台风“凤凰”登陆过程的高分辨率数值模拟及其降水的诊断分析

本文利用中尺度非静力数值模式WRF对2008年第8号台风 “凤凰” 的登陆过程开展了高分辨率数值模拟, 模拟采用3重嵌套, 最高分辨率3 km, 共积分120小时 (5天)。利用收集到的常规和非常规观测资料与模式模拟结果进行了细致的对比验证分析。结果指出, 模式较好地模拟再现了 “凤凰” 台风的发展演变以及登陆过程, 模拟的台风路径与观测路径较为一致, 同时模式也较好地把握住了整个模拟时段当中, “凤凰” 台风的强度演变过程以及主要的雷达回波特征, 模拟取得了初步成功。进一步, 利用高分辨率的模拟资料对此次台风登陆过程开展了散度垂直通量|Q|的诊断分析, 结果表明, 在整个研究时段内, |Q|的异常值区始终覆盖在地面雨区之上, 二者的空间分布和时间演变趋势比较相似, 并且在雨区内|Q|表现为强信号, 而在非雨区|Q|表现为弱信号。这表明散度垂直通量能够描述暴雨过程中低层大气辐合和高层大气辐散的垂直动力结构, 对强降水落区有较好的指示作用。     

台风莫拉克动力结构的高分辨率数值模拟及诊断分析

本文利用中尺度非静力数值模式WRF对2009年8号台风莫拉克进行了高分辨率数值模拟,模拟过程采用三重嵌套,最高分辨率为2 km,共积分72 h(3 d).对实际观测资料与模式模拟结果进行了细致对比和验证分析,结果表明,“莫拉克”台风的发展演变以及登陆过程得到了较好模拟再现,模拟的台风路径与观测路径较为一致,同时“莫拉克”台风的强度演变过程以及主要的雷达回波特征也有较好再现.利用物理量广义波作用密度因子对“莫拉克”引发的暴雨过程进行诊断分析,结果表明,波作用密度的异常值区始终伴随着降水区的发展而起伏变化,两者在水平分布和时间演变趋势上都较为相似,表明“莫拉克”台风降水活动受波动影响明显,广义波作用密度能够综合表征莫拉克台风降水系统动力场和热力场扰动的典型垂直结构,对强降水落区有较好的指示作用.     

南海异常路径台风预报的数值试验

利用广州热带海洋气象研究所最近发展的热带有限区台风数值预报模式,对1991年登陆广东的9116号强热带风暴(Joel)进行了数值预报试验。结果表明:模型台风的加入,模式水平和垂直分辨率的提高,物理过程的完善,能大大提高台风路径的预报准确率。     

地形对9216号台风暴雨增幅影响的数值研究

利用一个具有三重水平结构的台风数值模式，就地形对９２１６号台风暴雨增幅的影响作了有、无地形的对比数值研究。结果表明：（１）模式的三重结构能较成功地考虑不同尺度的地形，既能考虑关键区的细致结构，又能考虑大尺度环境流场的影响，能较成功地预报出台风路径、大风及雨分布；（２）地形作用改善了对流降水条件，中低层幅合上升比无地形有很大加强，台风登陆后在山脉迎风坡地区降水增幅显著，且对流性降水占较大比重，取消地     

中尺度对流雨带飞机观测资料分析和数值模拟研究

本文使用MM5中尺度数值模式，采用不同分辨率(90、45、30和15Km)相同的Reisner混合相微物理显示方案，及Betts—Miller和Grell的对流参数化方案，对2003年7月8日吉林省境内中尺度对流雨带天气过程进行了数值模拟试验。结果表明：不同尺度的天气系统，需要不同分辨率、不同参数化方案的中尺度模式进行模拟，提高模式的分辨率可以增强对含有对流的中小尺度天气系统的模拟和预报能力；模式的水平分辨率和对流参数化方案对模拟强降水中心有重要影响；当MM5模式分辨率提高时，模拟的细化给降水分布、降水强度带来一些改进，但主要雨区内也出现了一些虚假预报中心水平扩散；低层正涡度区，高层负涡度区的配合，对低层辐合上升运动有利、能促进对流发展；从散度场的分布特征看。低层850hPa的水平辐合区域强弱与降水的大小有密切关系，强水平辐合区与强降水区有很好的对应关系。因此，在MM5模式业务化时应该根据天气特点来选择模式分辨率和对流参数化方案，以使模拟结果更接近实况。     

