几种粉末型吸湿性催化剂的试验研究

在云雾中播撒吸湿性催化剂是进行暖云催化降水或消暖雾的重要手段之一,而寻找高效、适宜的吸湿性催化剂仍然是当前人工影响天气领域的重要研究目标。本研究对6种具有吸湿性的粉末型稀土盐催化剂在云室中的消暖雾性能进行了对比试验。试验采用一个43m3的暖云室,在云室中分别进行无催化的空白试验和6种催化剂的消暖雾催化试验,并使用FM-100雾滴谱仪、透光度仪以及温湿度仪等仪器对云室中雾的整个发展过程进行全程观测。通过对比空白试验与催化试验的观测数据,分析了5种吸湿性催化剂在播撒后对暖雾的影响,对它们的消雾效果和催化剂作用机理进行了分析。研究结果表明:6种催化剂中有5种起到了消雾作用,其中氯化铈、硝酸镧、碳酸镧的消雾效果较好,氯化镧、碳酸铈次之,硝酸铈则没有达到消雾目的;催化剂的引入使雾的含水量、雾滴有效直径、雾滴谱等微物理特征发生明显变化,并最终对雾的发展进程造成很大影响,使雾的消散速度加快或延缓。     

气象卫星大雾遥感自动识别技术研究

鉴于大雾对城市和沿海地区国民经济和人们生命财产带来的巨大灾害,迫切需要研制快速、有效、准确的雾遥感监测和识别方法。在对雾的辐射特性与卫星光谱特征试验分析基础上,找出不同时相可见光遥感图像下垫面反射率与云雾反射率之间的相对关系,并通过对图像反射率的相对变化率进行计算分析,自动生成准雾区动态判别阈值,并在准雾区范围初步确定基础上,采用基于图像游程编码的快速连通区域标记技术,结合纹理分形分析、形态分形分析、平滑度分析、模板特征分析等实用方法,对气象卫星遥感图像进行雾自动识别和云雾分离研究,取得了良好的应用效果。     

北京市一次大雾过程边界层结构的模拟研究

利用一个包括土壤 植被 大气相互作用的一维边界层模式 ,对 1999年 11月发生在北京的一次大雾过程的边界层特征进行了数值模拟。通过与相应时段边界层观测资料的对比表明 ,模式能较好地模拟出雾的大气边界层结构特征 ,以及雾的发生、消散时间和持续过程。由于模式中包括了辐射和平流物理过程 ,因此 ,模拟结果进一步证实相应的雾属于平流辐射雾。另外 ,对模式模拟结果的不足之处和可能原因也进行了分析。     

中国海雾研究简要回顾

海雾是指对海上船舶航行、捕捞、港口作业以及沿海地区的公路运输和电力输送等社会生活的方方面面产生重要影响的天气现象。有研究指出,由于雾所造成的社会经济和人力资源的损失甚至与台风和龙卷风造成的损失相当。因此对近30a来我国海雾研究领域的重要进展进行了回顾,并对海雾的微物理学特征、海雾与层云的关系、北太平洋与大西洋上海雾发生频率的气候学特征、海雾的数值模拟、海雾的数据同化和集合预报等重要问题进行了讨论。     

雾主题文献计量分析

正在"雾"研究领域,我国在论文产出上处于世界前列,而影响力还有很大提升空间。中国研究团队的形成与国内高校在"雾"研究方面的研究团队建设密不可分。一、数据来源和统计方法利用中国知网学术期刊网络出版总库(以下简称CAJD)和Web of Science平台SCI-E数据库,检索了国内外有关"雾"的研究论文,分析了全球和我国的雾预报和研究的现状,试图揭示近年来雾预报和研究的进展和未来研究方向。CAJD数据     

低能见度雾的分级预报方法研究

利用2007年11月—2009年12月京石（北京-石家庄）高速公路沿线气象站的人工观测资料、自动站资料和交通气象自动站资料,对低能见度雾天气进行分级统计,找出各级雾的生消特征。应用天气学原理和数理统计方法对低能见度雾的生消机理进行研究,利用相关分析找出了与低能见度雾的生消有密切关系的气象因子,建立能见度与气象因子之间的回归方程;在此基础上,结合对低能见度雾的成因分析和预报经验,加入降水因子和大气稳定度因子,建立低能见度雾的分级预报方程,找出各级雾的生消判别指标,为低能见度雾的分级客观化预报奠定基础。各预报因子采用MM5精细化数值预报产品,并通过自动站实时监测资料和预报员的综合预报结果对数值预报产品进行合理订正,得到预报时刻各气象因子的值,从而实现低能见度雾的分级客观化预报。      

