点位错引起的单层密度变化

采用求解地壳单层密度变化的一般公式，导出其平面近似公式并给出了相应的数值计算方法。在此基础上，将点位错引直民的地表形变和重力变化同时解析延拓至Ｂｊｅｒｈａｍｍａｒ球面上，得到了点位错引直民的地壳单层密度变化的图像。     

区域面波群速度反演的球谐函数法

一个定义在球面局部区域的复杂的面波速度函数如果直接利用球谐函数拟合可能需要展开到很高阶的球谐系数．通过保角变换，把一个球面局部区域扩展到球面上更大的区域上，变换过程中面波速度保持不变，在变换后的球面域上用球谐函数来拟合速度函数，达到降低球谐系数阶数的目的，使面波群速度的反演变成了球谐系数的线性化反演.通过球谐系数分析，可得到反演的分辨率.该方法不仅适用于面波群速度反演，同样适用于各种球面区域场的分析.     

长白山天池火山区岩浆系统深部结构的深地震测深研究

利用三维深地震测深技术，研究了长白山天池火山的岩浆系统．结果表明，以低P波速度为主要特征的长白山天池火山岩浆系统在地壳范围内可分为3个深度层次:在9～15km深度，岩浆系统分布的主要特征是范围广、尺度大、近南北走向，是地壳内储存岩浆的主要位置；自15km深度以下直至下地壳，其分布横向尺度较小，显示出岩浆自上地幔侵入地壳的痕迹，这也意味着长白山天池火山的岩浆系统极有可能延伸到上地幔，或更深；在地壳浅部，深度小于8～9km范围内，岩浆的分布范围更小一些，集中在天池火山口稍偏北的南北方向上．如果说低Ｐ波速度与岩浆系统关联的话，那么它反映出这部分岩浆仍然处于较高温度状态．从这个意义上讲，长白山天池火山的岩浆系统至少不是残留的，或者说是处于活动状态．      

保角变换在区域面波群速度反演中的应用

通过保角变换，把一个球面局部区域扩展到球面上更大的球台域，再由球台域解析延拓到整个球面域.作为约束条件，变换过程中面波速度保持不变.在变换后的球面域上用球谐函数来拟合速度函数，达到降低球谐系数阶数的目的.面波群速度的反演变成了球谐系数的线性化反演，由球谐系数计算反演分辨核以及方差.该方法的优点是计算速度快，等值线光滑，构造界限清晰，该方法同样适用于各种局部球面区域的分析.     

地震现象的新观点

本文综述断裂和碎形理论的最新进展，以分形的观点解释地震学经验公式，提出了地震作为自组织临界现象（ＳＯＣ）的观点。地震的发生是地壳中的能量耗散过程，而地壳构造能量连续地得到补给，地壳的自组织行为达到临界状态，时间上和空间上的分形结构就自然呈现出来。众所周知，在地震中幂次律关系即是地壳临界状态的表述。本文还提出了一个地震的ＳＯＣ模型，用以解释古登堡－里克特公式，大森的余震公式以及震源的分形分布。地震现     

与大陆裂谷有关的地壳深震

至少有四个大陆裂谷带内部或边缘发生了地壳深震（＞２０ｋｍ）。其中大多数地震（Ｍ≥５．０）为走滑或斜滑机制，它们的Ｔ轴方向接近于一裂谷带浅部正断层作用有关的Ｔ轴方向。多数地壳深震沿具有较冷的且厚度较大的地壳部位的裂谷边缘发生。然而，也有一些地震发生在具有高热流的区。这些地区也表现为高应变区，这可能是影响可观测深度的一个因素。我们认为地壳深震或是代表了裂谷带相对于邻近稳定区的相对运动，或是表明了裂谷作     

印度-欧亚碰撞与洋-陆碰撞的差异

观测的证据充分表明，印度——欧亚的缝合带雅鲁藏布江上存在自南向北的地壳俯冲带，它穿过莫霍面，深度大约达到100 km. 喜马拉雅中可能存在多重的地壳俯冲. 它们有别于海洋碰撞时所产生的整个岩石圈俯冲. 作者观测到雅鲁藏布江以北上地幔的板片构造，它可以解释为印度向欧亚俯冲时上地幔岩石圈的痕迹. 它们说明与洋——陆的俯冲不同，印度向欧亚俯冲时，地壳与上地幔岩石圈出现拆层现象. 综合现有的地壳上地幔构造，显示在不同地质年代中，印度与欧亚之间产生自南向北以及自北向南相反方向的俯冲，而且俯冲带周围出现某些速度异常区.      

