关于设立“张衡计划”的建议——为中国地球物理仪器研发和产业化

地球物理学在本质上是一门观测科学,高精度、高分辨率的观测和实验仪器、设备是地球物理学发展进程中的“前哨”.为此,本建议对中国的地球物理科学仪器事业的现状和未来发展方向进行了讨论,提出了一些论点、论据和想法与建议.对中国地球物理现代化仪器与设备的研发进程进行了历史回顾和剖析,对发展自主创新的地球物理科学仪器事业的战略地位进行了细致的思考;对依赖国外科学技术的危害性进行了深刻的讨论;对中国地球物理科学仪器事业的现状进行了理智的分析;对中国地球物理仪器和设备研制队伍从有到无的缘由进行了深度剖析;为此,提出了要使中国地球物理事业得到健康迅速发展,必须国家统一规划和统一管理的国家行为的思想,提出了设立“地球物理仪器设备研发工程”——“张衡计划”的建议,并对不同阶段性发展的具体目标、任务和实施给予了框架性的厘定.为此,中国地球物理科学仪器与设备事业,当今必须转变观念,依据国家战略需求和自主创新的理念,创自己的品牌,并逐步产业化,乃是进入世界地球科学强国的根本.     

IRIS数据管理系统：它的发展,现状和计划方向

引言在过去的7年里,位于西雅图的IRIS数据管理中心的数据存档已成为地震学家为研究地球内部和震源情况而收集地震数据的数据源。在这些数据存档中,包含有执行IRIS PASSCAL项目期间部署的临时地震台站的数据,有IRIS全球地震台网的永久台站的数据,数字地震台网联盟的其他合作成员组织台网的数据以及来自美国地质调查局运行的早期数字台网的重要数据,由于中心还提供了获取这些波形数据有效方法,而成为世界上最大的地震波形数据的汇集中心。在大地震发生后的几小时内,地震学     

地球镜:大陆内部探究

近1000年带来了地震学、卫星技术、微电子学、计算技术、油田技术以及通讯和信息技术的飞速发展,这为地球科学家更加精确有效地探测地球提供了新的机遇。为了利用这些技术,地球科学家正在与美国国家科学基金会(NSF)、美国地质调查局(USGS)和美国航空和宇宙航天局(NASA)一道鼓励美国总统和国会资助一个称为地球镜(EarthScope)的计划。地球镜被认为是一套分布式的、多功能的、最新的相关仪器和观测台,它将拓展地球科学的观测能力,并将实时数据带到我们的桌面上。从这些设备得到数据流结合现有的和新的地质数据将会提供史无前例的机遇去…     

地震电磁卫星载荷及现状

系统介绍了法国DEMETER电磁卫星搭载的电场测量仪、磁场测量仪、离子分析仪和高能粒子探测仪的科学目的、简单的工作原理、观测模式以及观测的物理量.同时介绍了国际现有运行的地震电磁卫星搭载的观测仪器，对空间－地面电磁观测系统进行了简要的讨论.这些资料将为我国地震电磁卫星计划的实施提供参考.     

美国正制定新的大洋地幔动力学计划

在美国国家科学基金会支持下，美国科学家正在制定一项新的大洋地幔动力学计划，目的是用新一代高分辨率海洋观测设备，检验板块构造和对流的地球动力学模型。板块构造革命为描述固体地球内部动力学过程提供了一个定量的运动学框架。35年来，地质、地球物理、地球化学观测和数     

苏联地震和地球物理仪器研究零讯七则

一、用激光器记录地壳表面的位移据塔斯社阿拉木图1977年11月25日电,上个世纪和本世纪初南哈萨克发生过强烈地震的震中区,现处于激光器的监视之下。阿拉木图的科学家们开始利用这种仪器定期记录人眼不易察觉的地壳表面的位移。为了进行这些观测已建立了一个监视台网。这些台设立在地球物理学家发现的深层地壳断裂的地方。他们认为强烈地震的发生是与地球上这些断裂有关系的。激光器监视的数据是用来研究预报地震的科学方法。     

