重力场动态变化与汶川MS8.0地震孕育过程

基于中国大陆1998～2007年（复测周期2～3年）流动重力观测数据,结合GPS、水准观测成果和区域地质构造动力环境,分析研究了汶川8.0级地震区域重力场动态变化演化特征和孕震机理.结果表明：区域重力场动态演化大体反映了青藏高原物质东流的动态效应和汶川大震孕育的中长期（2～10年）信息;汶川大震孕育的显著重力标志为震中西南持续多年的正重力变化（上升）和出现较大规模的重力变化梯级带,前者有利于地震能量的不断积累,后者有利于地震剪切破裂的发生;与地震孕育相关重力场变化总体呈增大—加速增大—减速增大—发震的过程;8年累积重力变化幅差最大约200×10^-8m·s^-2;2001年昆仑山口8.1级地震孕育发生和震后恢复调整,对区域重力场动态变化和汶川大震的孕育发展具有重要影响;松潘—甘孜块体一般呈现负重力变化,可能反映深部壳幔局部上隆、壳内温度较高而膨胀,有利于逆冲或推覆体运动的形成和大震的发生.     

汶川M_S8.0地震前后的重力场动态变化

利用国家重大科学工程"中国地壳运动观测网络"1998—2008年绝对重力和相对重力的观测资料,获得了南北地震带地区的重力场及其动态变化,从动态的观点研究了2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震前后区域重力场演化特征及其与地震活动的关系.重力场变化既具有时-空分布的不均匀性,同时又具有与活动断裂构造密切相关和与地震孕育发展有着内在联系.重力场动态变化图象较清晰地反映了汶川大地震孕育、发生过程中出现的重力前兆信息.     

2013 年芦山7.0 级地震前后重力场变化特征

利用四川地区2010 ～ 2013 年流动重力观测数据作出的重力场动态变化图像和重力段差时序变化图像,对芦山7. 0 级地震前后的重力场动态演化特征进行了研究,结果表明:震前重力场经历了约3 年的重力增大和约1 年的减小变化,重力变化呈“上升→加速上升→减速上升→加速下降→减速下降”特征; 芦山地震发生在重力场变化由下降转为上升的回调过程中;震后重力场变化以较快的速度恢复到接近震前状况,并出现重力正值变化异常区域;临震前震中区域重力场变化数值较小,构造带活动速度变慢。     

青藏块体东北缘重力场演化与地震活动

通过对青藏块体东北缘重力观测资料进行整体平差计算，系统分析了1992～2001年重力场的时空动态演化特征及其与地震活动的关系. 结果表明:利用统一起算基准获得的青藏块体东北缘重力观测资料，较完整地反映了青藏块体东北缘孕震过程中出现的流动重力前兆信息. 在地震孕育发生阶段，重力场出现较大范围的区域性重力异常，并产生与地震孕育发生有关的局部重力异常区.重力场动态图象较清晰地反映了区域重力场的有序性演化与地震活动.      

2012年宁蒗—盐源5.7级地震前的重力变化

利用2010年7月~2012年3月四川省和云南省的流动重力观测数据,对2012年6月24日宁蒗—盐源5.7级地震孕育和发生过程中的重力场动态演化情况进行分析。结果显示:地震孕育阶段震中区域重力场出现大面积的重力正值变化高值异常区域,并形成密集的正值变化梯度带;震前震中区域呈重力正变化低值状态,处于重力变化0值线附近且等值线稀疏;震前与发震有关的断裂带的跨断层重力测段段差值变化明显。     

青藏块体东北缘重力场演化与地震活动

通过对青藏块体东北缘重力观测资料进行整体平差计算 ,系统分析了 1 992～ 2 0 0 1年重力场的时空动态演化特征及其与地震活动的关系 .结果表明 :利用统一起算基准获得的青藏块体东北缘重力观测资料 ,较完整地反映了青藏块体东北缘孕震过程中出现的流动重力前兆信息 .在地震孕育发生阶段 ,重力场出现较大范围的区域性重力异常 ,并产生与地震孕育发生有关的局部重力异常区 .重力场动态图象较清晰地反映了区域重力场的有序性演化与地震活动 .     

