陆架浅水区自由表面多次波压制方法

陆架浅水区是我国海洋油气勘探的主战场.对于陆架浅水区地震资料,自由表面多次波为主要的多次波类型.浅水区自由表面多次波能量强、周期短、阶次高,近偏移距处直达波和海底反射难以区分的特点使得基于反馈迭代的自由表面多次波压制方法或是基于多次波周期性的预测反褶积方法应用效果不佳.本文将自由表面多次波分为水层(海面和海底间)多次波和非水层多次波.对于水层多次波,使用确定性水层多次波压制方法,该方法能够适应浅水区较差的近偏移距插值结果.阐述了方法原理及实现过程.在水层多次波压制后切除海底,使用传统的反馈迭代多次波压制方法来压制非水层自由表面多次波.来自东海陆架盆地的实际数据处理结果表明这一处理思路能较好地压制自由表面多次波,有助于提升陆架浅水区地震资料的成像质量.     

地质约束下的深水绕射多次波衰减技术

随着海洋勘探开发的深入,对深水地震资料品质要求越来越高.崎岖海底绕射多次波的压制和去除已成为当前深水陡坡带和复杂海底地震资料处理的重点和难点.当前海上单-窄方位采集观测方式下,由于崎岖海底产生的绕射多次波传播路径复杂、方向异变,二次反射源在自由表面的下行反射点位置常常位于排列方位之外,导致SRME技术无法准确有效预测和衰减崎岖海底下的绕射多次波.本文借鉴地表一致性处理思想,提出了一种基于地质统计约束下的绕射多次波衰减技术(GCDMA),通过地质信号的统计和建模分解实现对残余绕射多次波的判定和衰减,经实际资料测试处理取得了明显的应用效果,较好解决了深水陆坡崎岖海底下的绕射多次波衰减难题,极大提高了中深层地震资料品质.     

基于水层建模理论的浅水多次波压制方法研究与应用

SRME是海上地震资料多次波衰减的主要手段,在深水资料应用效果较好.但在浅水环境下,受近偏移距数据的缺失以及折射波干扰的影响,该方法对浅水自由表面多次波的消除压制效果不甚理想.针对这个问题,本文对SRME进行一系列的改进,即在SRME褶积建模过程中,引入格林函数预测多次波模型,解决了浅水海底反射和直达波不能区分以及折射波干扰的问题,在模型测试及实际资料应用中取得较好的效果.     

反馈迭代法压制表面多次波效果分析

地震数据处理通常假定反射数据仅由一次波组成,地震勘探资料中的表面多次波通常被视为相干噪音予以压制.基于波动方程预测的反馈迭代法为数据驱动的方法,可有效压制复杂地下介质的表面多次波,通常可由级数展开法和迭代法两种方法实现.文中分别从理论阐述以及应用效果分析方面对基于波动方程预测的反馈迭代法的两种实现途径进行研究,并采用GPU/CPU协同并行加速计算预测表面多次波,改善以往CPU计算效率低的状况.文中对含表面多次波的炮数据和复杂的SMAART模型进行了计算,并将利用级数展开法与迭代法压制表面多次波的效果进行对比分析,结果表明,迭代形式反馈迭代法压制表面多次波的方法效果更佳.由于实现迭代法和级数展开法需要完成的自适应匹配相减的次数不同,迭代法的计算成本略高于级数展开法.     

基于数据一致性预测与压制自由表面多次波--理论研究与试处理

从声波波场理论出发,首先在不考虑自由表面反射的情况下研究了有效波波场传播及反射规律,继而考虑自由表面反射的情况,并详尽推导了压制自由表面多次波的正演和反演数学模型。从物理本质上对自由表面多次波的产生、预测及压制做了深入的剖析,讨论了基于数据一致性时空域褶积的多次波预测方法原理,实现了自由表面相关多次波自适应压制的迭代方法过程。复杂起伏海底的理论模型试算实例表明：在多次波产生系统非常复杂的情况下,本方法仍能非常有效地压制各种与自由表面相关的多次波,同时还能很好地保持有效波的能量,取得了很好的压制多次波效果。     

基于波射线路径偏移压制多次波

波射线路径压制多次波的反射波成像是在偏移过程去除多次波同时仅对反射波成像.通过在共炮道集和共检波点道集分别计算炮点射线的入射角和检波点射线的出射角计算射线的路径.从炮点入射的射线与从检波点出射的射线的交点形成的走时,若等于观测走时,可以判断此条射线是反射波;反之,若不相等,则是多次波.数值实验表明此方法可以有效地去掉由于多次波能量产生的假成像点和压制多次波,因此界面可以正确归位,同时去掉由于多次波引起的假成像位置.     

波路径偏移压制层间多次波的理论与应用

消除层间多次波是地震勘探资料处理研究领域的难题,尤其对于实际资料的处理,到目前为止还很难找到一种完全有效的方法. 本文给出了仅对一次波成像既波路径偏移方法压制层间多次波方法,在共炮道集和共检波点道集分别计算炮点射线的入射角和检波点射线的出射角,由此计算的角度作为射线追踪的初始角度,计算地震波射线的传播路径. 结合由程函方程计算的走时表,判断偏移范围是反射波还是多次波. 在前期偏移过程压制多次波的理论研究基础上,本文主要研究波路径偏移消除多次波的应用部分. 为了进一步说明效果的有效性,计算了在单炮和共成像点道集压制层间多次波,给出了实际资料的压制多次波的偏移结果.     

基于稀疏反演的OBS数据多次波压制方法

自由表面多次波压制是海底地震仪（Ocean Bottom Seismometer,OBS）数据处理和成像中的难点,OBS数据多次波能量强,周期长,严重影响深层一次反射波的处理和成像.不同于常规拖缆观测系统,OBS数据站点一般相隔较远,仅仅利用检波点稀疏的波场信息难以压制OBS数据中的自由表面多次波.本文采用拖缆数据与OBS数据联合,利用稀疏反演估计（Estimation of Primaries and Multiples by Sparse Inversion,EPSI）方法,研究了OBS数据自由表面多次波压制理论,分析了OBS多次波产生的机理,详细推导了拖缆数据与OBS数据联合预测OBS多次波的EPSI方法基本原理.通过利用拖缆数据的信息,实现了OBS检波点稀疏数据多次波的压制问题.EPSI方法通过稀疏反演直接估计一次反射波,避免了SRME（Surface Related Multiple Elimination）方法中自适应相减对有效信号的损害,保真了一次反射有效信号,理论模拟OBS数据验证了方法的有效性.     

基于波动方程表面多次波预测与 自适应相减方法研究

多次波预测与自适应相减是基于波动方程表面多次波压制的两个重要环节.文中利用具有并行计算优势的GPU加速表面多次波预测,使得预测效率大为提高.在自适应相减算法中,文中将预测的多次波道、预测多次波道的Hilbert变换道、预测多次波道的高频重建道、以及它们的平移道用作自适应相减中的多次波模型道.Hilbert变换道用以补偿预测多次波的相位信息,高频重建道用以改善预测多次波的高频信息,补偿频带能量差异.文中在预测和相减过程中均采用迭代算法,迭代预测,可较好地获得多次波的运动学特性,迭代相减,可较好地获得多次波的动力学特性,迭代预测与相减使预测的多次波与地震数据中实际的多次波更好地匹配.将该方法应用于理论模拟的SMAART模型和实际海洋数据中,测试结果表明,该方法预测多次波效率较高,在保持有效波振幅条件下可有效地压制地震数据中的表面多次波.     

数据自相关多次波偏移成像

在常规偏移方法中一般都需要压制地震数据中的多次波,仅利用一次波信息成像,把自由表面反射的多次波视为噪声,但是在多次波中也包含着地下结构信息,应该将其充分利用到成像中来.事实上,已经有不少成像方法试图利用多次波信息,但是大部分方法都需要对多次波进行预测.本文提出了基于傅里叶有限差分偏移算子的数据自相关偏移方法.在这种偏移方法中,对含有一次波和多次波的地震数据,分别进行下行和上行延拓,然后直接利用常规的互相关成像条件成像.由于波场延拓采用了傅里叶有限差分算子,其计算效率高,能够很好地对复杂介质中的地震数据进行延拓.在数值试验中,使用了一个含散射点的三层模型和Marmousi模型.合成数据测试结果表明,这种方法可以对更大范围的地下构造成像,比常规的只利用一次波的傅里叶有限差分法照明度更好,并且在浅层可以提供更高的分辨率.我们提出的数据自相关策略易于实现且避免了繁杂的多次波预测,这对于复杂地下构造成像可能有着重大意义.     

Application of common reflection angle migration for imaging deformation structures in an inner accretionary wedge,Nankai Trough,Japan

To better image deformation structures within the inner accretionary wedge of the Nankai Trough, Japan, we apply common reflection angle migration to a legacy two-dimensional seismic data set acquired with a 6 km streamer cable. In this region, many seismic surveys have been conducted to study the seismogenic zone related to plate subduction. However, the details of the accreted sediments beneath the Kumano forearc basin are still unclear due to the poor quality of seismic images caused by multiple reflections, highly attenuated signals, and possibly complex geological structures. Generating common image gathers in the subsurface local angle domain rather than the surface offset domain is more advantageous for imaging geological structures that involve complex wave paths and poor illumination. By applying this method, previously unseen structures are revealed in the thick accreted sediments. The newly imaged geometric features of reflectors, such as the folds in the shallow part of the section and the deep reflectors with stepwise discontinuities, imply deformation structures with multiple thrust faults. The reflections within the deep accreted sediments (approximately 5 km) are mainly mapped to far angles (30°–50°) in the common reflection angles, which correspond to the recorded offset distances greater than 4.5 km. This result indicates that the far offset/angle information is critical to image the deformation structures at depth. The new depth image from the common reflection angle migration provides seismic evidence of multiple thrust faults and their relationship with the megathrust fault that is essential for understanding the structure and evolution of the Nankai Trough seismogenic zone.     

改进的多道预测算子压制浅水多次波方法

在浅水情况下，由于观测数据中缺少近偏移距信息，水层多次波的压制面临挑战.利用多道预测算子压制水层多次波是浅水环境下压制多次波的重要方法之一，这种方法先从输入数据中估计出多道预测算子，再将预测算子和输入数据做褶积预测出水层相关多次波.然而，估计的多道预测算子很容易受噪声污染，从而影响多次波模型的精度.所以，我们提出了改进的多道预测算子压制浅水多次波方法.该方法先从数据中估计出多道预测算子，并利用估计的算子构建出精确的水层模型；然后，通过计算算子的走时信息、估计振幅信息、合成新算子三个步骤来修正原始的多道预测算子.修正的算子不仅不受噪声影响，还含有精确的走时信息、可靠的振幅信息；最后，该方法用修正的算子来预测多次波，并结合自适应相减，将预测的多次波从输入数据中去除.通过合成数据和实际资料的验证表明，相比于原始的多道预测算子压制多次波方法，改进的方法能够取得更好的压制效果.     

利用深反射地震数据构建的多阶面波频散曲线反演近地表横波速度结构——以跨班公湖—怒江缝合带深反射地震资料为例

深反射地震剖面法为了获取深部结构特征常常采取大的偏移距采集数据.目前公开发表的相关资料中,鲜有利用深反射地震炮集数据获取近地表的结构特征.为此,本文通过正演测试了相关数据处理流程,即利用有限差分正演了起伏地表模型的大偏移距地震单炮弹性波场特征,通过共检波点域面波信号F-K频谱叠加构建新方法,从深反射地震数据集中提取了高品质的多阶面波频散曲线,再利用多阶面波联合反演获得了近地表的结构特征.在前述正演流程基础上,利用跨越班公湖—怒江缝合带的SinoProbe深反射地震剖面中的实际炮集数据,求取了基阶和一阶瑞利波频散曲线,联合反演后得到近地表横波速度结构.该结果与初至波走时反演获取的纵波速度结构具有较好的一致性,且在近地表的浅层分辨率较纵波速度结构特征更高,而更与已有地质认识相吻合.本文提供的相关数据处理流程表明利用深反射地震炮集数据,也能够获取近地表浅层的横波速度结构.     

逆散射级数法去除自由表面多次波

压制多次波是地震资料处理过程中的重要环节之一,多次波去除的效果直接影响到最后成像的质量．本文研究的逆散射级数法以波动方程和Born级数为基础,构造一个与自由表面多次波相关的子序列来预测并消除多次波,该方法不需要知道地下的速度结构信息,适用于各种复杂的地下情况．在逆散射级数法的实现过程中,地震子波和近道波场是必不可少的信息,本文采用能量最低法则和带限抛物Radon变换法来弥补原始地震资料中所缺失的这些信息．合成资料和实际地震资料的处理结果表明,逆散射级数法能够在去除自由表面多次波的同时保留有效波的信息,对于地下复杂结构的情况同样有效．     

多次波问题的研究进展

综述了当前多次波问题的研究进展，指出了对多次波问题，有两种主要的处理思路：(1)因为后续偏移成像的需要，把多次波看成相干噪声，根据多次波特性设计衰减方法将其消除掉，将其称之为多次波衰减方法.多次波衰减方法大体上可以分为两类：基于信号分析的滤波方法和基于波动方程的预测相减法.预测相减法不需要或较少需要有关地下的先验或后验信息，能适应复杂地下构造.本文对预测相减法中的波场延拓法、反馈迭代法、逆散射级数法和恒定内插法等三种主要方法，进行了较详细的对比分析和介绍.(2)将多次波看成有效信号，对其成像，将其称之为多次波成像方法.这种方法提取了多次波中包含的地下界面信息，可改善地震资料的成像质量.     

Surface-based Internal Multiple Elimination in the CMP Domain — Theory and Application Strategies on Land Seismic Data

The data-driven internal multiple elimination (IME) method based on feedback model, which includes CFP-based, surface-based and inversion- based methods, are successfully applied to marine datasets. However, these methods are computationally expensive and not always straightforward on land datasets. In this paper, we first proved that the surface-based IME method, which is the most computationally efficient method among the three methods, can be derived from the CFP theory. Then we extend it to CMP domain under the assumption of locally lateral invariance of the earth, which makes it more computationally efficient. In addition, we proposed applying a time-variant taper based on the first Fresnel zone to predict the multiples more percisely. Besides, the improved S/N ratio and dense offset distribution can be obtained by using the CMP supergather, which makes the CMP-oriented method more suitable for land data. Some practical processing strategies are proposed via case study. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with the application to synthetic and field data.     

Groundwater fluctuations and footslope ferricrete soils in the humid tropical zone of southern Cameroon

This paper discusses the relationship between the differentiation of ferruginous accumulations and the variable water saturation of footslope soil patterns. An analysis of the slope morphology of a typical hill in the forest zone of southern Cameroon and a seasonal survey of the levels of groundwaters, springs and rivers were considered in relation to the petrology of different soil patterns. The study site is a tabular hillock whose slopes present a progressive development from steep to gentle slopes. The variable residence time of water within the soil, creating an alternation of reducing and oxidizing conditions, affects soil chemistry, structure and lateral extension of the soil patterns. The ferruginous soil patterns, being formed on the footslopes, gradually increase in extent with decreasing slope angle and the relative rise of the groundwater level. The steep footslopes, where groundwater has a shorter residence time, show a soft mottled clay pattern, restricted to the bottom part of the slope. The moderate footslopes exhibit a deep permanent and a temporary perched groundwater table. The latter, with its regular capillary fringe, contributes to more reducing conditions within isolated domains in the soil patterns, and thus to the alternation with oxidizing conditions, generating a continuous hard soil pattern (massive carapace). The more gently dipping footslopes exhibit groundwater levels near the surface and also a significant amplitude of groundwater fluctuation. Iron, previously accumulated in moderate footslope patterns, is reduced, remobilized, and leached. The soil patterns formed develop into a variegated carapace, more extended along the slope, containing less iron, but nevertheless more hardened, due to the important fluctuations of the groundwater table. These patterns are limited to the zone of groundwater fluctuation and deteriorate as the water fluctuation zone recedes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SLOPE DATA WATER-BOTTOM MULTIPLE ATTENUATION1

Methods for predicting and attenuating water-bottom multiples by wavefield extrapolation have been discussed by several investigators. Because these prediction methods operate on shot records, boundary conditions must be specified for every shot record. The approach presented operates in the common-offset plane; a model of expected water-bottom multiples is generated from the observed surface wavefield using a finite-difference wave-equation migration algorithm with an offset term. An accurate water-depth profile is required, but there is no restriction on the shape of the water bottom other than a dip limit of approximately 18–20°. In generating a multiple model, the water-bottom primary and each water-bottom multiple reflection of the observed surface wavefield are extrapolated to a higher order. Thus, the extrapolated water-bottom primary of the model is lined up with a water-bottom multiple in the data and each multiple in the model is lined up with a higher-order (or later) multiple in the data. Prestack multiple attenuation is achieved, for one offset at a time, by first adapting the model of expected multiples to the observed data and then subtracting the predicted multiple energy. An error-constrained adaptation algorithm is proposed in order to control instabilities. No assumptions are made about primary reflections and no subwater-bottom velocities are required. Computational efficiency of modelling and adaptation can be improved by applying this method only to near and intermediate offsets as the stacking process usually provides sufficient multiple attenuation at far offsets. A field data example demonstrates the potential of the proposed method for improving the primary-to-multiple ratio in prestack and post-stack data.     

二维菲涅耳带共反射面元叠加方法研究

大量研究证明CRS叠加能提高地震勘探的信噪比,但是能否提高分辨率的关键在于如何确定CRS叠加孔径.本文详细探讨了地震波反射过程中菲涅耳带的特征,认为起伏地形下菲涅耳带可以采用椭圆予以近似,在此基础上提出了一种通过菲涅耳带来确定CRS叠加孔径的方法,并应用于泌阳凹陷陡坡带的地震剖面.结果表明,由于菲涅耳带确定的叠加范围使地震信号的能量达到最佳,相对于CMP叠加,菲涅耳带CRS叠加同时提高了地震资料的信噪比和分辨率,特别显示了中深部较弱的地震信息,而常规的CRS叠加则只在于提高资料的信噪比和改善浅部的地震信息.