数值模式对2016年1月世纪寒潮过程的预报能力检验

对比检验了ECMWF和T639对2016年1月23—24日强寒潮天气过程的中期预报能力,表明ECMWF和T639 216h时效500hPa高度场的预报能刻画出西高东低的环流形势,ECMWF预报比实况偏晚,高低压中心比实况偏弱,T639预报比实况偏快,低压中心值比实况偏强,96h时效的高度场预报均基本接近实况。ECMWF 168h时效850hPa冷中心强度、气温梯度与实况相等,冷中心比实况偏东5个经度,T639 144h时效气温梯度比实况偏小,冷中心比实况偏东5个经度,48h时效的预报均与实况非常接近,等温线重合度很高。ECMWF 192h时效的海平面气压场冷高压中心位置及中心强度与实况一致,只是1060hPa及以上的区域比实况偏小。T639 192h时效的海平面气压场冷高压中心比实况偏南7个纬度,中心强度比实况偏强2.5 hPa,等压线走向及梯度与实况类似。24h内短期时效对比检验T639、ECMWF、山东WRF确定性预报（EnWRF）、WRF集合不同分位数的最低气温、最大风力和降水预报可知,WRF集合最小值预报最低气温评分最高,WRF集合较大值对大风力的预报准确率最高,Japan模式对降水落区预报较好,EnWRF很好地预报了较强降水区域,T639和ECMWF细网格对2mm降雪量预报效果较好。     

T639和EC模式对内蒙古主要天气系统的预报性能检验

利用2012年T639和EC模式500hPa高度场预报产品及ECMWF客观再分析资料,采用天气学检验方法,对内蒙古主要天气影响系统之西风槽、贝加尔湖冷涡、蒙古冷涡和东北冷涡数值产品的预报性能进行检验。检验结果表明:T639和EC模式产品对内蒙古影响系统具有较好的预报性能,36h内的预报性能更为显著。EC模式产品预报准确率优于T639模式产品,但对内蒙古东部地区影响系统的预报稳定性相对较差。T639模式产品在36h的预报能力比较高,对影响系统的生成时间、槽线位置、移动速度及中心强度4项检验指标预报准确率均在80%以上。EC模式预报产品,48h内对影响系统4项检验指标预报准确率均在80%以上。随着预报时效延长,T639和EC模式产品预报能力均有所下降。两套模式产品与实况相关系数空间分布在各时效均具有显著的相关关系,并且对应相关系数空间分布,T639和EC模式产品标准差的大值中心与相关系数的低值中心基本一致。     

T213与T639资料驱动WRF的预报初步检验比较

使用2009年春季和夏季两个时段全国08时24h雨量观测资料,采取累积降水检验、平均误差和均方根误差分析方法,对用T213资料驱动WRF(WRF-T213)和用T639资料驱动WRF(WRF-T639)的预报进行评估检验和比较,并选择一次降水过程作对比分析。主要结果如下:WRF-T639部分雨量级的Ts评分有时略低于WRF-T213,但其空报率和系统偏差比WRF-T213小,从而使其预报效率和ETS评分均高于WRF-T213;分析24、48h的500hPa高度场、850hPa风场和海平面气压预报的平均误差及均方根误差发现,WRF-T639的形势场预报总体上优于WRF-T213;降水个例分析表明,WRF-T213预报的高压脊偏强,西南急流区以及有利的涡度场、散度场和垂直速度位置偏北,这导致其雨区偏北,WRF-T639对高度场、风场等的预报均优于WRF-T213,降水落区的预报和实况接近,其预报的地面低压偏强是造成雨量偏大的原因之一。     