基于最小二乘配置的板块边界地壳形变应变特征分析

北美板块边界属于地震高风险区域,为了更好地了解该区域地壳形变及应变的变化特征,本文利用北美板块边界PBO网络1997-2008年的GNSS高精度速度场信息,基于欧拉旋转矢量扣除背景场刚性运动后,顾及区域速度场的统计学原理,利用球面最小二乘配置算法拟合推估该区域地壳连续速度场,最后基于速度场与应变场的微分关系在球面上解算面膨胀,剪应变及主应变等地壳应变特征参数.研究结果表明:指数函数作为该区域的协方差基本函数较为合适,其东向及北向相关系数平方达0.94和0.95;通过球面最小二乘配置算法解得该区域压缩应变的最大值约-11×10-7/yr,位于圣安德列斯断裂周缘地带,圣马利亚北部;剪应变最大值约6×10-7/yr,位于弗朗西斯科东南、圣马利亚西北.由于太平洋板块向东运动导致与北美板块边界产生挤压,造成该区域地壳形变特征明显,地质灾害频发.     

唐山滦县震区的三维地震透射研究──中、上地壳速度层析成像

利用布设在唐山滦县震区３０ｋｍ×４０ｋｍ范围内的由８８台数字和模拟地震仪组成的临时台阵，接收来自不同方向６个炮点激发产生的莫霍界面反射波走时，重建了台阵下１—９ｋｍ深度的Ｐ，Ｓ波速度和Ｖｐ／Ｖｓ图像．结果表明。中、上地壳结构存在明显的横向不均匀性．北北东走向的滦县—卢龙断裂自地表向下至少延伸到８ｋｍ深度处，并向北西方向倾斜．中、上地壳存在着近东西向的低速异常条带．这两组构造控制着该区的地震活动．     

唐山滦县震区的三维地震透射研究──中、上地壳速度层析成像

利用布设在唐山滦县震区３０ｋｍ×４０ｋｍ范围内的由８８台数字和模拟地震仪组成的临时台阵，接收来自不同方向６个炮点激发产生的莫霍界面反射波走时，重建了台阵下１-９ｋｍ深度的Ｐ，Ｓ波速度和Ｖ_ｐ／Ｖ_ｓ图像．结果表明。中、上地壳结构存在明显的横向不均匀性．北北东走向的滦县-卢龙断裂自地表向下至少延伸到８ｋｍ深度处，并向北西方向倾斜．中、上地壳存在着近东西向的低速异常条带．这两组构造控制着该区的地震活动．     

Dynamics of escape of high-energy electrons from a spherical plasma volume in the geomagnetic field

Using results of numerical modeling, the dynamics of escape of electrons, produced as a result beta-decay, to the external magnetic field from a spherical plasma volume with an expelled magnetic field is studied. The dependence of the fraction of escaped electrons on time and radius of the plasma volume has been obtained for two kinds of electron sources: a point isotropic source, located at the center of the sphere, and a volume isotropic source. It is shown that for a point source some part of electrons remains in the sphere, whereas for a volume source all electrons, at different values of the magnetic cavern radius, leave it at an identical relative escape rate.     

Point source radiation in inhomogeneous anisotropic structures

The ray formulae for the radiation from point sources in unbounded inhomogeneous isotropic as well as anisotropic media consist of two factors. The first one depends fully on the type and orientation of the source and on the parameters of the medium at the source. We call this factor the directivity function. The second factor depends on the parameters of the medium surrounding the source and this factor is the well-known geometrical spreading. The displacement vector and the radiation pattern defined as a modulus of the amplitude of the displacement vector measured on a unit sphere around the source are both proportional to the ratio of the directivity function and the geometrical spreading.For several reasons it is desirable to separate the two mentioned factors. For example, there are methods in exploration seismics, which separate the effects of the geometrical spreading from the observed wave field (so-called true amplitude concept) and thus require the proposed separation. The separation also has an important impact on computer time savings in modeling seismic wave fields generated by point sources by the ray method. For a given position in a given model, it is sufficient to calculate the geometrical spreading only once. A multitude of various types of point sources with a different orientation can then be calculated at negligible additional cost.In numerical examples we show the effects of anisotropy on the geometrical spreading, the directivity and the radiation pattern. Ray synthetic seismograms due to a point source positioned in an anisotropic medium are also presented and compared with seismograms for an isotropic medium.     