南岭山地高速公路雾区能见度预报系统

在研究南岭山地浓雾的气候规律，开展了2次多学科综合野外观测，对典型个例进行了天气学分析、雾的宏观结构特征分析、雾的微物理特征分析，在利用数值试验分析了雾生成的物理机制等研究的基础上，研制开发了4种南岭山地京珠高速公路云岩雾区的能见度预报方法，包括：中尺度数值模式产品释用方法、结构预测方法、天气学指标预报方法和动态统计预报方法；并研制了相应的自动化程度高的预测预报系统，与京珠高速公路粤境北段通车同步投入准业务运行，使用雾区路段的5套自动气象站和能见度仪资料，制作的集成预报结果为高速公路行车安全提供服务，经过各种方法的独立预报检验和准业务运行服务的预报结果检验，预报准确率比较高，提供服务的集成预报准确率可达83．3％。     

气溶胶粒子对城市雾影响的模拟研究

在三维雾模式内增加气溶胶粒子的长波辐射效应,旨在运用模拟的方法研究夜间城市气溶胶粒子对雾的形成和发展的影响.运用重庆市的地形及有关资料,模拟了重庆市冬季雾的形成和发展过程,并与不考虑气溶胶粒子情况下雾的形成和发展过程进行了对比分析.结果表明:气溶胶粒子的存在,由于其温度效应,使地面雾形成时间推迟,低层雾含水量普遍减小;适量的气溶胶粒子有助于重庆雾向高处发展;当气溶胶粒子成倍增加后,对雾的形成和发展均有阻碍作用.     

江苏省雾的集中程度及其气候趋势研究

引入雾的集中期和集中度的方法,对江苏省59个地面观测站1961—2007雾的发生频次资料进行了分析研究,得出了近47 a来江苏雾的时空分布特征及其相关统计结果。研究表明,集中度和集中期能够明显地分辨江苏省雾的时空分布非均匀特性。江苏省雾集中度呈现南北高、中间低的特点;集中期在47 a中出现较大波动。采用EOF方法分别对雾日数、集中度和集中期的距平值进行分析,其第一特征向量表现为同相位;其中雾日数的第一时间系数在1980s前后出现峰值,集中度和集中期距平值的第一时间系数表现为先减小后增大的总体趋势。通过气候趋势系数的计算表明苏北地区除4站点外均呈上升趋势。     

基于3种能见度方案山东地区雾天气预报试验研究

基于中尺度天气研究与预报(Weather Research and Forecast,WRF)快速更新循环(Rapid Update Cycle,RUC)模式系统,选取SW(Stoelinga and Warner)方案、RUC方案与FSL(Forecast Systems Laboratory)方案3种能见度方案,对2015年10月至2016年3月山东地区的25次雾天气个例进行预报试验,包括能见度的定量化预报和雾天气的有、无诊断预报,利用常规气象观测资料对预报结果进行检验评估,并分析不同能见度方案对雾天气预报效果不佳的原因,对RUC方案进行订正。结果表明:SW方案模拟的能见度平均绝对误差为9—12 km,RUC方案和FSL方案模拟的能见度平均绝对误差均为2—4 km。对于山东地区大部分雾天气预报试验,SW方案和FSL方案雾天气预报的确报率高于误报率,均对雾天气具有一定的预报能力;RUC方案雾天气预报的确报率和误报率均为0,对雾天气没有预报能力。综合山东地区能见度与雾天气的预报效果可知,FSL方案更适合作为WRF-RUC模式业务中雾天气的预报产品。模拟能见度对相对湿度的预报误差过于敏感、未考虑空气中的污染物对能见度的影响及计算公式未进行本地化订正是能见度方案对雾天气预报效果不佳的主要原因,订正后的RUC方案模拟的能见度平均绝对误差较原始方案减小,且提高了雾天气的预报效果。     

Dangerous fogs on the territory of Georgia

The statistical structure of dangerous fogs with the visibility of less than 50 m is studied using the observation data of 50 meteorological stations in Georgia for the period of 1961–2006. The contribution of dangerous fogs to the total number of foggy days is estimated. The number of days with dangerous fogs and their duration in different regions of the country are determined and the empirical functions of their distribution, sizes of areas of their expansion, temperature regime, and peculiarities of annual variations are studied.     

