气象应急精细化实时观测资料的应用

<正>1引言气象应急服务是气象工作的一项重点内容,它对气象测报、预报、人工增雨、抢险现场服务等工作的标准要求很高,应急服务的高质量和高效率便成为所有气象应急服务工作者共同努力的方向。本文仅对气象应急现场服务精细化实时观测资料的应用方面做以阐述,希望对气象应急工作者起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

陕西决策和应急气象服务实践与思考

总结分析了陕西省气象局减灾服务中心成立五年来,在探索实践具有陕西特色的"小实体·大网络"决策和应急气象服务机制方面所开展的工作,特别是在决策气象服务、应急气象服务和气象灾害应急指挥部办公室实体化运行等方面取得的主要成效。指出深入推进决策应急和气象防灾减灾工作,必须坚持"需求牵引、服务引领"发展理念,切实提高思想认识,着力抓好基础核心业务、气象灾害应急指挥部办公室实体化运行及技术支撑能力提升等工作,努力向综合性气象防灾减灾方向发展,全面推进陕西公共气象服务的健康快速发展。     

移动式自动气象站设计及其在应急气象环境监测服务中的应用

随着国民经济和社会的迅速发展,突发气象灾害对社会造成的危害越来越大,建设气象灾害监测预警与应急系统工程是全面提升气象防灾减灾应急响应能力的需要。设计满足应急气象环境监测服务需求的移动式自动气象站,采集地面实时气象要素,可以为突发气象灾害以及其它环境灾害提供气象决策服务。该文介绍国外移动综合探测系统的发展概况和国内移动应急气象观测的现状,并提出满足应急气象环境观测服务需要的自动气象站技术性能要求和设计原则。移动式自动气象站在应急气象环境监测中扮演着重要角色,在气象、林业、水利、交通、环保等领域均具有广阔的应用前景。     

加强重大气象灾害应急服务的思考

以桂林2011年1月2～27日连续26天的低温冰冻灾害过程气象应急服务为例,分析现阶段桂林气象应急的成功经验和应急过程中存在的不足,同时结合桂林当地的建设发展,对加强重大气象灾害应急服务进行了思考,提出了重大气象灾害应急服务体系建设的一些建议。     

对美国灾害应急管理体系的考察与思考

在介绍美国自然灾害应急管理体系的基础上，结合江西实际，对美国灾害应急服务和应急管理工作进行了分析和研究，并借鉴其成功经验，提出了进一步建立和完善江西气象灾害应急体系的一些措施。研究结果认为，要建立完整高效的自然灾害应急体系，积极发挥气象部门在灾害应急工作中的作用；要大力加强突发性气象灾害监测预警服务，充分发挥气象灾害监测预警在自然灾害应急管理中的作用：要大力加强气象信息分发服务系统建设，加强与相关部门的合作，不断提高气象灾害预警信息分发服务能力；要大力强化气象灾害防御管理职能．积极推进气象灾害防御工作社会化。     

基于卫星通信的气象应急系统建设及应用

气象灾害和公共突发事件对气象应急服务迫切需求,气象应急系统建设非常有必要性。本文从系统设计、结构、主要功能和特点、应用和存在问题等方面阐述了辽源市气象应急系统建设及应用情况。辽源市气象应急系统的建成可以提升辽源气象防灾减灾的应急响应能力。     

新形势下郁南县气象应急管理工作刍议

在分析郁南县气象应急管理工作现状的基础上,指出了郁南县气象应急管理存在的问题,提出进一步加强气象应急工作的建议。结果表明,郁南县在气象应急管理组织体系、气象应急预案体系、气象应急服务体系和服务流程等方面取得了一定的成效,但也存在着气象应急体制不完善、群众气象灾害防御意识比较薄弱、气象应急保障能力较低等方面的问题,应采取加强应急体系建设、完善气象应急联动机制、做好风险隐患普查排查、加快综合灾害预警信息发布系统建设、提高早期预警能力和应急响应能力等措施。     

粤港应急气象服务的比较

通过对香港和广东两地主要的气象服务要点分析,得出以下结论:1)香港天文台应急气象服务重在流程清晰,步骤精细,部门协作分工明确。广东气象系统和相关部门需要在应急流程、应急工作开展步骤和部门协作方面进行梳理和改进。2)广东的应急气象服务重在反应快、覆盖面广、渠道多样化;缺点是服务内容比较粗放,不够精细,可参考香港天文台的一些做法,如"预警的预警"等,两地相互补益,以取得更好的服务效果。     

对关岭县岗乌镇特大山体滑坡气象应急服务的一些思考

该文从山体滑坡贵州气象应急服务实际出发,初步探讨了应急服务中存在的一些问题和薄弱环节,通过总结此次应急服务中的经验,分析存在的问题,提出今后在应对突发公共事件气象应急服务中需要关注的一些重点、措施和方法,有助于进一步提高气象部门应对突发公共事件的能力。     

车载应急气象台防雷设计

车载应急服务移动气象台主要用于突发性事件、重大气象灾害、重大社会活动等应急气象保障工作,使抢险救灾和重大社会活动现场气象服务更直接、更及时、更有效。体现了气象工作在不同环境和恶劣自然条件下开展气象观测、探测、天气预报预测,提供准确的气象预报服务能力。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.