Determination of Tectonic and Crustal Structure of the Eastern Pontide Orogenic Belt (NE Turkey) Using Gravity and Magnetic Data

The Eastern Pontide Orogenic Belt is one of the most complex geodynamic settings within the Alpine belt. Subduction polarity, which is responsible for the formation of the Eastern Pontide Magmatic Arc, is still under debate because of limited geological, geophysical and geochemical data. This orogenic belt is mainly divided into three subzones depending on lithological characteristics and facies changes as in Northern, Southern and Axial Zones from North to South. These zones are separated from each other by near-vertical faults that display the block-faulting tectonic style of this belt. In this study, the tectonic and crustal structure of the Eastern Pontides, which as yet have not been prospected by using geophysical data, has been investigated with potential field data. The horizontal gradient map obtained from gravity data shows a number of steep and gentle lineaments. It seems that these lineaments E-W, NE and NW-trending correspond to major structural zones of continental crust. Additionally, The Moho depth and Curie point depth variation maps of the Eastern Pontide Orogenic Belt have been computed with the power spectral method of the radial wavenumber carried out by using the fast Fourier transform method. As a result of this method, we estimated that the depths of the Moho and Curie point varied between 29.0 ± 1.2–47.2 ± 1.9 km and 14.3 ± 0.7–27.9 ± 1.4 km, respectively. Our findings indicate that the Moho depth generally increases from north to south in the region. However, the Curie point depth level within the crust has an undulating surface, not a horizontal one.     

断层脆塑性转化带的强度与变形机制及其流体和应变速率的影响

野外、实验和地震数据表明:浅部地壳的变形以脆性破裂为主,深部地壳的变形以晶体塑性流动为主.在这种认识的基础上,提出了地壳变形的2种机制模型,即发生脆性变形的上部地壳强度基于Byerlee摩擦定律以及发生塑性变形的下部地壳强度基于幂次蠕变定律.而位于其间的脆塑性转化带的深度与浅源地震深度的下限具有很好的一致性.然而,二元结构的流变模型局限性在于其力学模型过于简单,往往过高估计了脆塑性转化带的强度.问题的根源在于对脆塑性转化带的变形机制的研究已有很多,但没有定量的力学方程来描述脆塑性转化带强度;而且以往对断层脆塑性转化带的研究主要集中在温度引起的脆塑性转化方面,对因应变速率和流体对脆塑性转化的影响方面的研究也比较薄弱.对断层带内矿物变形机制研究表明,某些断层带脆塑性转化发生在相同深度(温度和压力)内,发生脆塑性转化的原因是应变速率的变化,而这种变化被认为与地震周期的同震、震后-间震期蠕变有关,这种变化得到了主震-余震深度分布变化的证实.对断层流体特征分析表明,断层带内可能存在高压流体,这种高压流体会随断裂带的破裂及愈合而周期性变化,在地震孕育及循环中起着关键性作用.高压流体的形成(裂隙愈合)有多种机理,其中,压溶是断层带裂隙愈合的主导机制之一.研究在水作用下的压溶,可以对传统的摩擦-流变二元地壳强度结构及其断层强度进行补充与修正.通过以上分析,认为有必要通过野外变形样品和高温高压实验,深入研究应变速率及流体压力对断层脆塑性转化的影响,同时,通过实验建立压溶蠕变的方程,近似地估计脆塑性转化带的强度.     

Inverse problem for the current loop model: Possibilities and restrictions

The possibilities of determining arbitrary current loop parameters based on the spatial structures of the magnetic field components generated by this loop on a sphere with a specified radius have been considered with the use of models. The model parameters were selected such that anomalies created by current loops on a sphere with a radius of 6378 km would be comparable in value with the different-scale anomalies of the observed main geomagnetic field (MGF). The least squares method was used to solve the inverse problem. Estimates close to the specified values were obtained for all current loop parameters except the current strength and radius. The radius determination error can reach ±120 km; at the same time, the magnetic moment value is determined with an accuracy of ±1%. The resolvability of the current force and radius can to a certain degree be improved by decreasing the observation sphere radius such that the ratio of the source distance to the current loop radius would be at least smaller than eight, which can be difficult to reach when modeling MGF.     

青藏高原东南缘的地壳结构与动力学模式研究综述

青藏高原东南缘的川滇地区壳幔变形特征及地球动力学模式一直是研究的热点问题之一,多年来一直受到各国地球科学家的高度关注.青藏高原演变的"下地壳流模型"模拟得到的地表速度和变形场与GPS观测具有很好的一致性,该模型在当前国际地学界很流行,因而寻找下地壳流存在与否的证据,是深部地球物理学必须面对的一个科学问题.本文综合了川滇地区GPS观测、震源机制解和Pms相分裂的结果,旨在探讨川滇地区地壳演变模式的合理性;另外,从层析成像、接收函数反演和大地电磁测深结果分析,认为川滇地壳内存在大范围的低速层,但分布的几何形态较复杂.在云南地区,这一壳内低速区似乎被小江断裂和金沙江—红河断裂限制在特定的区域内.     