穿过胶东半岛的9415号强热带风暴路径分析

通过对９４１５号台风移动过程中，多种物理量及云图的分析，得出台风移行除受５００ｈＰａ引导气流引导外，日本数值预报产品中的湿区、暖区、辐合上升区、正涡度区对台风路径有很好的指示性。另外，２４小时变温、地面风压场以及云的形状、伸展方向、演变情况对强热带风暴的未来移向也有较好的指示性。     

最精密的全球数值预报模式

根据日本气象厅网2008年3月5日报道,日本气象厅研究出当今世界上分辨率最高的全球数值预报模式。日本气象厅全球数值预报模式的数值预报产品是发布台风预报、天气预报的基础资料。新全球数值预报模式大幅度提高了模式分辨率,由原来的水平60km网格、垂直方向40层提高到水平20km网格、垂直方向60层。     

登陆台风不连续北跳与暴雨的数值模拟研究

利用MM4（PSU/NCAR）模式，对1992年8月31日20时～9月1日20时登陆台风暴雨过程进行了数值试验研究。结果表明；登陆台风的不连续北跳与西风槽和积云对流潜热反馈有关。倒槽南部雨区内积云对流的发展加大了对台风倒槽内的水汽、动量、热量等输送，使倒槽内降水增幅。积云对流潜热反馈对高低空急流以及台风的移动都有很大的影响。     

台风“海棠”特大暴雨数值模拟研究

在福建中北部登陆的台风,往往会严重影响浙江,尤其值得注意的是台风引起特大暴雨经常会发生在浙江东南沿海的南雁荡山区和北雁荡山区,2005年在福建省连江黄歧登陆的台风"海棠"(0505)对浙江东南沿海造成严重影响,是这类台风比较典型个例。文中利用非静力模式MM5模拟"海棠"台风在浙东南沿海造成的特大暴雨,模拟结果与实况对比分析表明,模式较好地模拟了台风降水强度和分布,特别是成功模拟出南雁荡山区特大暴雨中心(南部暴雨区)和雁荡山区特大暴雨中心(北部暴雨区);运用高时空分辨率模拟资料对特大暴雨成因进行诊断分析表明,南部暴雨区涡度低层到高层向西倾斜结构和北部暴雨区高低空强辐散辐合的耦合结构有利于形成暴雨区强烈上升运动,环境风场垂直切变产生次级环流进一步加强暴雨区上升运动;暴雨区持续不稳定层结和特殊水汽输送通道为特大暴雨提供热力条件和水汽条件。最后对浙南闽北地形对台风特大暴雨影响进行数值敏感性试验表明,温州南、北雁荡山脉地形等高线与台风水汽输送路径正交是造成特大暴雨的重要原因,地形使暴雨增幅明显,地形越高对暴雨增幅越明显,降水分布更加不均匀。比较台风造成南、北特大暴雨条件,发现两者既有环境风场垂直切变产生次级环流进一步加强暴雨区上升运动、持续不稳定层结以及地形对暴雨增幅作用等相同之处,又有动力结构、维持持续不稳定层结条件以及水汽输送等不同之处。     

利用WRF模式制作东北地区冬季降水相态预报

利用WRFV3.1.1中尺度数值模式,对东北地区冬季降水相态进行预报尝试。在模式预报输出场中,通过对近地面大气层中冻结部分降水混合比在可凝结成降水的水汽混合比中的比例,来判断雨雪分界线及雨夹雪区或雨、雪过渡区。结果表明：该方法可较准确预报出降水过程中雨区、雪区和雨夹雪区的分布特征以及降水相态随时间的演变情况。降水相态数值预报产品的应用能够明显提高冬季气象预报服务水平。     

SENSITIVITY OF LANDFALLING TYPHOON STRUCTURE AND PRECIPITATION TO VARYING CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES

Typhoon KROSA in 2007 is simulated using GRAPES, a mesoscale numerical model, in which a two-parameter mixed-phase microphysics scheme is implanted. A series of numerical experiments are designed to test the sensitivity of landfalling typhoon structure and precipitation to varying cloud microphysics and latent heat release. It is found that typhoon track is sensitive to different microphysical processes and latent heat release. The cloud structures of simulated cyclones can be quite different with that of varying microphysical processes. Graupel particles play an important role in the formation of local heavy rainfall and the maintenance of spiral rainbands. Analysis reveals that the feedback of latent heat to dynamic fields can significantly change the content and distribution of cloud hydrometeors, thus having an impact on surface precipitation.     

台风数值模拟中边界层方案的敏感性试验I.对台风结构的影响

通过比较不同边界层方案下中尺度数值模式模拟的台风地表特征量以及形势场和风场, 表明台风边界层通过摩擦混合和辐射等作用与地表产生水汽、热量和动量的交换, 并通过湍流效应和积云的夹卷作用将边界层的影响扩展至整个自由大气.对台风Dan的模拟个例表明, 由于边界层过程的差异导致台风尺度大小不同, 风场、形势场的水平和垂直分布结构都有所差异.不同边界层方案模拟的台风结构的差异必然导致强度的差异, 与此相对应, 在不同边界层方案下, Eta方案模拟的台风强度偏大; 而Burk-Thompson和Blackadar方案略次之,在没有边界层方案的情况下模拟的强度非常弱,体现了边界层过程对台风发生发展的巨大影响.     

An Analysis of Thermally-Related Surface Rainfall Budgets Associated with Convective and Stratiform Rainfall

Both water vapor and heat processes play key roles in producing surface rainfall.While the water vapor effects of sea surface temperature and cloud radiative and microphysical processes on surface rainfall have been investigated in previous studies,the thermal effects on rainfall are analyzed in this study using a series of two-dimensional equilibrium cloud-resolving model experiments forced by zonally-uniform,constant,large-scale zonal wind and zero large-scale vertical velocity.The analysis of thermally-related surface rainfall budget reveals that the model domain mean surface rain rate is primarily associated with the mean infrared cooling rate.Convective rainfall and transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions to raining stratiform regions corresponds to the heat divergence over convective regions,whereas stratiform rainfall corresponds to the transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions and heat divergence over raining stratiform regions.The heat divergence over convective regions is mainly balanced by the heat convergence over rainfall-free regions,which is,in turn,offset by the radiative cooling over rainfall-free regions.The sensitivity experiments of rainfall to the effects of sea surface temperature and cloud radiative and microphysical processes show that the sea surface temperature and cloud processes affect convective rainfall through the changes in infrared cooling rate over rainfall-free regions and transport rate of heat from convective regions to rainfall-free regions.     

Air-sea Interaction of Typhoon Sinlaku （2002） Simulated by the Canadian MC2 Model

Three experiments for the simulation of typhoon Sinlaku (2002) over the western North Pacific are performed in this study by using the Canadian Mesoscale Compressible Community (MC2) atmospheric model. The objective of these simulations is to investigate the air-sea interaction during extreme weather conditions, and to determine the sensitivity of the typhoon evolution to the sea surface temperature (SST)cooling induced by the typhoon. It is shown from the three experiments that the surface heat fluxes have a substantial influence on the slow-moving cyclone over its lifetime. When the SST in the East China coastal ocean becomes 1℃ cooler in the simulation, less latent heat and sensible heat fluxes from the underlying ocean to the cyclone tend to reduce the typhoon intensity. The cyclone is weakened by 7 hPa at the time of its peak intensity. The SST cooling also has impacts on the vertical structure of the typhoon by weakening the warm core and drying the eye wall. With a finer horizontal resolution of (1/6)°×(1/6)°, the model produces higher surface wind, and therefore more surface heat fluxes are emitted from the ocean surface to the cyclone, in the finer-resolution MC2 grid compared with the relatively lower resolution of 0.25°×0.25°MC2 grid.     

