天然气水合物电磁勘探研究进展

天然气水合物因能源资源潜力、环境效应问题和对地质灾害影响,受到了世界各国的广泛关注,成为了科学研究热点.目前,探测天然气水合物最有效的当属地震勘探,但其存在着一些问题,如只能探测水合物的底界、无法估算水合物浓度、BSR特征与水合物储层不一一对应等,而电磁方法则成为其有益的补充,可降低勘探成本和钻探风险.本文综述了海域与陆域冻土区电磁探测天然气水合物的研究进展,介绍了国内外天然气水合物的发展历程、电磁探测水合物的物性基础和电磁探测天然气水合物的研究现状.在海域水合物电磁勘探方面,重点阐述了频率域海洋可控源电磁法的原理、电磁法数值模拟、装备研发和应用研究的相关进展;在陆域水合物电磁勘探方面,论述了电磁法在探测冻土层、水合物成藏要素以及水合物有效性的研究进展.最后结合我国天然气水合物电磁勘探研究现状,提出了相关建议,为开展相关领域研究提供有益的参考.     

青海木里天然气水合物储层大地电磁法理论模拟分析

青海木里地区地质构造复杂,天然气水合物成藏规律不清,为了大地电磁法探测天然气水合物有更好的应用效果,有必要进行大地电磁法理论模拟研究.本文基于青海木里地区的天然气水合物赋存方式,设计了两种天然气水合物地电模型,采用大地电磁法的有限元法正演及非线性共轭梯度法反演计算,重点分析大地电磁法对冻土层、断裂及水合物储层的分辨率及不同极化模式反演对水合物储层的识别效果.理论模拟结果表明:大地电磁法对冻土层、断裂有较好的探测效果;TE模式的反演结果比TM模式的反演结果对水合物储层异常反映更明显;TE+TM模式中降低TE模式的数据误差值,使TE模式的数据在反演过程中权重加大,反演结果也能显示出水合物储层异常.本次的理论模拟结果对探测天然气水合物的大地电磁数据处理有一定借鉴作用.     

哈拉湖地区低频可控震源天然气水合物地球物理响应特征研究

我国陆域天然气水合物主要分布于青藏高原和漠河地区.由于永久冻土层的存在,地震勘探很难获得高品质的资料,给天然气水合物勘探带来了诸多困难.为解决冻土层对地震信号的衰减问题,在哈拉湖地区采用低频可控震源进行地震资料采集试验,通过提高覆盖次数,获得了较高信噪比的地震资料.在高质量地震资料基础上,进行精细速度分析,获得了较准确的叠加速度谱资料;然后以层速度剖面为基础建立正演模型,开展天然气水合物地震正演模拟研究;最后利用叠后偏移地震数据进行地震属性分析.通过正演模拟和地震属性综合研究,总结了天然气水合物的地球物理响应特征,速度突变和空白反射带可作为哈拉湖地区陆域天然气水合物识别的敏感因素.     

水合物赋存形式对石英砂电性特征影响的数值模拟研究

天然气水合物储层精确评价关系到储层的生产与开发过程.由于储层微观结构具有非均质性,且水合物合成分解过程中分布形式复杂,水合物储层物性变化规律尚不明晰,从而难以对储层水合物饱和度进行准确预测.为明确水合物赋存模式对电性特征的影响规律,本文基于石英砂样品采用随机模拟的方法实现了颗粒包裹型、孔隙填充型和团簇状分布三类赋存模式...     