2014年景谷6.6级地震前重力场异常特征研究

地震的孕育发生过程伴随着构造运动、物质迁移和密度变化,将引起地球重力场变化,流动重力重复观测有可能捕捉到与地震孕育有关的前兆信息,从而为中短期地震预测提供重要依据。对云南地区流动重力观测资料进行整体计算分析,研究了2014年10月7日云南景谷6.6级地震前区域重力场动态演化特征,并利用小波多尺度分解技术对布格重力异常和区域重力场动态变化进行分解,并选取合适的小波基分离得到不同深度场源特征的地壳介质横向不均匀性。结果表明,EGM2008布格重力异常数据和实测重力数据的小波多尺度结果较为一致。对比分析发现,此次景谷地震发生在区域重力场负异常的边缘,由负向正变化的高梯度带附近。基于小波多尺度分解的重力场图像能较清晰地反映2014年景谷6.6级地震孕育、发生过程中震中区域深部物质密度变化引起的异常,为地球构造运动及孕震机理研究提供一定参考。     

基于GRACE卫星和地表流动重力的汶川MS 8.0地震前重力时空变化

利用GRACE卫星重力场模型和地表流动重力观测资料,计算2008年汶川M_S 8.0地震发生前6年的重力变化,对卫星和流动重力段差结果与卫星重力反映的重力场动态变化特征进行研究,结果表明：①GRACE卫星重力段差受滤波半径影响显著,与地表流动重力观测结果相比,在重力变化数值上差异较大,在变化率上较为一致;②在汶川地震孕育阶段,川滇地区重力等值线呈“增大—减速增大—减小”的特征,震前2年形成近似垂直于龙门山断裂带的重力变化梯度带。     

2013年四川芦山Ms7.0地震前的重力变化

利用川西地区2010-2012年期间的流动重力观测资料,系统分析了区域重力场变化及其与2013年4月20日四川芦山7.0级地震发生的关系.结果主要表明:①区域重力场异常变化与北东向龙门山断裂带南段和北北西向马尔康断裂带在空间上关系密切,反映沿该两断裂带(段)在2010-2012年期间发生了引起地表重力变化效应的构造活动或变形.②芦山7.0级地震前,测区内出现了较大空间范围的区域性重力异常,而震源区附近产生了局部重力异常,沿龙门山断裂带南段形成了重力变化高梯度带,其中,宝兴、天全、康定、泸定、石棉一带重力差异变化达100×10^-8m·s^-2以上;这些可能反映芦山地震前,区域及震源区附近均产生与该地震孕育、发生有关的构造运动或应力增强作用.③重力场差分动态演化图像和重力场累积变化动态图像均反映芦山7.0级地震孕育过程的最后2~3年出现较显著的流动重力异常变化,可视为该地震的中期前兆信息;本文第一作者等也曾基于该流动重力异常变化在芦山7.0级地震前做过一定程度的中期预测,尤其是地点预测.本文的例子再次证明流动重力观测能较好地捕捉到强震孕育发生过程中,特别是该过程最后阶段的重力异常变化信息.因此,区域流动重力场观测对未来强震的中-长期预测,尤其是在发震地点的判定上具有优势.     

2021年漾濞MS6.4地震前后重力场动态特征分析

基于2015年以来南北地震带南段相对重力和绝对重力观测资料,系统分析了区域重力场动态变化及其与2021年5月21日漾濞M_S6.4地震的关系.结果表明:(1)区域重力场变化与维西—乔后断裂关系密切,反映了2015—2021年期间该断裂活动引起了地表重力场变化;(2)与漾濞地震孕育有关的重力场经历了“弱变化—区域性异常—局部异常—四象限分布异常—大范围的正异常—反向变化发震”的演化过程;(3)重力场累积变化和差分变化图像均反映出漾濞震前两年出现显著的重力异常变化,地震发生在重力变化梯度带、四象限中心和零等值线拐弯附近;(4)重力场动态演化图像较好地反映了漾濞M_S6.4地震孕育发生过程中出现的中期前兆现象,并基于该现象在漾濞M_S6.4地震前作过一定程度的中期预测,尤其是强震地点判定.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.