Modelling Air-Sea Fluxes during a Western Pacific Typhoon： Role of Sea Spray

It has long been recognized that the evolution ot marine storms may De strongly alIected Dy the nuxtransfer processes over the ocean. High winds in a storm can generate large amounts of spray, which canmodify the transfer of momentum, heat, and moisture across the air-sea interface. However, the role of seaspray and air-sea processes in western Pacific typhoons has remained elusive. In this study, the impact ofsea spray on air-sea fluxes and the evolution of a typhoon over the western Pacific is investigated using acoupled atmosphere-sea-spray modeling system. Through the case study of the recent Typhoon Fengshenfrom 2002, we found that: (1) Sea spray can cause a significant latent heat flux increase of up to 40% ofthe interfacial fluxes in the typhoon; (2) Taking into account the effects of sea spray, the intensity of themodeled typhoon can be increased by 30% in the 10-m wind speed, which may greatly improve estimatesof storm maximum intensity and, to some extent, improve the simulations of overall storm structure in theatmospheric model; (3) The effects of sea spray are mainly focused over the high wind regions around thestorm center and are mainly felt in the lower part of the troposphere.     

一次北方台风暴雨(9406)能量特征分析

从能量角度分析了9406号台风在我国北方造成大范围暴雨过程,定量讨论了台风变性过程中显热能、潜热能和动能的时空分布特征、北方暴雨区远距离降水突然增幅过程中能量的变化、以及动能的补充来源.发现:(1)虽然潜热能比显热能小1个量级,但潜热能平流大于显热能平流.热带气旋在获得西风带斜压能量之前,其总能量的维持主要来自潜热能的贡献,潜热能的贡献约是显热能的两倍.(2)台风远距离降水的突然增幅是中低纬度系统相互作用的结果.来自热带气旋的显热能平流与西风带显热能平流非线性叠加,导致槽前显热能明显增加,西风带槽迅速加深,降水突然增幅.同时,暴雨区高空动能下传的突然增强对暴雨突然增幅有贡献,而该高空动能下传的增加与6小时之前台风环流区大量潜热能量释放相对应.(3)台风进入影响区之前,在整个对流层有潜热能、显热能和动能直接从台风区输入暴雨区;在台风进入影响区之后,只有低空显热能平流保持继续向暴雨区输送能量.(4)台风进入影响区之后,北方暴雨区动能的补充主要来自对流层上层动能的下传、斜压不稳定能量向动能的转化和北方暴雨区西边界动能的输入.5个类似台风的合成分析支持了以上主要结论.得出的暴雨增幅模型可对预报台风远距离降水有指示作用.     

中尺度海-气耦合模式GRAPES_OMLM对台风珍珠的模拟研究

利用全球/区域同化与预报系统GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)和改进的Mellor-Yamada型海洋混合层模式OMLM(Ocean Mixed Layer Model),建立了一个新的中尺度海-气耦合模式GRAPES_OMLM,并利用该模式对发生于南海的台风珍珠(0601)进行了模拟研究,检验了GRAPES_OMLM对台风的模拟性能,并分析了局地海-气相互作用对台风的影响。结果表明,GRAPES_OMLM基本能模拟出台风天气过程中的主要物理过程。考虑了海-气相互作用的耦合试验所模拟出的台风强度、近台风中心最大风速以及台风后期移动路径,相对于两组控制试验(单独大气模式)的模拟结果都有较大的改进。而且,采用逐日变化海表温度作为下边界条件的控制试验2的模拟结果相对于SST不变的控制试验1更接近观测。耦合模式GRAPES_OMLM能较好地模拟出台风过境海表温度的变化,台风珍珠在其路径右侧有超过4.0℃的降温。SST的变化和海表风应力的变化呈反相关系,风应力的增大伴随着海洋近表层湍流动能(TKE)的加强,大风动力作用是SST降低的主要原因。SST的降低致使海洋向台风输送的热通量减少,进而削弱了台风的强度并改变台风环流结构,同时通过改变位势涡度趋势的一波结构(WN-1)来影响台风的移动路径。     

The role of the land surface processes in the rainfall generated by a landfall typhoon: A simulation of the typhoon Sepat (2007)

