1961-2013年东北三省玉米低温冷害频率的时空动态研究

基于东北三省1961-2013年气象数据,结合具有生物学意义的热量指数,利用SPSS聚类分析方法给出了东北三省低温冷害分类标准,并对低温冷害频率时空特征和年代际空间变化规律进行了分析。研究指出：东北三省玉米（轻、中、重度）低温冷害发生范围随时间呈减小-增大-减小变化趋势,1999年后东北三省出现低温冷害的范围显著减小,变化幅度均为中度> 重度> 轻度低温冷害。近10 a东北三省的轻度低温冷害仍时有发生,而中度和重度低温冷害发生较少。东北三省低温冷害频率呈由北向南呈减小趋势,轻、中、重度低温冷害频率高值区分别位于营口、哈尔滨和大兴安岭地区。各年代的重度低温冷害发生范围变化不大,中度与轻度低温冷害发生范围变化较大。研究结果可为东北三省低温冷害风险评估提供依据。     

新疆塔城地区1961—2021年季节性干旱演变特征

利用塔城地区9个国家气象观测站1961—2021年逐月降水资料,基于标准化降水量指数(SPI)运用最小二乘法和Mann-Kendall检验等方法分析塔城地区干旱时空分布特征。结果表明：(1)年尺度上,塔城地区干旱发生频率为30.37%,轻旱发生最多,中旱次之；2/3站点SPI呈显著增大趋势,年站次比和干旱强度呈显著减小趋势,干旱程度有所减轻,在1987年之后塔城干旱程度整体偏轻。(2)季节尺度上,夏、秋、冬季在1980年代中期发生干旱减轻的突变,且秋季和冬季分别在2002年和1997年达到显著。(3)在影响范围方面,各季以局域性和全域性干旱为主,全域性干旱发生频率介于20～30%之间；在干旱强度方面,各季轻度干旱发生频率最高,中度以上干旱发生频率介于33～38%之间。(4)近60a塔城地区季节性干旱呈现影响范围缩小,强度减弱的变化趋势,尤其是冬季干旱站次比和干旱强度分别以-7.79%.(10a)-1^和-0.11.(10a)-1^的倾向率显著减小,干旱减轻趋势在四季中最为显著。     

黑龙江省玉米干旱与低温冷害复合逆境对产量的影响

利用1981—2016年黑龙江省玉米农业气象观测站的资料,引入中华人民共和国气象行业标准中水分亏缺指数(K CWDI)、≥10℃积温距平(H)指标,分别对玉米出苗—乳熟期干旱、低温冷害进行判识,规定同一站、同一年内干旱、冷害均有发生为两种灾害复合发生,并分析其时空分布特征,以数理统计方法构建K CWDI和H与玉米产量的关系模型,同时应用比较方法探讨两种灾害单一发生及复合发生的温水逆境对玉米产量的影响。研究结果表明:1981—2016年,研究区玉米出苗—乳熟期K CWDI、H的变化较好表达了研究区水资源空间配置特征及气候变暖趋势;分析期内,研究区玉米出苗—乳熟期累计发生单一干旱242站年,单一冷害76站年,干旱、冷害复合发生91站年;干旱、冷害复合发生随时间呈减少趋势,20世纪90年代中期以前密集发生,之后发生频率下降,空间上呈西多东少趋势,松嫩平原西部为频发区;玉米出苗—乳熟期H和K CWDI与玉米单产存在显著或极显著的相关关系(P<0.05或P<0.01),在一定温度、水分范围内,H减少、K CWDI增大,玉米单产呈下降趋势;总体上,存在干旱、低温冷害单一发生或复合发生程度愈重则单产愈低的趋势。比较干旱、低温冷害复合发生和单一发生对玉米单产的影响可见,复合发生中干旱(低温冷害)的时间、日数、程度等与单一发生的干旱(低温冷害)相当时,则干旱(低温冷害)与低温冷害(干旱)复合发生对玉米单产的影响呈加重趋势。     