羌塘盆地冻土层结构核磁共振信号响应研究与实践

为了了解羌塘盆地冻土层的结构,利用核磁共振测深(MRS)技术对羌塘盆地的两个研究区进行了野外勘探。结合室内实验及野外实际资料,冻土层基本无法引起仪器核磁共振响应是划分冻土层和探测水合物的重要证据。在钻井附近进行的MRS方法对试验点进行测量并采集到了NMR信号,分析认为是天然气水合物处在亚稳定状态,分解产生水或者液态烃,形成水-水合物-气三相共存的情况,引起了NMR反应。实践表明可以将MRS方法运用于探测陆域冻土带分布以及冻土带,该方法对于冻土层的结构划分具有十分重要的科学意义和应用价值。      

青藏高原多年冻土区天然气水合物形成条件模拟研究

基于野外气体地球化学调查研究,以及前人有关冻土表层温度、冻土层内地温梯度、冻土层下地温梯度等的资料,对青藏高原多年冻土区天然气水合物的形成条件开展了模拟研究. 结果显示：研究区冻土条件能够满足天然气水合物形成的基本要求;气体组成、冻土特征（如冻土厚度或冻土表层温度、冻土层内地温梯度、冻土层下地温梯度等）是影响研究区天然气水合物稳定带厚度的最重要因素,其在不同点位上的差异性可能导致天然气水合物分布的不均匀性的主要原因;研究区最可能的天然气水合物为甲烷与重烃（乙烷和丙烷）的混合气体型天然气水合物;在天然气水合物分布的区域,其产出的上临界点深度在几十至一百多米间,下临界点深度在几百至近一千米间,厚度可达到几百米. 与Canadian Mallik三角洲多年冻土区相比,青藏高原多年冻土区除了冻土厚度小些外,其他条件,如冻土层内地温梯度、冻土层下地温梯度、气体组成等条件较为相近,具有一定的可比性,预示着良好的天然气水合物潜力.     

青藏高原冻土带天然气水合物的形成条件与分布预测

冻土带是天然气水合物发育的两个重要地质环境之一.青藏高原平均海拔在4000m以上,多年冻土面积约1.4×106km2.本文根据青藏高原冻土层厚度和地温梯度特征,运用天然气水合物的热力学稳定域预测方法,确定中低纬度高海拔区冻土带天然气水合物的产出特征.青藏高原多年冻土带热成因天然气水合物形成的热力学相平衡反映,水合物顶界埋深约27~560m,底界埋深约77~2070m.初步计算表明,青藏高原冻土带水合物天然气资源约1.2×1011~2.4×1014m3.在冻土层越厚、冻土层及冻土层之下沉积层的地温梯度越小的地区,最有利于天然气水合物的发育.气温的季节性变化对天然气水合物影响不大.在全球气温快速上升的背景下,青藏高原天然气水合物将处于失稳状态,天然气水合物顶界下降、底界上升,与冻土带的退化相似,分布区逐渐缩小,最终将完全消失.     

天然气水合物勘探开发新技术进展

天然气水合物是一种非常规能源,因其巨大的资源量成为目前能源研究的热点.水合物的研究目前仍处于初期阶段,人们在水合物勘探、开发模拟方面做了大量尝试,总结了许多有利于水合物勘探和开发的关键技术.本文首先介绍了天然气水合物形成的地质条件和储层特征,然后介绍了针对海底天然气水合物的地震勘探和电磁、地化等非地震勘探最新技术进展,分析了天然气水合物矿藏的测井响应特征,结合岩石物理模型对储层孔隙度、饱和度进行估算用于储量预测.最后,论述了天然气水合物开发过程中的深水区的钻井问题,水合物的开采方式总结以及商业化生产所面临的挑战.     

