广义散射层析成像反演

本文详细地给出了基于非均匀介质的体散射广义散射层析成像反演的基本理论.广义散射层析成像反演可以描述为波场的反向传播和对成像场进行局部波数域滤波的过程.在数值算例中,利用背景速度沿深度方向均匀变化的v(z)介质中的简单的方块作为速度异常体的模型,通过对该模型产生的低频的Born数据和声波的正演数据的测试,在对采集系统进行有限频率带宽和空间孔径的校正来进行局部成像矩阵谱的恢复中,可以看出模型中各点的谱在恢复后的质量无论从覆盖的面积范围还是幅值的均一性上都有着明显的提高;在对速度模型的重建中,广义散射层析成像反演能够很好地恢复速度模型的低频分量,即便是方块速度异常体相对于背景速度的平均速度扰动是23%也能很好地重建模型中的速度,且对于不同的背景速度模型基本上都能很好地恢复Marmousi速度模型的低频分量.所以该方法将基于Born模型的层析成像反演适应范围进行了一定程度的扩展.     

基于星载SAR信号的TEC反演新方法

由于星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统工作于电离层之上,其信号不可避免地将受到电离层的影响. 背景电离层以及电离层电子密度不规则体多重散射效应可引起距离向图像质量的下降, 在强起伏情况下, 多重散射效应对信号的延迟影响不可忽略. 针对此问题, 本文提出了一种基于SAR回波信号的三频相位自适应TEC反演新方法, 利用反演的结果对电离层的影响进行校正. 给出了校正前后的点目标成像仿真, 结果显示此方法充分考虑了多重散射效应引起的TEC估计误差, 可以有效地补偿电离层对距离向成像的影响, 提高了距离向点目标图像质量.     

广义散射层析成像反演

本文详细地给出了基于非均匀介质的体散射广义散射层析成像反演的基本理论.广义散射层析成像反演可以描述为波场的反向传播和对成像场进行局部波数域滤波的过程.在数值算例中,利用背景速度沿深度方向均匀变化的v（z）介质中的简单的方块作为速度异常体的模型,通过对该模型产生的低频的Born数据和声波的正演数据的测试,在对采集系统进行有限频率带宽和空间孔径的校正来进行局部成像矩阵谱的恢复中,可以看出模型中各点的谱在恢复后的质量无论从覆盖的面积范围还是幅值的均一性上都有着明显的提高;在对速度模型的重建中,广义散射层析成像反演能够很好地恢复速度模型的低频分量,即便是方块速度异常体相对于背景速度的平均速度扰动是23%也能很好地重建模型中的速度,且对于不同的背景速度模型基本上都能很好地恢复Marmousi速度模型的低频分量.所以该方法将基于Born模型的层析成像反演适应范围进行了一定程度的扩展.     

海拉尔CTBTO地震台阵下方小尺度非均匀体研究

利用国际禁核组织在海拉尔布设的小孔径地震台阵的16个深远地震波资料,分离出了P波波场中不相干的尾波.频率域中对波场扰动的研究表明,在0.5～3.0 Hz的频率范围内,观测到的波场扰动可以利用P波在随机介质中的散射进行解释.不同远震事件得到的稳定结果表明,在该台阵下方34 km厚的地壳和110 km厚的岩石层中可能存在相关长度为2.0～7.4 km的散射体.     

电离层加热实验中超强电子密度增强特征

2011年11月利用欧洲非相干散射雷达协会(EISCAT)的大功率加热设备和诊断设施开展了挪威高纬度地区电离层加热实验. 在此次加热实验中, UHF雷达探测到了十分明显的电子密度增强现象, 反射高度附近电子密度最大增幅可达269.3%, 而在远离谐振区的300~500 km及以上高度的增幅也可达30%~50%. 通过对加热前后离子线谱和数据残差的对比分析, 表明300~500 km的电子密度增强是真实可信的, 在如此大的空间范围出现增幅如此大的电子密度增强特征实属罕见. 另外通过对等离子体线谱的分析, 得到了等离子体线双谐振峰结构, 本文利用电子的速度分布函数和等离子体线谱之间的关系, 对加热实验中观测到的等离子体线谱进行了仿真, 提出了超热电子是引起本次电子密度增强的可能机制. 并利用仿真中所使用的超热电子速度参数对超热电子的电离能力、横向和纵向自由程进行了计算, 最终验证了所提出的物理机制的合理性.     