基于多模式2015年江西省汛期区域性暴雨的检验

利用24 h降水实况资料和高空实况形势场资料、ECMWF模式形势场预报资料及ECMWF、JMA、T639模式降水预报资料,对2015年江西省汛期(4月上旬至7月上旬)区域性暴雨的时空分布特征进行分析,并对2015年江西省汛期区域性暴雨的影响系统和降水预报结果进行了短期主观检验,对比分析了ECMWF、JMA和T639等3种数值模式对江西省区域性暴雨系统预报的效果。结果表明:ECMWF模式对江西省汛期暴雨天气系统的调整和演变具有一定的预报能力,如对副热带高压和西南急流的预报;但随着预报时效增加,预报误差增大。ECMWF模式预报的48 h和72 h副热带高压强度较实况明显偏弱,预报的副热带高压西脊点位置偏东,随着季节转变预报的副热带高压强度明显偏弱,其中24 h预报的准确率较高。ECMWF模式对高空槽的预报基本准确;ECMWF模式对切变线移动的总体预报效果较好,72 h预报的切变线移动偏慢;ECMWF模式对700 hPa西南急流强度的预报易偏弱,对850 hPa和925 hPa西南急流的预报易偏强;ECMWF模式预报的急流轴位置多数偏北;ECMWF模式对低层比湿的预报较实况偏强。随着预报时效临近,ECMWF、JMA和T639等3种数值模式对江西省汛期区域性暴雨的预报具有较强的调整能力;JMA模式预报的暴雨与实况最接近,表现出对雨带分布具有较强的预报性能,但对降水量级预报偏弱;ECMWF模式对降水强度的预报性能较好,预报的降水分布总体偏北;T639模式预报的主雨带范围较实况偏大,3个模式均存在对暴雨以上量级降水漏报的问题。     

基于多模式2015年江西省汛期区域性暴雨的检验

利用24 h降水实况资料和高空实况形势场资料、ECMWF模式形势场预报资料及ECMWF、JMA、T639模式降水预报资料,对2015年江西省汛期(4月上旬至7月上旬)区域性暴雨的时空分布特征进行分析,并对2015年江西省汛期区域性暴雨的影响系统和降水预报结果进行了短期主观检验,对比分析了ECMWF、JMA和T639等3种数值模式对江西省区域性暴雨系统预报的效果。结果表明:ECMWF模式对江西省汛期暴雨天气系统的调整和演变具有一定的预报能力,如对副热带高压和西南急流的预报;但随着预报时效增加,预报误差增大。ECMWF模式预报的48 h和72 h副热带高压强度较实况明显偏弱,预报的副热带高压西脊点位置偏东,随着季节转变预报的副热带高压强度明显偏弱,其中24 h预报的准确率较高。ECMWF模式对高空槽的预报基本准确;ECMWF模式对切变线移动的总体预报效果较好,72 h预报的切变线移动偏慢;ECMWF模式对700 hPa西南急流强度的预报易偏弱,对850 hPa和925 hPa西南急流的预报易偏强;ECMWF模式预报的急流轴位置多数偏北;ECMWF模式对低层比湿的预报较实况偏强。随着预报时效临近,ECMWF、JMA和T639等3种数值模式对江西省汛期区域性暴雨的预报具有较强的调整能力;JMA模式预报的暴雨与实况最接近,表现出对雨带分布具有较强的预报性能,但对降水量级预报偏弱;ECMWF模式对降水强度的预报性能较好,预报的降水分布总体偏北;T639模式预报的主雨带范围较实况偏大,3个模式均存在对暴雨以上量级降水漏报的问题。     

T639数值产品对影响新疆主要系统的预报检验评估

使用T639L60模式2009—2010年1°×1°分辨率72 h预报时效内的高度场预报产品及ECMWF客观分析场,采用天气学检验方法,对新疆主要天气影响系统(西西伯利亚低槽、乌拉尔大槽、北方横槽和中亚低值系统)数值产品的预报能力进行检验。主要从影响系统生成时间、中心强度、槽线位置、移动速度4个方面进行检验。检验结果表明:T639模式对新疆影响系统具有较好的预报性能,尤其对48h内的预报能力非常高。但因影响系统和预报时效不同其预报能力也有较大差异,对越深厚的低槽系统,T639模式的预报效果越好;T639产品对西西伯利亚低槽和乌拉尔大槽出现时间预报偏早的较多,而北方横槽和中亚低值系统偏晚的多;对西西伯利亚低槽和中亚低值系统槽线位置预报偏快的较多,而乌拉尔大槽和北方横槽偏慢的多。     

新疆一次超极地寒潮天气分析

利用常规天气资料、美国NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°网格点逐6h再分析资料,运用天气学原理,对2012年1月16～21日新疆冬季一次超极地路径寒潮天气过程进行分析和总结。结果表明：本次过程是一次极地冷空气向南爆发影响新疆的寒潮天气,属于乌拉尔山脊类里咸海长脊型;寒潮发生在极涡偏在东北半球,超长波为三波的大背景下。过程期间欧亚范围维持两槽一脊的经向环流,欧洲与西伯利亚地区均为深厚的低压系统,里咸海长脊与乌拉尔山脊同位相叠加形成经向度超过35个纬距的暖性闭合高压,即乌拉尔山阻塞高压。随着乌拉尔山阻高不断向东南方向衰退,脊前强的北风带推动西西伯利亚横槽转竖南压引导极地冷空气向南爆发造成新疆大范围的寒潮天气。寒潮天气入侵新疆前后海平面气压中心强度分别为1047.5hPa和1071hPa。强的冷平流是气温骤降的主要原因。中高层偏西急流与近地面风场辐合形成的垂直环流为降雪提供必要的动力条件。降雪过程中,南北疆中低层增湿明显。北疆降雪水汽来源于咸海和巴湖,寒潮爆发后降雪成因归结于强的冷平流在动力作用下的冷凝降雪。数值预报性能检验来看,500hPa高度场预报ECWMF较T639精准且稳定性高,气压场和850hPa温度场预报T639优于ECWMF。     

辽宁地区“8.16”特大暴雨过程数值预报产品检验

利用地面气象站和探空观测资料,对2013年8月16日辽宁地区特大暴雨过程数值模式预报的产品进行检验和对比分析,主要包括降水、500 h Pa位势高度场和副热带高压指数等。结果表明:一般性降水预报准确率T639模式整体优于EC模式,暴雨预报平均准确率EC模式略高于T639模式,T639模式和EC模式降水预报正负距平出现位置近似。多个数值模式对清原站主要降水时段(8月16日11—23时)的降水预报明显偏弱,WRF模式预报的全省3 h最大降水量远大于实况,T639模式和EC模式预报的降水量级均明显小于实况。EC模式和多模式集成72 h内降水落区与强降水中心位置的预报相对较稳定,过去15 d的滑动平均检验结果对降水预报具有一定的指示意义,72 h内EC模式的特征线预报一致性明显高于T639模式,对于辽宁省大部地区及上游高空槽附近EC模式降水预报的离散度小于T639模式。     

2014年6—8月T639、ECMWF及日本模式中期预报性能检验

对2014年6—8月T639、ECMWF及日本（文中简称JP）数值模式的中期预报产品进行了分析对比和检验。结果表明：3家模式对亚洲中高纬环流形势和850 hPa温度的调整与演变均具有较好的预报性能。对比而言,ECMWF 模式的预报较其他两家模式更接近实况。对副热带高压的变化情况,ECMWF和T639模式较好的体现出了各项指标的变化趋势,但对具体的变化情况均存在不同程度的误差。对于1409号超强台风威马逊（Rammasun）的路径及强度预报,T639模式预报与零场较为接近,ECMWF模式预报台风强度较实况偏弱。     

2009 年我国汛期降水形势总结与三个常用模式预报效果检验

利用实况24小时降水、形势场资料及T213、T639、Japan模式降水、形势场的预报资料,对2009年汛期(5-9月,下同)中国降水时空分布进行分析,并对T213、T639、Japan三个常用模式对2009年汛期的天气形势、降水及其影响系统的预报做主客观检验,以期得出2009年汛期降水分布特点及三个模式的降水预报效果对比.结果表明:(1) 2009年汛期华南地区降水量为全国之最,长江中下游和西南东部地区其次,东北和华北地区再次.(2)从TS评分看,Japan模式的小雨～大雨量级评分较高,T639模式暴雨～大暴雨量级评分较高;T213模式对华北地区暴雨、大暴雨量级降水预报评分高于Japan和T639模式.(3)从降水预报偏差看,T213模式对华北预报明显偏强,T639模式对华北预报强度较为适中,两模式对其他区域中等以下强度降水预报偏强,对强降水预报偏弱;T639对中等以下强度降水预报偏强程度明显小于T213,而对强降水除华南和东北区域外,预报偏弱程度明显大于T213;Japan模式预报偏差随降水量级增大而减小,对大雨以上各量级预报均明显偏弱,且偏弱程度明显大于T213、 T639.(4)由代表性形势场预报检验结果可知,除T213对500hPa高度场、850hPa温度场预报效果好于其他两模式外,各模式预报效果相差不大.(5)三个模式对500 hPa副高总体预报偏东、偏北、偏强,但Japan预报效果明显好于T213、T639.(6) T639模式对台风和低涡的预报相对较好,T213较差.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.