基于葵花8卫星的上海市夏季对流初生预报研究

参考Mecikalski et al(2010a;2010b)提出的基于GOES系列卫星的对流初生预报方法,针对上海市夏季对流天气特征建立了基于高时空分辨率的静止气象卫星数据的上海市对流初生判识及预报方法。利用该方法对上海市的一次对流初生个例进行了分析,并对2016年7-8月的12次对流初生事件进行了预报试验,结果表明:方法提取的各个指标能够很好地体现对流初生过程中云团的发展变化特征并能剔除掉成熟对流云团边缘像元的干扰;在12次对流初生事件中,成功地预报了其中的11次,预报时间较对流初生时间平均提前了约30 min,但是对于局地弱对流过程该方法仍有一定的缺陷。     

基于卫星云图的对流初生预测技术综述

简要回顾了国内外利用静止气象卫星云图资料进行对流初生预测研究工作的进展,详细介绍了近年来国外提出的对流分析追踪(SATCAST)和对流初生临近预报(UWCI)两种方法的原理和流程,重点对这两种方法在实际应用中的技术性能进行了对比分析。     

基于FY-2D的新疆强对流云的识别

利用2007-2013年新疆的十场强对流天气过程以及与之相应的FY-2D静止气象卫星数据,分析了强对流云红外一通道、红外二通道、水汽通道及通道差的光谱特征,提取强对流云团样本点,采用统计方法确定判识指标的阈值范围,构建多通道多阈值判识方法。利用三场天气过程的地面实测降水资料分别验证了单时次和整场天气过程强对流云判识的准确性,结果表明：单时次强对流云的识别区域与发生降雨台站一致的准确率为83%;在整个天气过程中,强对流频次分布与降水实况吻合度较高,说明随着对流云团的移动和发展,判识区域与地面降水区域保持一致,验证了判识方法有效,阈值选取合理,可以为监测暴雨天气系统的发生、发展提供支持。     

白天和夜间通用的卫星遥感沙尘判识算法构建与验证分析

Himawari-8是日本发射的新一代静止气象卫星,与前一代的MTSAT-2相比,在时间、空间分辨率上都有了很大提升,特别是红外通道数量从4个增至10个,为红外遥感沙尘提供了新的观测数据。本研究利用Himawari-8的红外观测数据,发展了仅用红外通道的沙尘全天候判识算法,可以实现对白天和夜间的连续监测。算法在前人基础上去除了可见光通道,同时引入更多红外通道来进行云检测和沙尘判识。由于一日之中,地表温度发生变化,因此针对白天和夜间设置了两套不同的判别阈值,来保证算法的全天适用性。最后通过两次沙尘事件对沙尘判别结果的分析和检验表明,遥感判识结果与地面气象站和PM_(10)观测较为一致,说明了只用红外通道全天候判识沙尘的可行性。     

FY-2C高时间分辨率扫描数据在强对流云团监测中的应用研究

利用我国首次获取的静止气象卫星平均10 分钟观测间隔的高时间分辨率数据对2011 年6 月28 日～29日发生的一次强对流云团特征进行分析。Hovm?ller 分析图清晰地展示出在高时间分辨率观测条件下云团中心冷核的演变特征。高时间分辨率卫星资料与地面降水量进行联合分析,可推知对流云团中冷核的演变与地面小时降水量大值的落区间有很好的一致性;10 分钟雨量资料联合前推1 小时内7 次平均10 分钟观测间隔的卫星红外1通道亮温,分析可知地面雨量较大时,云顶像元亮温具有持续降低或维持低温状态的特点。反映出在对流性强降水中,冷且具有一定稳定性的云顶是产生大降水的主要特征。研究结果显示,静止气象卫星的高时间分辨率观测可很好地捕捉到强对流云团发展的演变特征,利用FY-2C 静止气象卫星红外1 通道亮温、红外1 通道与水汽通道亮温差在高时间分辨率观测中的时差特征变量,可实现对强对流云团初生的有效监测,为强对流云团的预测预报提供支撑。     