利用尾波包络线反演方法研究伽师强震群区地壳的非均匀结构

以单次散射模型、球形辐射源、一维线性速度模型为基础计算理论包络线,通过尾波归一化方法把理论与观测包络线结合起来形成非线性方程组,用迭代最小二乘方法反演伽师强震群区的散射系数空间分布.结果表明,伽师强震群区下方中上地壳中存在明显的非均匀结构.在10~25 km各深度图像上,研究区中部都存在一低散射系数区,这个低散射系数区在10 km、15 km深度被高散射系数区包围,在20 km深度仅其东侧存在高散射系数区.1997年的7次M_s≥6.0级地震发生在研究区中部的低散射系数区内或低散射系数区向高散射系数区过渡带的低散射系数一侧.     

煤层陷落柱散射波数值模拟与成像

煤层陷落柱是煤田勘探开发中常见的一种典型的非均匀地质体.由于来自陷落柱的反射信号少、反射能量弱,使得基于反射波原理的常规地震成像方法难以有效识别陷落柱.本文以散射波理论为基础,采用数值模拟方法,研究了陷落柱的散射波场特征,研究表明地面接收的波场中含有来自陷落柱陡倾角界面的散射波场.通过共散射点道集波场的模拟,可以清晰地识别散射波,获得地下散射点和非均匀地质体的信息,判断散射点的位置,从而勾画出不均匀地质体的形态.采用等效偏移距假设抽取共散射点道集,在此基础上进行叠前偏移,对陷落柱成像;模拟与实际数据成像结果对比表明此方法能够合理地提取散射点的散射波场信息,对陷落柱形态及内部结构准确成像,是一种有效的煤田陷落柱成像方法.     

基于COSMIC掩星数据分析中低纬度地区电子密度分布变化

利用COSMIC掩星2009年电子密度剖面数据,筛选数据进行网格划分,网格内数据统计平均,基于球谐函数计算模型值,分析电离层中低纬度地区最大电子密度的地磁季节变化、昼夜测分布相对变化,及地磁活动对电子密度的分布影响.结果表明,最大电子密度昼测值明显高于夜测值,在中纬度部分区域增大明显.电子密度昼测值在地磁活动期间高度150-550 km中低纬度范围为正相扰动,随纬度变化存在区域差异,随高度增加,扰动加强.     

海浪破碎对海面微波后向散射系数的影响

在海面波破碎区，假定随机粗糙的海面被两层不同散射性质的球形粒子覆盖，上层是由海面飞沫组成的球形Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ粒子层，下层是由气泡组成的球形Ｍｉｅ粒子层，根据大量观测和实验的统计结果，确定了两层散射粒子的平均半径和单位体积的粒子数；并用迭代法求解随机粗糙海面上的两层粒子的矢量辐射传输方程．根据风波破碎时白冠覆盖率和海面飞沫、气泡的统计模型，给出了一个新的风驱海面的微波散射理论模型．利用这一模型定量地给出了海面后向散射系数和风速、视角、极化和白冠覆盖率等特征参量之间的函数关系，并研究了覆盖在波破碎区的散射粒子对海面后向散射系数影响程度．     

电离层诸参量对大气重力波的响应与重力波参数反演

本文利用欧洲非相干散射雷达数据,分析研究了电离层不同等离子体参量对大气重力波的响应之间的关系.应用这种关系,发展了一种在垂直于地磁场的电场可以忽略等简化假设下,由电子密度和离子沿场速度的同时测量数据,反演求解较高（约250km以上）F区中引起TID的重力波传播参数的方法.用此法对一典型TID事件进行分析计算,所得结果与全波解数值研究结果很好符合.     

The inversion of incoherent scatter spectra with a non-Maxwellian electron distribution

With the action of powerful, high-frequency (HF) radio waves, the ionosphere plasma will depart from the equilibrium state and the non-Maxwellian distribution function can be produced. An artificial field-aligned irregularities (AFAI) model is introduced to describe the distortion from the normal shape, and the measured data are analyzed with this model during ionosphere heating at a 186-km height on August 15th, 2006. The electron temperature and density deduced from the AFAI model are compared with the results obtained from a standard procedure. The inversion of the electron temperature is evidently affected, and the overestimation is up to 22.9%. Owing to the introduction of the AFAI model, the new irregularities’ parameters can be obtained, which implies that incoherent scatter radar is feasible as a ground-based instrument to diagnose information on irregularities.     