“华北克拉通破坏”重大研究计划共享数据库及其科学意义

在国家自然科学基金"华北克拉通破坏"重大研究计划支持下,在华北克拉通开展了宽频带地震流动台阵观测和人工源地震剖面探测,以及与克拉通破坏相关的地质和地球化学观测实验研究,产生了多种类型的海量地学观测数据.为了统一管理和充分利用这些宝贵的观测数据,建立了共享数据库系统.该系统基于Oracle大型数据库技术、ArcGIS技术和现代网络技术进行设计,采用成熟的B/S结构并遵循J2EE的MVC三层架构模式以Java语言进行了开发.系统实现了对相关观测数据的汇集、管理、处理和共享服务功能,提供了基于Internet的方便快捷的检索下载,以及基于WebGIS的图形化服务."华北克拉通破坏"重大研究计划共享数据系统的建立和数据共享,将有利于科学观测数据的深入挖掘和多学科综合研究,对实现该计划提出的研究目标及相关地学研究都具有重要的科学意义.     

京津唐试验场水文地球化学仪器的引进及应用

京津唐试验场是国家地震局重点支持的地震预报试验场。地下水(包括水动态和水化学)的观测研究一直作为试验场内开展地震预报工作的重要组成部份。在联合国开发署的资助与中美有关专家的指导下,1984年至1985年试验场引进了多项水文地球化学观测仪器,开展了大量试验研究,取得了一些成果。现将部分仪器的性能及应用概况介绍如下。     

中国地球物理学会技术委员会将评选科学技术奖

为了推动地球物理学科的发展,推动新技术和高技术在地球科学中的应用,加速推广地球科学领域的科技成果为国民经济建设和国防建设服务,表彰科技人员多年辛勤刻苦钻研的成就,中国地球物理学会技术委员会设立科学技术奖,以鼓励在地球物理学中应用新技术、高技术和在基础科学实验方面有突出成就的科学家、工程师和研究集体。主要包括地球物理仪器、观测系统和地球物理模型实验等方面。     

认识地球及其环境造福社会——IUGG的过去、现在和未来

本文概述了国际大地测量学和地球物理学联合会(IUGG)的发展历史、宗旨及其组织机构和运作体制,介绍了近些年来IUGG在推动地球科学各相关学科的交叉融合、广泛开展国际合作、帮助发展中国家地球科学的发展,以及探讨地球科学未来的趋向,关注青年科学家的培养和成长等方面所开展的卓有成效的活动.这些活动对于人类认识地球、合理利用资...     

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Information for authors

正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research.     

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER ON EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION(IRTCES)

正Director:Shangfu Kuang,China Vice-directors:Chunhong Hu,China Duihu Ning,China Guangquan Liu,China The International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation(IRTCES)was jointly set up by the Government of China and UNESCO on July 21,1984.It aims at the promotion of international exchange of knowledge and cooperation in the studies of erosion and     

Dynamic process-response model of river channel development

Feedback mechanisms, which operate upstream through drawdown and backwater effects and downstream through sediment discharge are responsible for channel evolution. By combining these mechanisms with channel processes it euables a dynamic process-response model to be developed to simulate the initial evolution of straight gravel-bed channels. When erosion commences on a land surface, sediment entrained in the headwater reach by hydraulic action is selectively transported, deposited and reworked. This produces a damped oscillation between degradation and aggradation as the channel and valley respond to spatial and temporal variations in sediment calibre and hydraulic conditions. The initial cut and fill phases are responsible for valley incision and floodplain development while secondary and subsequent activity can produce river terraces. Eventually sediment entrainment in the headwaters declines as slopes are reduced. Subsequent channel evolution is relatively insignificant because it is dependent on local weathering activity producing material that can be transported on declining slopes. Therefore landforms produced during the initial phase of development, when local weathering was non-limiting, dominate the landscape.     