大连地区辐射雾与平流雾边界层温度场及风场对比

选取2008年3月和6月出现在大连及其沿海地区的辐射雾和平流雾过程,采用GTS1型数字式探空仪探测资料、能见度仪自动观测资料和常规观测资料,对其边界层温度场及风场结构特征进行了对比分析。结果表明,两种性质不同的大雾(辐射雾和平流雾)具有共同特征:都产生于纬向环流背景,中层东南暖湿气流为大雾的形成提供了充沛的水汽和热力条件。但两者存在明显的差异:底层东北风平流降温是辐射雾生成的重要条件,却造成了平流雾的消亡,底层东南风是平流雾生成的条件,却对应于辐射雾的消亡;辐射雾逆温厚而强,平流雾则为弱的逆温或无逆温;辐射雾生消演变对应于大气层结由稳定发展为不稳定,平流雾则对应于由不稳定趋于稳定。     

台湾海峡西岸海雾研究现状与未来发展方向

台湾海峡是一个海雾多发的交通要道,海雾灾害往往会导致人员和财产损失。对当前有关的海雾研究现状进行总结,以海峡西岸为代表,比较台湾海峡海雾和其他海域的大雾研究进展状况,主要包括海雾发生时的天气气候学特征、监测手段、微物理特征研究和海雾数值预报研究等。结果表明,台湾海峡西岸在天气气候学方面已经取得了一定的成果;监测手段随着科学技术的发展,也不断的完善,但在如何对卫星遥感监测结果进行反演方面还需进一步研究;海雾的微物理特征研究有助于海雾模式的改进和卫星遥感海雾反演技术的提高,但台湾海峡西岸尚未开始研究,是下一步的研究重点;台湾海峡海雾数值模拟工作较少,伴随观测技术的不断进步、动力统计方法的不断完善,可通过数值预报产品与传统的天气学方法相结合,提高台湾海峡海雾预报水平。     

Macro-and Micro-Structures of Heavy Fogs and Visibility in the Dayaoshan Expressway

Belonging to the southern subtropical moist type of monsoon climate,the Nanling mountainous area experiences heavy fogs whenever quasi-stationary fronts appear there from September to May.There can be as many as 15-18 days of heavy fogs per month.Fogs have more serious consequences in the Lechang-Ruyuan section of the Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway(the longest expressway in China)that passes through the main part of the Nanling Mts.,where the road rises from 200m to more than 800m above sea level(ASL).For a major motorway in the mountainous areas of Nanling Mts.,two multidisciplinary integrated field observations were carried out,which measured visibility by the naked eyes,visibility by instrument,spectrum of fog- drops,liquid water content(LWC)of fog,tethered sounding,dual-parameter low-level sounding,turbulence diffusion within fog layers,aerosol spectra of size and composition,sampled fog water compositions,and sampled rainwater compositions.Typical cases were probed for their analyses of synoptics,micro- and macro-structures and microphysics.It is understood that heavy fogs take place with high frequency in the area and bring about serious consequences.Being typical advection and upslope fogs,they are in essence low-lying clouds appearing at high altitudes,which are closely related with the activity of South China frontal processes,especially the South China quasi-stationary fronts,and reflect on the role of local terrain as well.The heavy fogs are characteristic of long duration,extremely low visibility,well-organized lump- shaped structure,large-size fog-drops,moderate concentration,high LWC,and stronger turbulent diffusion within the fog layers than in fine sky.They differ much from radiation fogs,which are better documented in previous study in China.It is found that fog LWC is in significant anti-correlation with visibility so that large LWC is associated with small visual range.It is also noted that one of the reasons for the fluctuation of characteristic quantities of micro-structure such as the LWC of fog in the area is,in addition to the inhomogeneous structure of the fog itself,the effect of advection and inhomogeneous underlying surface; during the translation of fog with the ambient wind,irregular upslope and cross-over movement is another reason for the inhomogeneous structure and fluctuation of fog.The spectrum of the aerosol size displays itself as the power function of monotonous descent.The concentration of submicrometer particles is even higher.The high-concentration sulfate particles found in the aerosols of Nanling Mts.are actually good nuclei for condensation,which are favorable for the formation of fog.The presence of fog can help cleanse the trace compositions in the atmosphere so that fog droplets contain high levels of polluting elements.In the meantime,compared to cloud droplets,fog droplets are easier to be captured by the vertical surfaces of objects on the land surface,such as vegetation and buildings to constitute another kird of cleansing process. In vast stretches of forest like the Nanling Mts.,this kind of cleansing may be quite important.Studying the characteristic variation of fogs in the area realistically assists in setting up a forecast and warning system for local fogs and provides basic information for fog dispersal experiments.     