利用有限单元计算地应力时的边界条件处理

本文借助于弹性力学中的弹性约束方法,利用了物理学上的镜像法,对边界条件进行了特殊处理,从而把整体结构表面上未知的分布面力转化成边界单元的节点力,解决了未知边界条件的约束问题。通过实例论证了本文提出的边界处理方法是可靠的和有效的     

福建漳州地热田及其邻近地区的地壳深部构造特征

本文根据1985-1986年在福建省穿过漳州热田地区完成的一条NNE向地震折射剖面资料,采用一维与二维射线追踪和理论地震图拟合、反演等方法,获得了该地区比较详细的地壳与上地幔顶部结构及速度分布图像.结果表明:漳州热田地区正好位于一个地壳厚度突变带上,从漳州市往南向海岸方向地壳上隆,厚度只有29.5km,往北迅速加大到32.0 km左右;在这个突变带上地壳内所有速度界面均发生扭曲甚至错动,它可能是一个断裂带;地壳中部有一个横向延伸有限的低速区,其最低速度小于5.80km/s,顶部深度大于10.2km,这个低速区正好位于漳州市下方的地壳突变带上.作者推断它很可能就是漳州热田的壳内热源体,并可能是一个部分熔融体.     

GPS观测结果反映的尼泊尔M_w7.8地震孕震特征

针对2015年4月25日尼泊尔Mw7.8地震的孕震特征,本文首先对覆盖尼泊尔及周边地区的5套GPS水平速度场结果进行了融合,得到了近似统一参考框架下的速度场结果;在此基础上通过对此次地震震源区及周边地区的速度场、应变率场、基线时间序列分析,识别了震前变形特征.GPS应变率场结果显示,喜马拉雅主边界断裂存在大范围挤压应变积累,震源区处于近南北向应变积累高值过渡区.跨喜马拉雅构造带的GPS基线时间序列结果表现为持续缩短现象,表明印度板块与欧亚板块之间的持续挤压变形特征,2012年以来的缩短增强现象反映了印度板块对青藏块体的推挤增强作用明显.距离震中较近的西藏南部GPS同震位移结果以南向运动为主且指向震中,反映了青藏高原存在逆冲应变释放现象.综合此次尼泊尔地震前变形和同震应变释放特征,认为此次地震的孕震区域和同震应变释放区域均较大,将会对青藏高原的地壳变形与强震孕育产生深远影响.     

ESTIMATING THE LOWER CRUSTAL VISCOSITY OF THE WESTERN QINLING-SONGPAN TECTONIC NODE AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS BY USING LANDFORM MORPHOLOGY

The western Qinling-Songpan tectonic node is located at the intersection of three major tectonic units of Tibetan plateau, the South China Block and the Ordos Block, and is at the forefront of the northeastern margin of Tibetan plateau. It has unique geological and dynamic characteristics from the surface to the deep underground. Based on the model for ductile flow in the lower crust, the geomorphological form is used to estimate the viscosity of the lower crust, and how the rheological process of the deep lithosphere acts on the upper crust deformation and structural geomorphology. And combined with GPS velocity field data, the current crustal deformation is analyzed to further study the regional dispersive deformation process. The results show that the viscosity of the north and northeast of the Zoige-Hongyuan Basin is smaller than that of the east and southeast. Therefore, the lower crust flow has a tendency of flowing to the northeastern low viscosity zone. We believe that when the lower crust flows from the central plain of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the rigid Sichuan Basin with a higher viscosity of the lower crust, it cannot flow into the basin, and part of the lower crust flow accumulate here, causing the upper crust to rise, and the uplifting led to the formation of the Longmen Mountains and a series of NNE-striking faults as well. When the lower crust flows to the northeast direction with a low viscosity, the brittle upper crust is driven together. Because of the remote effects from the Ordos Basin and the Longxi Basin, the mountains in this region are built slowly and the stepped arc-shaped topography of the current 3 000-meter contour line and the 2 000-meter contour line are developed. At the same time, a series of NWW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults are developed. This explains the seismogenic tectonic model of the western Qinling-Songpan tectonic node as from NWW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faulting to the NNE-trending right-lateral strike-slip faulting and both having a thrust component. The current crustal movement direction revealed by the GPS velocity field is consistent with the direction of historical crust evolution of the lower crust revealed by the viscosity, implying that there is a good coupling relationship between the lower crust and upper crust. The results provide a basis for studying the development of fault systems with different strikes and properties, the formation of orogenic belts, the macroscopic geomorphological evolution characteristics, and the rheological and uplift dynamics of the lithosphere in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. In addition, our research differs from the previous studies in the spatial and temporal scale. Previous studies included either the entire Qinghai-Tibet Plateau or only the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, our analysis on the contours and topographical differences in the topography of the western Qinling-Songpan tectonic knot reveals that the study area is controlled by the lower crust flow. Our results are confirmed by various observations such as seismology, magnetotellurics and geophysical exploration. Moreover, the previous studies did not point out enough that the elevation contours are elliptical, and the elliptical geomorphology further illustrates that the formation and evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has rheological characteristics and also conforms to the continuous deformation mode. Meanwhile, in terms of time scale, the evolution time of the study area is divided into three types of simulation time according to geochronology. And the GPS velocity field is introduced to observe the present-day crustal deformation.