郯庐断裂带中段(沂沭断裂带)电性结构研究与孕震环境

穿过郯庐断裂带中段（沂沭断裂带,36°N）所做的大地电磁测深（MT）剖面长约150km.使用Robust技术和远参考道大地电磁方法处理观测数据.通过分析视电阻率、阻抗相位、Swift二维偏离度和区域走向,定性确定测区的电性结构.二维反演解释中选择非线性共轭梯度（NLCG）方法,使用TE、TM两种模式资料联合反演,沿剖面的二维电性结构显示：自西向东,鲁西隆起、郯庐断裂带、胶莱坳陷及鲁东隆起4个电性区块分别对应,鲁东和鲁西隆起区为高阻,郯庐断裂带电性结构复杂,高、低阻相间,胶莱坳陷为低阻（高导）区.沿MT剖面附近曾发生3个地震,其震源区处在电性变化剧烈部位,并在震源区附近存在高导体.     

郯庐断裂带中段电性结构及其地学意义研究

郯庐断裂带是中国大陆东部一个重要的左行走滑断裂系,对于研究中国大陆的形成演化与构造格局有着十分重要的意义.阿拉善左旗—山东日照超宽频带大地电磁测深剖面在山东莒县附近穿越了郯庐断裂带中段,电性主轴分析结果表明断裂带附近构造走向大致为北东20°;反演电阻率模型表明剖面穿越处郯庐断裂带的宽度约为30 km,断裂带主体是两条切割深度大、陡倾的断裂,西侧断裂切割深度约为60 km,向西倾斜,断面陡立,倾角约为70°,东侧断裂切割深度大于80 km,但小于100 km,界面东倾,陡立,倾角约为60°~80°;这两条断裂都切穿了地壳,但未切穿岩石圈.郯庐断裂带东缘至剖面终端日照,整个地壳为高阻,与断裂带西侧地壳的电性结构差异明显,这表明郯庐断裂带是华北地块与胶辽朝地块的边界断裂.     

郯庐断裂带南段大地电磁主轴方位统计分析及其意义

本文利用多测点-多频点阻抗张量统计成像技术统计分析了三条横跨郯庐断裂带南段的大地电磁剖面上的电性主轴分布特征,从电性主轴的角度描绘了大别郯庐构造区不同构造的特征及构造间的几何关系.统计结果显示:郯庐断裂带南段在断裂带浅部的电性主轴方位及二维有效因子中有明显的显示,同时郯庐断裂带南段可能未影响断裂深部介质;扬子板块及大别块体东南部地区浅部和深部的主轴方位明显不一致,表明浅部和深部之间存在结构不整合,主轴方位表明不同深度的介质受不同方向构造力的作用;大别造山带南部及以南地区深部介质中EW向电性主轴可能是板块汇聚时期扬子板块深部韧性层受NS向挤压应力作用的结果,郯庐断裂带以东地区深部韧性层中NWW向的电性主轴则是扬子板块沿郯庐带向NNE方向运动形成的;北大别块体深浅一致的电性主轴分布特征符合中生代穹隆抬升、增厚的演化过程.对该地区电性主轴的统计结果为认识该地区的深部结构及地下介质的运动极性提供了重要的依据,也为认识大别郯庐构造区的演化过程提供了新的证据.     

苏鲁造山带及邻区深部电性结构研究

苏鲁造山带及毗邻华北地块,是中国东部地学研究的热点区域,研究其深部结构可以为讨论苏鲁超高压变质带以及华北克拉通演化提供重要的证据．对横切苏鲁造山带获得的一条大地电磁测深剖面资料进行了解释,剖面沿SE129°,西起华北地块,跨郯庐断裂带、苏鲁超高压变质带、苏鲁高压变质带,止于扬子地块．大地电磁反演解释采用了二维非线性共扼梯度法,用TE和TM联合模式得到了关于测区地下150km以上的电性剖面．该电性剖面在横向上,沿剖面自西而东,划分出了7个电性分区,电性边界带与郯庐断裂带、海州一泗阳断裂以及嘉山一响水断裂等重要的边界断裂具有很好的对应关系;纵向上,划分出6个电性构造单元．发现了在华北地块与扬子地块内存在着（壳内的）高导区,而苏鲁造山带下部没有发现高导区,这一点与大别造山带存在较大的差异．发现了在50—90km之间层位,存在较连续的相对低阻带,推测为上地幔顶部的软弱带,在该低阻带下部分别对应华北地块上地幔浅部相对高阻区、苏鲁造山带上地幔浅部相对低阻区以及扬子地块上地幔浅部相对高阻区．从整个二维电性结构模型来看,在苏鲁造山带及邻区上地幔浅部不存在异常低的电阻率,这表明现今已不存在与岩石圈减薄有关的热软流圈物质．     

郯庐断裂带安丘、莒县电磁台 地壳电性结构研究

郯庐断裂带中段的沂沭断裂带发生过多次中强地震,其结构复杂,是地震研究者重点关注的区域。山东安丘和莒县电磁台都具有综合地电场和地磁场观测,两台分别位于沂沭断裂带内的安丘-莒县断裂和昌邑-大店断裂上。山东无棣电磁台位于郯庐断裂带西侧,属冀东-渤海断块,距安丘台230km,但此前未曾对该台站的地壳深部电性结构进行过探测研究。文中利用大地电磁测深方法(MT)对这3个电磁台站及其附近区域的探测数据进行研究,结果表明,3个台站的地壳电性结构有明显的差别,分别与台站区域地质构造及其地震活动性存在对应关系。在每个台站及其附近的4个测点分别得到优良的视电阻率和阻抗相位等数据,经过一维和二维反演,获得了3个台站的地壳深部电性结构,并可与直流对称四级电阻率测深法得到的近地表的电性结构进行对比。无棣台及其附近具有稳定地块的成层性地壳深部结构,而安丘和莒县电磁台分别具有复杂的地壳电性结构,呈现出活动地块边界带的结构特点。安丘台和莒县台附近区域可分别以安丘-莒县断裂和昌邑-大店断裂为界,将地壳电性结构分成2部分,在断裂西侧即郯庐断裂带内部的中下地壳低阻层更发育,昌邑-大店断裂西侧的低阻体可能含丰富的流体,在区域的地震孕育发展过程中起着重要作用。     

高密度电阻率二维层析成像在郯庐断裂带山东潍坊段试验结果的初步分析

在城市活断层调查中,利用电阻率二维层析成像测量方法,对郯庐断裂带山东潍坊段的地震活断层进行了探测试验,取得了较理想的勘探效果。沂水-汤头断裂、刘家庄断裂的二维电阻率反演结果表明,断裂带两侧的电性结构呈现出整体性的差异,正断层的上盘为低阻区和局部高、低阻扰动区;而断层下盘多为均匀的高阻区;断层为高角度断层。试验探测表明:在城市活断层调查中,选用合适的电极装置类型,电阻率层析成像是一种有效的勘探方法     

滇东北地区三维电性构造研究

滇东北地区位处不同构造分区的交界地带，发育有多样的断裂构造，其中昭通—鲁甸断裂和小江断裂带的部分区段均具备积累高应力的条件，具有较强的孕震潜力.本文基于覆盖巧家、东川、鲁甸等地区采集的区域大地电磁阵列观测数据，通过大地电磁三维反演，获得了该地区的三维电性结构的水平和垂直切片，完整地揭示了滇东北地区的深部电性结构特征.反演结果表明，昭通—鲁甸断裂在10 km深度以内发育有多个局部高阻区，小江断裂带的巧家—东川段的东侧、东西两支交汇处在上地壳均表现为高阻，这些区域均展示出更强的孕震能力.根据低阻异常的分布，推测昭通—鲁甸断裂和小江断裂下方的低阻构造在中下地壳的多个位置发生连通.本文将研究区的地表热流、岩石圈有效弹性厚度、地震与电性结构结合分析，推测在滇东北深部低阻层可能存在下地壳流，并且下地壳流的塑性流动为鲁甸的地震活动提供了深部动力来源.     

大地电磁资料精细处理和二维反演解释技术研究(七)——云南盈江——龙陵地震区深部电性结构及孕震环境

本文对一条布设在滇西盈江—龙陵地区的大地电磁剖面(苏典—中山剖面)数据进行了精细处理和二维反演解释,得到了测区较高置信度的二维电性结构.该电性模型纵向上表现为高阻-低阻-高阻的"三明治"式岩石圈电性结构,上地壳为平均厚度约为10km的高阻地层,在约6～16km地壳深度范围发育有电阻率为几欧姆米的显著高导层,下地壳底部和上地幔顶部表现为电性较为均匀的相对高阻层.横向上自西向东划分出以大盈江断裂带、龙陵—瑞丽断裂带为限的3个主要构造区域.壳内分布的高导层沿剖面表现出一定的横向不均匀性,其在龙陵—瑞丽断裂带下方消失,在该处形成了腾冲地块和保山地块的电性构造边界.电性结构表明,大盈江断裂附近高导层顶界面浅,两侧高阻体厚度小,因此难以形成较大规模的相互作用,致其附近浅震源、小震级的地震活跃;龙陵—瑞丽断裂两侧的高阻体较厚,易积累较大的应力,具有大震的深部孕震环境,故其附近发生过多次7级以上强震.     

滇西三江地区深部电性结构特征及其意义

沿盈江一姚安布置了一条长约350 km的长周期大地电磁剖面,共观测宽频大地电磁测深点53个,长周期大地电磁测深点26个;利用多种数据处理方法对观测资料进行了预处理、定性分析和二维反演,得到沿剖面的地壳和上地幔电性结构模型.对主要地块和断裂带的电性结构进行了分析,电性结构模型揭示滇西三江地区广泛存在壳内低阻层,但沿剖面方向即东西向埋深和厚度不一,在保山地块和滇中地块地下存在较大规模的壳幔低阻带;腾冲地块地下埋深13~20 km,厚约10~17 km的壳内低阻层可能是岩浆囊的反映;初步将保山壳幔韧性剪切带作为印支地块挤出的深部东边界.     

长江中下游成矿带中段岩石圈电性结构研究

长江中下游成矿带位于大别造山带、长江中下游凹陷、江南隆起带等大地构造单元结合部位,通过在研究区内布设两条首尾相接共计150km长的大地电磁剖面,获得了50km以浅岩石圈尺度的电性分布.长江中下游地区中段地下电性结构显示出在地下10km和30km处分别存在明显的圈层结构,以此认为现今横向稳定的"电莫霍"反映了研究区经历燕山期陆内构造-岩浆活动后已基本上完成壳幔重新平衡;而分隔大地构造单元的郯庐断裂带、长江断裂带以及江南断裂带在电性上具有特征的梯度显现,在印支造山期后的引张背景下,断裂带成为强伸展活动带与控制了燕山期大范围的陆内岩浆活动;高导地幔的局域性存在以及从北向南地幔导电性的变化反映了在经受深部动力学过程中处于不同大地构造部位的地幔所遭受的不同类型的改造以及地幔深部的构造极性.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.