Macro- and Micro-Structures of Heavy Fogs and Visibility in the Dayaoshan Expressway

Belonging to the southern subtropical moist type of monsoon climate, the Nanling mountainous area experiences heavy fogs whenever quasi-stationary fronts appear there from September to May. There can be as many as 15-18 days of heavy fogs per month. Fogs have more serious consequences in the Lechang-Ruyuan section of the Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway (the longest expressway in China) that passes through the main part of the Nanling Mts., where the road rises from 200 m to more than 800 m above sea level (ASL).For a major motorway in the mountainous areas of Nanling Mts., two multidisciplinary integrated field observations were carried out, which measured visibility by the naked eyes, visibility by instrument, spectrum of fogdrops, liquid water content (LWC) of fog, tethered sounding, dual-parameter low-level sounding, turbulence diffusion within fog layers, aerosol spectra of size and composition, sampled fog water compositions, and sampled rainwater compositions. Typical cases were probed for their analyses of synoptics, micro- and macro-structures and microphysics. It is understood that heavy fogs take place with high frequency in the area and bring about serious consequences. Being typical advection and upslope fogs, they are in essence low-lying clouds appearing at high altitudes,which are closely related with the activity of South China frontal processes, especially the South China quasi-stationary fronts, and reflect on the role of local terrain as well. The heavy fogs are characteristic of long duration, extremely low visibility, well-organized lump-shaped structure, large-size fog-drops, moderate concentration, high LWC, and stronger turbulent diffusion within the fog layers than in ne sky. They di er much from radiation fogs, which are better documented in previous study in China. It is found that fog LWC is in significant anti-correlation with visibility so that large LWC is associated with small visual range. It is also noted that one of the reasons for the fluctuation of characteristic quantities of micro-structure such as the LWC of fog in the area is, in addition to the inhomogeneous structure of the fog itself, the effect of advection and inhomogeneous underlying surface;during the translation of fog with the ambient wind, irregular upslope and cross-over movement is another reason for the inhomogeneous structure and fluctuation of fog. The spectrum of the aerosol size displays itself as the power function of monotonous descent. The concentration of submicrometer particles is even higher. The high-concentration sulfate particles found in the aerosols of Nanling Mts. are actually good nuclei for condensation, which are favorable for the formation of fog. The presence of fog can help cleanse the trace compositions in the atmosphere so that fog droplets contain high levels of polluting elements. In the meantime, compared to cloud droplets, fog droplets are easier to be captured by the vertical surfaces of objects on the land surface, such as vegetation and buildings to constitute another kind of cleansing process.In vast stretches of forest like the Nanling Mts., this kind of cleansing may be quite important. Studying the characteristic variation of fogs in the area realistically assists in setting up a forecast and warning system for local fogs and provides basic information for fog dispersal experiments.     