Ring current asymmetry during a magnetic storm

The ring current dynamics during the magnetic storm has been studied in the work. The response of the magnetospheric current systems to the external influence of the solar wind, specifically, resulting in the development of the asymmetric ring current component, has been calculated using the magnetic field paraboloid model. The asymmetric ring current has been considered as a family of spatial current circuits in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, composed of the zones of the partial ring current in the geomagnetic equator plane, which close through the system of field-aligned currents into the ionosphere. The value of the total partial ring current has been estimated by comparing the calculated asymmetry of the magnetospheric magnetic field at the geomagnetic equator with the value of the Asym-H geomagnetic index. The variations in the symmetric and asymmetric components of the ring current magnetic field have been calculated for the magnetic storm of November 6–14, 2004. The contributions of the magnetospheric current systems to the Dst and AU geomagnetic indices have been calculated.     

Plumes of the plasmasphere and variations in the geomagnetic field horizontal component

The effects of the dayside and dusk plumes of the plasmasphere during the ring current recovery phase on the disturbance level of the ground geomagnetic field horizontal component have been considered. It has been indicated that the geomagnetic field horizontal component changes specifically and synchronously in the region corresponding to the plasmaspheric dayside plume. Outside the plume the time variations in the geomagnetic field horizontal component pronouncedly differs. A spectral analysis of disturbances in the geomagnetic field horizontal components in the range of geomagnetic pulsations indicated that the intensity in the range of Pc4 pulsations increases at magnetic stations located on field lines corresponding to the dayside and dusk plumes of the plasmasphere. These pulsations detected in the dynamic spectrum of the geomagnetic field horizontal components in the dayside plume region of the plasmasphere, probably reflect the resonance oscillations of magnetic field lines in the region of field-aligned currents at comparatively low altitudes. We assume that this is caused by the instability of field-aligned currents originating as a result of the interaction between the ring current energetic ions and electromagnetic waves in the region with a relatively dense background plasma of the dayside plume.     

地磁活动指数Vr的时空分布特征分析

本文使用2008-2010年三年内的国内41个地磁台站和国外4个地磁台站的地磁水平分量H和磁偏角D的分钟值数据,研究了H和D的Vr指数(以下简称VrH和VrD)与Kp指数的关系及其时空分布特征,发现在时间变化上,VrH和VrD均具有27天太阳自转周变化;VrD呈现出显著的季节变化,而VrH却无,但与太阳风速度(SWS, Solar Wind Speed)变化密切相关,其三年的相关系数分别是0.97、0.70、0.88;去除季节变化后的VrD也表现出与SWS的相关,相关系数分别是0.96、0.77、0.5(2010年相关系数低主要受3月份Vr指数不明原因异常变化影响).在空间变化上,在我国大陆范围内,VrH和VrD均随纬度的增高而增大,并且具有地方时效应和显著的晨-昏不对称性,这种地方时效应和晨昏不对称性可能与部分环电流和场向电流有关系.研究认为Vr指数可以反映地磁场的快速变化,并可以间接反映SWS、部分环电流和场向电流对地磁场变化的影响和控制作用.     

Comparison of the orientation of small-scale electron density irregularities and F region plasma flow direction

Results are shown from an experimental campaign where satellite scintillation was observed at three sites at high latitudes and, simultaneously, the F region plasma flow was measured by the nearby EISCAT incoherent scatter radar. The anisotropy parameters of field-aligned irregularities are determined from amplitude scintillation using a method based on the variance of the relative logarithmic amplitude. The orientation of the anisotropy in a plane perpendicular to the geomagnetic field is compared with the direction of F region plasma flow. The results indicate that in most cases a good agreement between the two directions is obtained.     