基于FY-2D的新疆区域强对流云识别

利用2007—2013年新疆的10场强对流天气过程以及与之相应的FY-2D静止气象卫星数据,分析了强对流云红外一通道、红外二通道、水汽通道及通道差的光谱特征,提取强对流云团样本点,采用统计方法确定判识指标的阈值范围,构建多通道多阈值判识方法。利用三场天气过程的地面实测降水资料分别验证了单时次和整场天气过程强对流云判识的准确性,结果表明:单时次强对流云的识别区域与发生降雨台站一致的准确率为83%;在整个天气过程中,强对流频次分布与降水实况吻合度较高,说明随着对流云团的移动和发展,判识区域与地面降水区域保持一致,验证了判识方法有效,阈值选取合理。     

基于风云四号静止气象卫星的局地对流智能化预警模型及应用

强对流等灾害性天气给人民生活和社会经济发展造成了严重影响，准确理解强对流发生的机理及提高其预报效果仍然是具有挑战性的工作。综合利用我国自主研发的新一代地球静止轨道气象卫星风云四号高时空分辨率观测数据和中国气象局全球数值预报（China Meteorological Administration Global Forecast System， CMA GFS）格点化产品，研究局地对流发生前大气环境场的特征和关键影响因子的变化。分析表明：卫星观测得到的云顶冻结信息以及表征大气的不稳定性、水汽含量等数值模式变量是预测局地对流发生的重要因子。利用面积重叠法和光流法对云团进行连续追踪，采用机器学习技术建立了中国区域局地对流发生和强度分级（弱、中、强）预警模型20版本(Storm Warning In Pre convective Environment Version 2.0, SWIPE V2.0)，实现了局地对流的智能化预警。独立检验结果表明：模型对6个不同分区的雨季8 mm/h以下强度降水相关的对流判识准确率在0.5～0.85，对8 mm/h以上强度降水相关的对流判识准确率在0.69～0.91之间，具有较好的提前预警效果和实际应用价值。目前，SWIPE V2.0已投入实时应用。     

基于支持向量机的遥感大雾判识

提出了一种基于支持向量机的卫星遥感数据大雾判识方法:首先通过对风云1D卫星大雾区域的各通道辐射值出现频次进行概率统计,利用其阈值来粗判识大雾;然后在粗判识的基础上通过支持向量机的方法进行大雾细判识;最后利用腐蚀和膨胀的图像处理技术对判识后的图像进行优化处理。在对我国2006年9-12月的65条监测到大雾的风云1D轨道的探测数据进行分析之后,发现大雾判识结果与专家标记吻合。检验结果表明,利用1、2、4、6、7、10通道组合进行粗判识的结果最好,5交叉正确率为89.9849%,TS评分为74.04%。利用上述方法对个例的分析检验表明,基于支持向量机的遥感大雾判识方法是切实可行的。     

静止与极轨气象卫星监测沙尘的融合算法研究

为了综合应用静止气象卫星与极轨气象卫星沙尘监测的结果,更好地进行沙尘信息的判识,采用改进的证据理论方法,进行静止卫星FY-2D/2E红外差值沙尘指数(infrared difference dust index,IDDI)产品与极轨气象卫星FY-3A沙尘强度指数(dust strength index,DSI)沙尘监测产品的融合处理,划分沙尘发生过程中的有沙尘暴发生区、无沙尘暴发生区及可能沙尘暴发生区。融合结果与气象站点观测结果的对比分析表明,本算法可以将静止气象卫星与极轨气象卫星遥感沙尘监测结果进行较好地融合,更好地划分沙尘暴发生的区域,对于沙尘暴过程的监测、评估和分析有重要的参考价值和指导意义。     

中国地区冬季积雪遥感监测方法改进

该文概述了卫星遥感积雪监测原理,介绍了积雪判识方法,对国家卫星气象中心已有的业务化极轨气象卫星冬季旬积雪监测算法和流程进行了改进.经过比对,设计了新的可见光太阳天顶角订正模式,针对NOAA-16/AVHRR3和FY-1D/MVISR重新确定了积雪判识变量及相应的动态积雪检测阈值,提出了概率积雪判识方法,结合多光谱阈值法建立了概率结合阈值(Probability Combined with Threshold,PCT)的积雪判识方法,并以该算法为基础建立了新的业务化积雪动态遥感监测系统.同时,用新算法对部分历史产品重新做了处理,并简要分析了1996至2003年中国地区冬季积雪分布特征.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.