Discussion on the Precise Relocation and Seismo-Tectonics of the Jiujiang-Ruichang Earthquake

Based on relocating the Jiujiang-Ruichang earthquake sequence which occurred on November 26, 2005 in Jiangxi Province with the double-difference （DD） algorithm and master event technique, the paper discusses the focal mechanism of the main shock （MsS.7） and the probable seismo-tectonics. The precise relocation results indicate that the average horizontal error is 0.31kin in a EW direction and 0.40kin in a NS direction, and the average depth error is 0.48kin. The focal depths vary from 8kin to 14kin, with the predominant distribution at 10kin - 12kin. The epicenter of the main shock is relocated to be 29.69^oN, 115.74^oE and the focal depth is about 10.Skin. Combining the predominant distribution of the earthquake sequence, the focal mechanism of the main shock and the tectonic conditions of N-E- and NW-strike faults growth in the seismic region, we infer that the main shock of the earthquake sequence was caused by a NW striking buried fault in the Rnichang basin. The nature of seismic faults needs to be further explored.     

Hydrochemical and bacteriological features of the groundwater: southern border of the Rharb basin (Morocco) / Caractérisation hydrochimique et bactériologique des eaux souterraines: bordure méridionale du bassin du Rharb (Maroc)

Abstract

The western reservoirs represent the principal groundwater system in Morocco. Demographic, industrial and agricultural developments during the last decade have markedly altered groundwater quality. The Mamora coastal aquifer system is among the Atlantic systems which are most heavily threatened by pollution. Agricultural and industrial activities, and rapid urban growth contribute to the pollution of the groundwater. Contamination transport is facilitated by a high permeability of the aquifer formations. In order to assess the actual groundwater quality of the Mamora aquifer and to understand the influence of the factors generating the pollution, an extensive multidisciplinary research programme is in progress, with hydrochemistry and microbiology playing essential roles. The present paper concerns the spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters in the groundwater, subjected to domestic, industrial and agricultural pollution. Fifty-seven samples were analysed for several parameters (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^?, SO₄ ^2?, HCO₃ ^?, NO₃ ^?, pH, electrical conductivity and temperature). The microbiological analysis of 143 samples reveals the presence of four kinds of indicator bacteria in the groundwater resources: faecal Streptococci, faecal coliform, Escherichia coli and Clostridium. The physico-chemical results and bacteriological monitoring show that the nitrate and bacteria concentrations exceed the maximum admissible levels, notably around pumping stations in the sectors of Sidi Taibi, Sidi Ahmed Taleb and Aïn Sbaâ. Contamination is generated by uncontrolled anthropogenic activities and accentuated by the high intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer system. Several parameters appeared to exceed admissibility standards. Measures are recommended to prevent groundwater pollution in the region.     

Zink in der Umwelt

Zinc in the Environment. In 1990 the world production of zinc ammounted to 7 Mio. metric tons. The main areas of application were: galvanization, alloys like brass and zinc metal. The content in the earth crust varies between 10–300 ppm zinc with a mean of 70 ppm. Uncontaminated surface waters contain less than 10 mg/m³ zinc. Apart from civilization air contains 1–10 ng zinc per m³. These background concentrations are exceeded by orders of magnitude in zinc deposit areas and where anthropogenic influences predominate. Accumulation can occur in sediments and sewage sludge. Molluscs and Algae also accumulate zinc. Zinc is essential for live. With normal food the zinc supply of man is just sufficient. Bioaccumulation of zinc towards man or chronic oversupply of man is not known. Zinc has no teratogenic or mutagenic effects, a suspicion on a carcinogenic effect proved wrong. In stockbreeding and plant cultivation a minimum supply of zinc is necessary. Plants are relatively less sensitive against higher soil contents of zinc. Considering the toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of zinc in the environment, the critical organismens are marine invertebratae like tubifex, daphnia, gammarus and algae. But normally only a minor part of the total zinc contest is biologically available, depending on salt content and pH of the waters.