Temporal behaviour of artificial small-scale ionospheric irregularities: Review of experimental results

Features of artificial small-scale ionospheric irregularities (ASI) induced at F-region heights by powerful HF waves are discussed. The investigations presented here were performed during the past two decades at the Zimenki and Sura heating facilities, located at middle latitudes near Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia, as well as at the Gissar facility located at a lower latitude near Dushanbe, Tadzhikistan. The measurements were made by a variety of diagnostic methods employing artificial field-aligned scattering of HF and VHF radio waves, sounding of the disturbed region by means of low-power probing waves and testing of the artificial turbulence by means of stimulated electromagnetic emission (SEE). The dependence of ASI on such parameters as transverse scale length of the artificial irregularities, their location in the disturbed region, the power of the heating wave, the duration of HF radiation, geophysical conditions, aftereffects of the preceding modification, and the schedule of heater operation is considered for both the development stage after pump turn-on and the decay stage after pump turn-off. The temporal evolution of ASI spectral characteristics during the heater period is discussed. An empirical model for the ASI, based on the data available, was elaborated and verified by computer simulation of SEE generation.     

Modeling the partial ring current effect in a disturbed magnetosphere

The mathematical model of the magnetic field of the partial ring current has been proposed. This current is considered as a pair of spatial current circuits in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, either of which includes two ring zones, in the geomagnetic equator plane and ionosphere, and two zones of the field-aligned current, flowing along the geomagnetic dipole field lines and joining ring fragments of the circuit. The model parameters are: colatitude of the eastward electrojet, longitudinal shift relative to the Sun-Earth axis, circuit half-angle, and the total current flowing in the circuit. The Biot-Savart-Laplace law has been used to calculate the magnetic field of the current circuit. The magnetic field of the partial ring current has been calculated under the conditions typical of a strong magnetic storm. The technique for calculating the partial ring current intensity, using the Asym-H geomagnetic index, has been proposed.     

Scattering of radio waves from the ionosphere in presence of time varying random irregularities

Summary In this paper the modified formula for scattering cross-section of radio waves from the ionosphere has been deduced in presence of time-varying random irregularities. The anisotropic behaviour of the medium which arises due to the presence of the geomagnetic field along with the time-varying irregularities of the medium has been considered. The derived expression for the dielectric tensor for the above medium has been utilised to obtain the required cross-section. The latitude, altitude, azimuth and polarisation angle dependence of scattering of radio waves from the ionosphere has been shown. The evaluated formula may be verified experimentally and the importance of the geomagnetic field and irregularities may then be analysed.     

基于地磁台站数据对磁暴期间环电流和场向电流的分布特征研究

磁暴的发生与环电流的变化密切相关.除了对称环电流外，部分环电流在磁暴的发展过程中也起到了重要的作用，同时部分环电流通过场向电流与极区电离层中的电流形成回路.本文应用INTERMAGNET地磁台网北半球中低纬区域地磁台站数据，对不同强度4个磁暴事件主相和恢复相期间部分环电流和场向电流的磁地方时分布进行了分析和讨论.对于每一个磁暴事件，在低纬地区（地磁纬度约0°—40°N）选用地磁经度上大致均匀的8个台站，通过坐标转换计算平行于磁偶极轴的地磁场水平分量H来分析磁暴期间环电流所引起的磁场扰动；在低纬地区8个台站的基础上增加中纬地区（地磁纬度约40°N—60°N）地磁经度上大致均匀的6个台站，计算地磁坐标系下地磁场东西分量Y来分析磁暴期间场向电流在中低纬地区引起的磁场扰动.结果表明，磁暴主相期间的部分环电流主要作用于磁地方时昏侧和夜侧扇区，并且主相和恢复相期间部分环电流引起的磁场变化随着磁暴级别的增大而增大；磁暴主相期间向下的场向电流多出现在夜侧至晨侧扇区，向上的场向电流多出现在昏侧至午后扇区，且中纬地区向下和向上场向电流的展布范围明显大于低纬地区；恢复相期间弱、中磁暴事件的场向电流呈现与部分环电流相同的减弱趋势，而强、大磁暴事件在恢复相末期场向电流引起的磁场变化明显不同于恢复相的其他时刻，这可能与高纬较强的亚暴活动有关.     

极隙区粒子和电流的观测和研究

处于高纬向日面的极隙区是太阳风能量、动量和质量可以直接进入地球磁场并到达地球的近地空间的区域。本文简要介绍了极隙区的观测和研究，综述了极隙区的粒子沉降、场向电流、等离子体对流和电离层电流的特征。