像之间的几何匹配。拟合匹配后两种卫星的观测数据,利用NOAA卫星较高精度的定标系数可得到改进的FY-2B定标系数。FY-2B相对定标系数的精度比原定标系数有较大的提高。     

基于高光谱资料对FY-1C/1D气象卫星进行交叉定标

介绍了利用AQUA卫星高光谱AIRS资料对FY-1C、FY-1D气象卫星热红外通道进行交叉定标的方法及定标结果。首先利用卫星轨道预报软件预报出AQUA与FY-1C以及AQUA与FY-1D卫星交叉点,再对交叉区域卫星资料进行像元投影和像元匹配,像元匹配包括时间、观测角度、环境均匀性等检验。以AIRS探测结果作为辐射基准,利用其观测值和FY-1卫星热红外通道光谱响应函数进行光谱匹配,最终得到FY-1卫星热红外通道的准真值并与FY-1卫星的业务产品进行比较分析。对FY-1C、FY-1D两年多卫星资料进行多次交叉比对,结果表明FY-1C通道4比AIRS观测亮温低1.3K左右,通道5低3.6K左右;而FY-1D通道4比AIRS观测亮温低0.3K左右,通道5低3.6K左右。这个准真值与FY-1观测的计数值进行再定标得到新的定标系数。     

基于FY-3A/VIRR卫星资料的江西省大雾遥感监测

根据雾在可见光、中红外、长波红外通道的反射及辐射特性与云和地物存在差异,从纹理特征、光谱分布特征等方面对云雾的差异进行分析研究,并利用多波段阈值法对风云三号气象卫星遥感影像进行日间大雾信息提取。结果表明,FY-3A/VIRR遥感资料对江西省大雾的监测效果较好,可在大雾卫星遥感监测业务中推广应用。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.