含裂隙储层中的天然气水合物分布:来自地震各向异性测量的启示

不同的天然气水合物分布对储层地震性质的影响存在显著差异,深入认识储层中的水合物分布,对基于地震性质定量评价水合物资源具有重要意义.然而,目前对含裂隙储层中水合物分布的认识仍然严重不足.为此,文章设计并开展了针对性岩石物理实验,测量了含硬币状定向裂隙岩石在水合物生成过程中的各向异性速度,并进一步分析了不同水合物饱和度条件下裂隙中的水合物分布,及其对各向异性速度和各向异性参数的影响.实验结果表明:随着水合物饱和度的增加,各向异性速度均呈现出整体增加的趋势;当水合物饱和度大于10%时,各向异性速度的增加幅度变得更大,且各向异性速度间的增加速率也表现出强烈差异,具体表现为,垂直于层理面与裂隙面传播的纵波速度和偏振方向垂直于层理面的横波速度分别比其他纵波和横波速度增加得更快.对各向异性结果的深入解释表明:在水合物饱和度小于10%时,水合物可能倾向于黏结在裂隙表面的矿物颗粒上,而当水合物饱和度大于10%时,以黏结矿物颗粒分布的水合物演化为连接裂隙上下表面的桥接分布.研究结果提出了对含裂隙储层水合物分布及其对各向异性地震性质影响的新认识,为含裂隙水合物储层的定量评价提供了重要依据.     

南海天然气水合物远景区海洋可控源电磁探测试验

为了测试我国自主设计与研发的海洋可控源电磁仪器性能及其在水合物探测中的适用性,本文从海洋可控源电磁法基本原理出发,首先根据试验海域水合物地质特征,建立简化地电模型开展理论研究,确定海洋可控源电磁试验的技术方案;利用研发的海洋可控源电磁仪器,在南海天然气水合物远景区开展探测试验,首次获得了我国深水海域的海洋可控源电磁数据.通过对采集数据进行处理与反演,获得了试验剖面的海底电性结构模型,揭示了4号测点下方存在一个50m厚的高阻层,其电阻率为25Ωm、顶部埋深为181m,为该区天然气水合物调查提供了有价值的电性参考资料.研究结果表明,自主研发的海洋可控源电磁仪器性能达到了预期的设计指标,这标志着我国海洋可控源电磁探测技术向实用化进程迈出了重要一步.     

大地电磁资料精细处理和二维反演解释技术研究(七)——云南盈江——龙陵地震区深部电性结构及孕震环境

本文对一条布设在滇西盈江—龙陵地区的大地电磁剖面(苏典—中山剖面)数据进行了精细处理和二维反演解释,得到了测区较高置信度的二维电性结构.该电性模型纵向上表现为高阻-低阻-高阻的"三明治"式岩石圈电性结构,上地壳为平均厚度约为10km的高阻地层,在约6～16km地壳深度范围发育有电阻率为几欧姆米的显著高导层,下地壳底部和上地幔顶部表现为电性较为均匀的相对高阻层.横向上自西向东划分出以大盈江断裂带、龙陵—瑞丽断裂带为限的3个主要构造区域.壳内分布的高导层沿剖面表现出一定的横向不均匀性,其在龙陵—瑞丽断裂带下方消失,在该处形成了腾冲地块和保山地块的电性构造边界.电性结构表明,大盈江断裂附近高导层顶界面浅,两侧高阻体厚度小,因此难以形成较大规模的相互作用,致其附近浅震源、小震级的地震活跃;龙陵—瑞丽断裂两侧的高阻体较厚,易积累较大的应力,具有大震的深部孕震环境,故其附近发生过多次7级以上强震.     

Forward modeling of marine DC resistivity method for a layered anisotropic earth

Since the ocean bottom is a sedimentary environment wherein stratification is well developed, the use of an anisotropic model is best for studying its geology. Beginning with Maxwell’s equations for an anisotropic model, we introduce scalar potentials based on the divergence-free characteristic of the electric and magnetic (EM) fields. We then continue the EM fields down into the deep earth and upward into the seawater and couple them at the ocean bottom to the transmitting source. By studying both the DC apparent resistivity curves and their polar plots, we can resolve the anisotropy of the ocean bottom. Forward modeling of a high-resistivity thin layer in an anisotropic half-space demonstrates that the marine DC resistivity method in shallow water is very sensitive to the resistive reservoir but is not influenced by airwaves. As such, it is very suitable for oil and gas exploration in shallowwater areas but, to date, most modeling algorithms for studying marine DC resistivity are based on isotropic models. In this paper, we investigate one-dimensional anisotropic forward modeling for marine DC resistivity method, prove the algorithm to have high accuracy, and thus provide a theoretical basis for 2D and 3D forward modeling.     