Landfall tropical cyclones are a major kind of severe weather affecting China. The typhoon Sepat, declassified as tropical storm after its landfalling, caused a continuous heavy rainfall event over China mainland from 19th to 25th August, 2007. The storm cyclone resided over the Hunan province for 60 hours, causing observed accumulated precipitation larger than 300 mm in a large area of the Hunan province and leading severe flood events. This event was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with the surface layer scheme UTOPIA. The model was able to reproduce the main characteristics of the event, including the typhoon track and the rainfall field and timing. In addition, three sets of sensitivity experiments have been performed. In the first one, the effects of different land surface schemes (RUC, NOAH and UTOPIA) coupled with WRF on the precipitation, sensible and latent heat flux fields associated with the Typhoon Sepat (2007) were investigated. The second set of sensitivity experiments analyzed the role of the surface fluxes (sensible and latent heat flux) on the typhoon evolution. The third set of sensitivity experiments regarded the initialization of the soil moisture content. These experiments showed that both latent and sensible heat fluxes sustained this landfalling typhoon, maintaining the spiral structure of rain belt. Among the two fluxes, the latent heat one played a major role in determining the intensity, the track and the rainfall distribution of the typhoon. In addition, the correct initialization of the soil moisture content has reveled a fundamental parameter to be initialized in order to correctly evaluate the distribution and intensity of the rain field. The intercomparison between the three different land surface schemes coupled with WRF showed that the WRF-UTOPIA and WRF-NOAH outputs seem comparable between each other and physically most realistic than those of WRF-RUC. These analyses were helpful to understand the evolution and the development of the landfalling typhoon, and demonstrated that WRF-UTOPIA and WRF-NOAH could be considered a good tool for managing the risk evaluation connected with the occurrence of such events at regional scale.     

不同物理过程参数化对模式台风的影响及其动力结构的研究

文章介绍了国家气象中心的台风路径数值预报模式（以下简称台风模式）,在不同物理过程参数化下的数值试验及其结果的诊断分析。对1992年第10号热带气旋和1996年第8号热带气旋个例的数值试验结果表明,该模式能较好地预报热带气旋移动路径和登陆地点,且考虑复杂物理过程的台风模式较简单过程的模式能更好地描述热带气旋中心附近高低层的热力状况。研究还发现,500或700 hPa湿位涡第一项MPV1负值中心的绝对值大小的变化可反映热带气旋的强弱;且850 hPa上升运动最大中心的位置对未来6～12 h热带气旋的移向有较好     

Effects of Drag Coefficients on Surface Heat Flux during Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014)

The lack of in situ observations and the uncertainties of the drag coefficient at high wind speeds result in limited understanding of heat flux through the air-sea interface and thus inaccurate estimation of typhoon intensity in numerical models. In this study, buoy observations and numerical simulations from an air-sea coupled model are used to assess the surface heat flux changes and impacts of the drag coefficient parameterization schemes on its simulations during the passage of Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014). Three drag coefficient schemes, which make the drag coefficient increase, level off, and decrease, respectively, are considered. The air-sea coupled model captured both trajectory and intensity changes better than the atmosphere-only model, though with relatively weaker sea surface cooling (SSC) compared to that captured by buoy observations, which led to relatively higher heat flux and thus a stronger typhoon. Different from previous studies, for a moderate typhoon, the coupled simulation with the increasing drag coefficient scheme outputted an intensity most consistent with the observation because of the strongest SSC, reasonable ratio of latent and sensible heat exchange coefficients, and an obvious reduction in the overestimated surface heat flux among all experiments. Results from sensitivity experiments showed that surface heat flux was significantly determined by the drag coefficient-induced SSC rather than the resulting wind speed changes. Only when SSC differs indistinctively (<0.4°C) between the coupled simulations, heat flux showed a weak positive correlation with the drag coefficient-impacted 10-m wind speed. The drag coefficient also played an important role in decreasing heat flux even a long time after the passage of Kalmaegi because of the continuous upwelling from deeper ocean layers driven by the impacted momentum flux through the air-sea interface.