1971-2014年黑龙江省水稻低温冷害的研究

为合理运用气候资源来指导黑龙江省水稻莳植,采用数理统计方法、Mann-Kendall(简称M-K)突变检验法以及水稻低温冷害概率计算法等方法 ,经过统计分析1971-2014年黑龙江省逐年平均气温的变化规律和相对应的M-K突变检验,同时结合水稻产生低温冷害的时空特点之研究,得出以下结论:1971-2014年间,黑龙江省低温冷害出现的概率由南向北增加。北部地区为延迟型冷害出现次数最多的区域;松嫩南部地区最不容易发生延迟型冷害;牡丹江山区比三江平原地区更易发生延迟型冷害。同时,黑龙江省水稻种植区障碍型冷害每10 a发生频率随着时间的推移逐渐降低,20世纪80年代是障碍型冷害出现最多的时段,20世纪90年代是障碍型冷害出现由多到少的转折期,本世纪初是障碍型冷害出现频率最低的时段。在地理分布上,障碍型冷害发生频率的趋势表现为由东西部向中部、由南向北增高,其中西部障碍型冷害出现概率最低,北部最高。     

2023年4~5月寒潮天气过程对新疆棉花播种出苗及苗期生长的影响

棉花苗期冷害对棉花生长发育及产量有重要的影响，天气过程对低温冷害有直接影响，但相关研究却缺乏。基于新疆105个国家站2023年4-5月气象观测数据和同期棉花生长发育的物候资料，选取日平均气温≤12℃的持续天数作为棉花苗期低温冷害等级指标，采用GIS空间加权综合评判法对棉花苗期生长低温冷害修正后的指标进行划分，结果表明：4月，全疆大部棉区棉花播种期晚于常年和去年，播种后棉花出苗缓慢和困难，北疆部分棉区、巴州北部棉区、阿克苏地区已播种的棉花出现烂种烂芽、棉苗立枯病等现象；5月，棉花发育期大部晚于常年和去年，上旬全疆棉区气温持续偏低，多降水碱灾、低温霜冻及局地冰雹等灾害天气，致使棉田土壤板结，棉花出苗困难，下旬多地出现强对流天气，冰雹、强降水导致棉花受灾；4月较重度、重度苗期低温冷害的棉区有：北疆沿天山一带大部棉区、鄯善、哈密市、巴州北部部分、克州部分；5月较重度、重度苗期低温冷害的棉区有：昌吉州、哈密市北部、巴州北部、克州部分；综合4~5月新疆棉区日最低气温≤0℃的持续日数、大风日数、日平均相对湿度情况分析，北疆沿天山一带的大部棉区、吐鲁番市、巴州棉区、阿克苏地区东部棉花受冻较严重，需及时补苗，关注棉花后期生长状况。     

江苏水稻障碍型冷害时空变化特征及敏感性分析

利用江苏35站1961—2014年的气象观测数据和水稻产量数据,基于ArcGis软件统计分析了水稻关键生育期内低温冷害的时空变化特征和敏感性。结果表明：（1）低温冷害总次数呈现“北多南少”的总体特征,20世纪70年代发生的冷害次数最多,21世纪00年代为第二高值期;（2）全省低温冷害持续天数主要是3～6 d,其中持续3 d的比重最大,平均占50%左右,淮北存在6 d以上的低温冷害过程,但比重基本不足10%,淮北遭遇低温冷害的时间要早于淮南,淮南基本上都是在9月上旬才会发生;（3）低温冷害总体发生几率存在“北大南小”的特征,年代际波动明显,20世纪70年代的发生几率最大,21世纪00年代次之,20世纪80—90年代最小;（4）江苏西北部低温冷害强度最强,21世纪00年代低温冷害强度最强,20世纪70年代次之,20世纪80—90年代最弱;（5）江苏中部是水稻对低温冷害的高敏感地区。     