Processing of atmospheric organic matter by California radiation fogs

Considerable effort has been put into characterizing the ionic composition of fogs and clouds over the past twenty-five years. Recently it has become evident that clouds and fogs often contain large concentrations of organic material as well. Here we report findings from a series of studies examining the organic composition of radiation fogs in central California. Organic compounds in these fogs comprise a major fraction of total solute mass, with total organic carbon sometimes reaching levels of several tens of mg/L. This organic matter is comprised of a wide variety of compounds, ranging from low molecular weight organic acids to high molecular weight compounds with molecular masses approaching several hundred to a thousand g/mole. The most abundant individual compounds are typically formic acid, acetic acid, and formaldehyde. High concentrations are also observed of some dicarboxylic acids (e.g., oxalate) and dicarbonyls (e.g., glyoxal and methylglyoxal) and of levoglucosan, an anhydrosugar characteristically emitted by biomass combustion. Many other compounds have been identified in fog water by GC/MS, including long chain n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanes, PAH, and others, although these compounds typically comprise a total of only a few percent of fog TOC. Measurements of fog scavenging of organic and elemental carbon reveal preferential scavenging of organic carbon. Tracking of individual organic compounds utilized as source type markers suggests the fogs differentially scavenge carbonaceous particles from different source types, with more active processing of wood smoke than vehicle exhaust. Observations of high deposition velocities of fog-borne organic carbon, in excess of 1 cm/s, indicate that fogs in the region represent an important mechanism for cleansing the atmosphere of pollution.     

沪宁高速公路大雾及气象要素特征分析

利用2006年6月-2009年5月沪宁高速公路AWM自动气象站资料,研究了不同类型大雾持续时间、能见度变化及其出现过程中风、湿度变化特征。结果表明,有超过50%的大雾会发展成浓雾;大雾持续时间以平流雾最长,辐射雾最短;67.6%的大雾在长时间低能见度之前会出现类似"象鼻"形的突变前兆,这可能与地理环境有关;大雾过程中风向以东风和西风为主,锋面雾有部分为偏南风;平流雾发生时风速较辐射雾和锋面雾大,锋面雾发生时风速较多为静风,结束时风速快速增大;平流雾发生时相对湿度多有突变,而辐射雾、锋面雾的相对湿度以渐变为主。     

呼和浩特市雾的分布特征及对人体的危害

利用呼和浩特本站1960—2009年共50年每天的地面常规气象观测资料,对出现雾、轻雾时的水平能见度、相对湿度、风速和风向等资料进行统计分析。得到:(1)呼和浩特市绝大部分雾出现在后半夜到上午,属辐射雾;(2)呼和浩特市50年来出现了192次轻雾,年均3.8次,出现了40次雾,年均0.8次,能见度在500m以下的雾出现了20次,年均0.4次;2000年以后,轻雾、雾总次数呈上升趋势;(3)出现轻雾最多的月份是3月,次多是10月,2月最少;总的来看,冬季和夏季出现次数较少,秋季和春季较多;(4)出现雾和轻雾时绝大部分当天或前一天有降水,相对湿度大于80%,风速小于2.0 m.s-1,大部分为静风或偏南风;(5)出现雾时影响了农作物生长,对交通运输业造成很大影响,对身体健康非常有害。     

浙江中部一次大雾过程分析与预报

利用NCEP再分析格点资料、常规观测资料、数值预报产品以及卫星云图对2009年4月6日早晨浙江中部一次大范围大雾天气过程进行诊断分析。结果表明：高空槽后暖脊的大气环流背景有利于地面长波辐射冷却和中层增温,易形成逆温,为大雾生成提供了有利条件,而边界层逆温层或等温层的形成与维持对雾的发展持续具有重要作用;凝结核、低层湍流混合是山区能见度较城镇大的主要原因;交叉温度可用来预示整个潜在雾层的湿度状态,温度与交叉温度差值可作为了解大雾生成、发展、消散过程的一项指标;模式产品能提供雾形成的环境条件;红外云图、可见光云图有助于预测雾的形成、发展、消散过程。     

云雾室人造云雾控制及其技术发展

自然云雾是影响精确光学制导武器命中精度的重要大气环境因素,但由于自然云雾的不可再现性,科研人员很难对制导武器受其影响的程度进行研究。为了更好地评估精确光学制导武器装备的作战使用效能受云雾的影响,开展云雾室模拟自然云雾是非常必要的。在简要介绍国内外人造云雾研究现状、云雾实验室主要功能的基础上,对云雾室人造云雾过程中的喷雾、催化剂释放、温度、湿度、气流、照明等方面的控制进行了详细的介绍,并对人造云雾今后的发展趋势进行了探讨。