3D magnetotelluric characterization of the geothermal anomaly in the Llucmajor aquifer system (Majorca, Spain)

In the Llucmajor aquifer system (Majorca Island, Spain) some geothermal evidences have appeared. This phenomenon is not isolated to Majorca and it is present in other areas, where it can be associated with structural conditions, especially to the extensional event suffered by the island after the Alpine Orogeny. However, the origin of this anomaly in Llucmajor is not well known, and there is no surface geological evidence of these structural conditions. With the aim of delineating the geoelectrical structure of the zone and identifying the geological structure that allows the presence of this anomaly, an audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) survey was carried out. The AMT data was processed using a Wavelet Transform-based scheme. Dimensionality analysis indicates that the geoelectrical structure is mainly 3D. The 3D model was obtained by trial and error forward modeling, taking accounting of the responses from the determinant of the impedance tensor. The model shows a vertical resistivity distribution with three horizons associated with different units: on the top, a shallow high resistive media related to an unconfined shallow aquifer; in the middle, a conductive layer related to the aquitard, and below it, another resistive media related to the confined deeper aquifer. The intermediate horizon shows a sudden thinning beneath the thermal anomalous zone that can be identified as a weakness zone (fault or fracture) connecting both aquifers. An exploratory well was drilled after the AMT survey and reached almost 700 m in depth. This allowed correlating the resistivity distribution of the 3D model with data logging and lithology obtained from the well, showing a proper agreement between them.     

3D electrical structure of porphyry copper deposit: A case study of Shaxi copper deposit

Located in Lu-Zong ore concentration area, middle-lower Yangtze metallogenic belt, ShaXi porphyry copper deposit is a typical hydrothermal deposit. To investigate the distribution of deep ore bodies and spatial characteristics of host structures, an AMT survey was conducted in mining area. Eighteen pseudo-2D resistivity sections were constructed through careful processing and inversion. These sections clearly show resistivity difference between the Silurian sandstones formation and quartz diorite porphyry and this porphyry copper formation was controlled by the highly resistive anticlines. Using 3D block Kriging interpolation method and 3D visualization techniques, we constructed a detailed 3D resistivity model of quartz diorite porphyry which shows the shape and spatial distribution of deep ore bodies. This case study can serve as a good example for future ore prospecting in and around this mining area.     

Numerical Simulation of Response Characteristics of Audio-magnetotelluric for Gas Hydrate in the Qilian Mountain Permafrost,China

Audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) method is a kind of frequency-domain sounding technique, which can be applied to gas hydrate prospecting and assessments in the permafrost region due to its high frequency band. Based on the geological conditions of gas hydrate reservoir in the Qilian Mountain permafrost, by establishing high-resistance abnormal model for gas hydrate and carrying out numerical simulation using finite element method (FEM) and nonlinear conjugate gradient (NLCG) method, this paper analyzed the application range of AMT method and the best acquisition parameters setting scheme. When porosity of gas hydrate reservoir is less than 5%, gas hydrate saturation is greater than 70%, occurrence scale is less than 50 m, or bury depth is greater than 500 m, AMT technique cannot identify and delineate the favorable gas hydrate reservoir. Survey line should be more than twice the length of probable occurrence scale, while tripling the length will make the best result. The number of stations should be no less than 6, and 11 stations are optimal. At the high frequency section (10～1000 Hz), there should be no less than 3 frequency points, 4 being the best number.     

三维任意各向异性介质中海洋可控源电磁法正演研究

由于海底介质受沉积环境的影响,层理发育呈现明显各向异性特征.对于海洋可控源电磁法各向异性的研究以往主要局限于一维和二维模型,为更深入了解复杂情况下海底各向异性对海洋可控源电磁响应的影响规律,本文开展三维任意各向异性介质中海洋可控源电磁法正演研究.采用交错网格有限差分技术,通过对任意各向异性介质电导率张量实行体积和空间电流密度平均,完成海洋可控源电磁二次散射电场的离散化,成功实现任意各向异性介质中海洋可控源电磁正演模拟.通过对几种典型各向异性电性模型条件下海洋电磁电场多分量响应及分布特征和各向同性情况的对比分析,总结电各向异性对海洋电磁响应的影响规律和识别方法.本文算法研究及算例可为海洋可控源电磁数据精细化处理解释提供技术支撑.     

Multiple caldera collapses inferred from the shallow electrical resistivity signature of the Las Cañadas caldera, Tenerife, Canary Islands

The Las Cañadas caldera of Tenerife (LCC) is a well exposed caldera depression filled with pyroclastic deposits and lava flows from the active Teide–Pico Viejo complex (TPVC). The caldera's origin is controversial as both the formation by huge lateral flank collapse(s) and multiple vertical collapses have been proposed. Although vertical collapses may have facilitated lateral slope failures and thus jointly contribute to the exposed morphology, their joint contribution has not been clearly demonstrated. Using results from 185 audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) soundings carried out between 2004 and 2006 inside the LCC, our study provides consistent geophysical constraints in favour of multiple vertical caldera collapse. One-dimensional modelling reveals a conductive layer at shallow depth (30–1000 m), presumably resulting from hydrothermal alteration and weathering, underlying the infilling resistive top layer. We present the resistivity distribution of both layers (resistivity images), the topography of the conductive layer across the LCC, as well as a cross-section in order to highlight the caldera's evolution, including the distribution of earlier volcanic edifices. The AMT phase anisotropy reveals the structural and radial characteristics of the LCC.     

任意各向异性介质中三维可控源音频大地电磁正演模拟

在一些地层层理发育的地区，地下介质存在显著的电各向异性，此时基于各向同性模型解释含各向异性效应的可控源音频大地电磁（CSAMT）测深观测数据会导致错误的结果.本文通过引入3×3的对称正定张量表征电导率各向异性，采用非结构四面体网格和矢量有限元方法离散电场满足的矢量Helmholtz方程，并将电磁场源等效为系列电偶极子，实现任意各向异性介质中CSAMT高效数值模拟.本文首先通过层状各向异性模型检验三维有限元算法的精度和有效性，进一步建立三维地电模型研究异常体各向异性和围岩各向异性对CSAMT响应的影响，最后使用视电阻率极性图来识别各向异性电导率主轴方向.数值模拟结果表明，各向异性电导率对CSAMT视电阻率幅值及分布规律都有很大影响，视电阻率极性图能够很好地识别各向异性主轴方向.     

Grounded-source TEM modelling of some deep-seated 3D resistivity structures

Long-offset transient electromagnetics (LOTEM) is now regarded as a suitable electrical method for deep exploration along with magnetotellurics (MT). In this method, the vertical magnetic-field impulse response and, occasionally, the horizontal electric-field step response of a grounded-wire source on the surface of the earth are measured. Here, these two responses are computed for 3D models of three deep resistivity structures of interest in hydrocarbon exploration: (i) a faulted graben in a resistive basement rock at a depth of 4 km beneath a conductive overburden; (ii) a facies change in a resistive layer buried at a depth of 2 km in the conductive overburden above a resistive basement; and (iii) an anticlinal uplift of a resistive layer at a depth of 1 km in the conductive overburden above a resistive basement. The results show that the sensitivity of the electric-field response to model perturbation is generally greater than that of the magnetic-voltage response. Further, the electric-field sensitivity is confined to early and intermediate times while that of the magnetic-voltage response is confined to intermediate and late times. Hence it is recommended that both electric and magnetic recordings are made in a LOTEM survey so that the final results can be presented as apparent-resistivity curves derived from the two responses jointly as well as separately.