气候变暖背景下终霜和低温冷害对阿克苏棉花播种出苗影响

播种至出苗是棉花对温度最敏感的时期之一,春季终霜冻害和低温冷害是造成阿克苏棉区大面积严重缺苗断垄、毁种重播的主要原因之一。本研究基于阿克苏主植棉区1991—2023年逐日气温数据、历史灾情资料和棉花发育期资料,应用线性趋势分析和M-K检验等方法,分析研究区终霜和低温冷害变化特征,以及对棉花播种出苗的影响。结果表明：终霜冻害风险阿克苏棉区最小,靠沙漠南部阿拉尔和东部库车棉区大;4月终霜冻害发生几率,中部阿克苏棉区最低,南部靠沙漠棉区最高,东部棉区终霜危害几率高于南部阿瓦提棉区;终霜期在21世纪发生突变,且提前明显,但终霜偏晚的年份时有发生,对棉花安全出苗构成威胁;低温冷害呈缓慢减少趋势,但21世纪20年代频次增多;棉花苗期极端气候灾害事件造成终霜偏晚且常伴随着寒潮降温和持续低温,复合灾害导致棉花影响大、范围广、成灾重。     

东疆地区汛期降水集中度和集中期的时空变化特征

利用东疆地区6个国家气象站1961—2016年汛期(5—9月)逐日降水序列资料,分析了东疆地区降水集中度(PCD)和集中期(PCP)的时空分布特征和变化规律。结果表明:近56 a来,东疆地区汛期PCD平均为0.35,呈逐年微弱减小趋势(-0.02·(10 a)~(-1)),表明汛期降水趋于均匀化;汛期PCP平均为35.0候,呈逐年推迟趋势(0.45候·(10 a)~(-1)),表明汛期降水有所推后。汛期PCD和PCP空间分布不均匀,南部平原大、北部山区小,最小值均出现在天山北麓巴里坤。汛期PCD和PCP在整个时段内都存在13 a左右的长周期变化,且前者在1996年发生突变,以下降趋势为主,表明降水集中度逐渐减弱,趋于均匀化。通过汛期降水量与汛期PCD、PCP的相关合成分析,发现少水年PCD较多水年偏大,而多水年PCP较少水年偏晚。     

1961-2017年京津冀地区寒潮活动特征

基于1961—2017年京津冀地区126个气象观测站逐日最低气温和降水资料,分析该区域寒潮发生频次时空变化特征,在此基础上通过定义的干湿判别指标分析区域性寒潮的干湿特征。结果表明:(1)京津冀地区单站寒潮年平均发生频次空间分布呈西北多东南少,86%的站点寒潮年发生频次呈减少趋势。(2)1961—2017年寒潮累计发生站次呈显著减少趋势(P<0.001),气候倾向率为-5.7站次·a^(-1),且在1983年发生突变。1961—1971年寒潮累计发生站次出现峰值,从1972年开始锐减,2007—2017年寒潮平均发生站次为历史最少。(3)1961—2017年区域性寒潮发生频次年际变化总体呈递减趋势,气候倾向率为-0.282次·(10 a)^(-1),1960年代冬季区域性寒潮发生频次最多,1970年代秋季和春季最多,2000年代冬季和春季为次高峰期,2011—2017年3个季节最少。区域性寒潮发生频次季节分布中以秋季出现最多、其次是冬季、春季最少;10月、11月寒潮最为活跃。(4)京津冀地区区域性寒潮过程干过程发生频次最多,2011—2017年区域性寒潮过程干湿特征趋向于干过程和湿过程两极化分布。     

青藏高原东北部强冷空气次数变化特征及其影响

基于青藏高原东北部68个国家气象站资料,统计了1961—2015年各站和全区月、季、年强冷空气的次数资料,利用气候诊断方法分析了强冷空气的变化特征及其影响,结果表明:在空间尺度上,1961—2015年强冷空气次数全年20站、春季11站、夏季17站、秋季12站、冬季8站,呈显著的减少趋势。在时间尺度上,1961—2015年以来,青藏高原东北部年平均强冷空气次数每10年减少0.401次,呈显著的减少趋势;该区域夏季和秋季平均强冷空气次数每10年分别减少0.094、0.119次,也呈显著的减少趋势,春季和冬季每10年分别减少0.087、0.076次,减少的趋势不显著。在时段尺度上,青藏高原东北部年平均强冷空气次数1983—2014年呈显著减少趋势,而1962—1982年仅存在减少的趋势。1961—2015年青藏高原东北部年平均强冷空气次数减少是由年平均最低气温显著升高和年大风日数显著减少而导致的。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences