2016年尚义M_S 4.0地震震害特征及发震构造分析

阐述张家口市尚义M_S 4.0地震构造背景、地震活动特征,总结地震应急调查成果,介绍极震区震感现象和分布范围。通过对地震现场调查点和电话调查点的烈度评定,确定极震区的影响烈度为Ⅴ度,圈定地震等烈度分布区域,同时修正观测仪器震中位置。结合本次地震的宏观烈度分布、震源机制和震区卫星影像的线性构造解释等资料,讨论本次地震的孕震构造和发震断层。     

2008年唐古拉山北5.5(M_S)级地震烈度考察

2008年6月10日唐古拉山北唐古拉兵站附近发生了5.5(M_S)级地震,根据地震烈度考察,宏观震中位于唐古拉兵站和青藏铁路777号桥附近,震中烈度为Ⅵ度,Ⅵ度区的面积3245km~2,呈椭圆形,长轴为北北东向,短轴为北西西向.现场调查和震源机制解表明本次地震的发震构造为北北东向的温泉断裂.     

1995年7月25日那坡4.3级地震概述

1995年7月25日广西那坡发生了4．3级地震,通过对那坡地区的地震地质、地震前兆、地震序列等资料分析,认为此次地震发生在北东向德隆一下华断裂带上,地震等烈度线长轴为北东向,宏观震中在那坡县规弄山中,震源机制解结果表明节面Ⅰ是本次地震的主破裂面,走向北东,与德隆一下华断裂一致。由于震中附近观测台站较少,震前没有发现前兆异常,测震学资料在很大程度上又受到北部湾6．1、6．2级地震序列的影响,无法分辩异常,据震后调查震前有少量宏观异常现象出现。     

1986年8月26日门源6.4级地震考察初步总结

考察结果表明,地震宏观震中位于北纬37°37′、东经101°38′,震中烈度约Ⅷ度、震源深度13公里。Ⅵ度区面积为2600平方公里,长轴方向为N55°W。发震断层为冷龙岭山脊断层,该断层走向为N60°W,属于北祁连断裂带中段的组成部份。文中初步总结了有关地震前兆资料和震区宏观异常现象,对震区地震趋势进行了初步讨论。     

1884年云南宁洱6 3/4地震补充考证与发震构造讨论

对1884年11月14日云南宁洱地震参数进行了重新核定。这次地震的震中位置位于普洱府（今宁洱）周围,即23.1°N、101.0°E,精度为1类,误差≤10 km,震级6 3/4级,震中烈度Ⅷ度。等震线破坏区呈NE走向,而有感区长轴呈NE向,二者之间有一定差异。1884年宁洱地震区位于滇西南地区的龙陵—澜沧江断裂与红河断裂之间思茅次级地块内的普洱断裂带附近,其极震区长轴方向与断裂走向一致,应为本次地震的发震构造。     

1884年云南宁洱6 3/4地震补充考证与发震构造讨论

对1884年11月14日云南宁洱地震参数进行了重新核定。这次地震的震中位置位于普洱府（今宁洱）周围,即23.1°N、101.0°E,精度为1类,误差≤10 km,震级6 3/4级,震中烈度Ⅷ度。等震线破坏区呈NE走向,而有感区长轴呈NE向,二者之间有一定差异。1884年宁洱地震区位于滇西南地区的龙陵—澜沧江断裂与红河断裂之间思茅次级地块内的普洱断裂带附近,其极震区长轴方向与断裂走向一致,应为本次地震的发震构造。     

2002 年甘肃玉门 5.9 级地震的地质背景研究

野外调查结果表明 ,2 0 0 2年 1 2月 1 4日发生在甘肃省玉门地区的 5 9级地震 ,其宏观震中和仪器震中都位于祁连山北缘断裂上。震中区烈度为Ⅶ度 ,Ⅶ度区呈长椭圆形 ,长轴走向N6 5°W ,长度为 1 5km ,短轴走向N2 5°E ,长度为 9km。发震断层应为祁连山北缘断裂的次级断裂旱峡—大黄沟断裂 ,本次地震的余震都分布于该断裂附近。     

2002年山西太原郝庄ML5.0地震宏观烈度考察报告

对2002年9月3日山西太原郝庄ML5.0地震的宏观烈度进行了考察，得出极震区烈度为V度，呈椭圆形，长轴走向北北西，长度53km，短轴走向为北东东，长度34km，面积5660km^2的结论。分析了地震发生的构造环境，认为此次地震的震中位于东西、南北和北北西向三级断层的交汇部位，其中北北西向的东山山前断层为发震断层。     

2002年12月14日甘肃玉门5.9级地震的发震构造研究

野外调查结果表明,2002年12月14日发生在甘肃省玉门地区的5.9级地震,其宏观震中和仪器震中都位于祁连山北缘断裂上。仪器震中为39.8°N,973°E;宏观震中为397°N,973°E。震中区烈度为Ⅷ度,极震区呈长椭圆形,长轴走向N65°W,长度为15km;短轴走向N25°E,长度为12km。本次地震的发震断层应为祁连山北缘断裂内的次级断裂——旱峡-大黄沟断裂,地震为该断裂最新活动的结果     

2020年龙泉山断裂带MS5.1地震成因综合分析

2020年2月3日四川省成都市青白江区发生M_S5.1地震,震中烈度为Ⅵ度。该地震事件震中位于龙泉山断裂带上,距离成都市中心38 km,是龙泉山断裂带历史上非常罕见的5.0级以上地震事件。针对该事件成因进行了综合分析与研究,具体内容包括:(1)通过收集历史地震资料讨论龙泉山断裂带的地震活动性;(2)利用高质量的波形数据对主震位置进行重定位;(3)根据地震层析成像获得的三维vP、vS以及泊松比(σ)模型分析了孕震构造和流体影响,以及(4)利用固体潮理论模型分析了固体潮与地震触发的相关性。结果表明,本次M_S5.1地震发生在龙泉山断裂带北段,震中坐标为(30.732°N,104.529°E),震源深度为15.12 km;震源位于高-低泊松比过渡带附近,并伴随着大范围的低速异常,初步推断与深部流体有关;同时,固体潮在断层面上产生的剪切应力变化,也可能与本次地震的触发密切相关,暗示着在地震发生前龙泉山北段的地震危险性已经达到了较高水平。因此深部流体侵入作用、强震同震效应以及特定孕震构造环境的综合影响可能是导致本次地震触发的主要因素。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...