积雪在El Nino影响东亚夏季气候异常中的作用

本文利用1948—2010年Global Land Data Assimilation System(GLDAS)NOAH陆面模式资料、GPCC月平均降水资料和NCAR/NCEP全球月平均再分析资料,采用滤波、距平合成和线性相关等方法,分析了El Nino成熟位相冬季欧亚大陆积雪异常的分布特征,研究了关键区积雪融化对后期春、夏季土壤湿度、土壤温度以及大气环流与降水的影响,揭示了El Nino事件通过关键区积雪储存其强迫信号并影响东亚夏季气候异常的机制和过程.主要结论如下:El Nino成熟阶段冬季伊朗高原、巴尔喀什湖东北部和青藏高原南麓区域是雪深异常的三个关键区,这些区域的雪深、雪融和土壤湿度有明显的正相关;这三个关键区雪深异常通过春季融雪将冬季El Nino信号传递给春、夏季局地土壤湿度,通过减少感热通量和增加潜热通量对大气环流产生影响;春末夏初伊朗高原土壤湿度异常对东亚夏季气候异常的影响最大,其引起的降水异常与El Nino次年夏季降水异常分布基本一致,春夏季青藏高原南麓和巴尔喀什湖附近土壤湿度也都明显增加,均会对中国华北降水增加有显著正贡献.总之,在利用El Nino事件研究和预测东亚夏季气候异常时,还应考虑关键区雪深异常对El Nino信号的存储和调制作用.     

中国东部土壤湿度异常和厄尔尼诺对中国东部夏季降水的作用比较

利用中国气象科学研究院气候系统模式CAMS-CSM中大气和陆面的耦合版本进行了土壤湿度和热带太平洋海温异常影响东亚夏季风的数值模拟,探讨了中国东部从长江中下游到华北(YRNC)春季土壤湿度和厄尔尼诺(El Ni?o)在影响夏季东亚环流和中国东部降水中的作用及其机理.结果表明,中国东部春季土壤湿度和El Ni?o海温异常均对东亚夏季风有显著的影响,其中土壤湿度对中国东部夏季降水的影响略大于海温的作用,然而两者对东亚夏季风环流和中国夏季降水的作用显著不同. YRNC土壤偏湿(干)引起的降水异常模态为中国北部和东南降水偏少(多),而长江流域和东北降水偏多(少),环流上YRNC土壤偏湿(干)能引起西太平洋副热带高压显著偏强(弱)偏西(东)和东亚大槽偏深(浅),表现为弱(强)夏季风形态. El Ni?o对降水的影响显著不同于土壤湿度的作用,在El Ni?o发展期的夏季,中国东北和华北地区为异常反气旋,长江中下游和华南地区为异常气旋,西太平洋副热带高压偏弱,引起长江下游、华南降水偏多,华北降水偏少.在El Ni?o衰减期的夏季,中国东北地区存在一个异常气旋,华南有一个异常反气旋,异常反气旋西部的偏南气流和异常气旋西部的偏北气流在中国中部和北部地区汇合,使得夏季华北和长江中游地区降水增多,其余地区降水偏少.     

El Nino演变不同阶段东亚大气环流年际异常型的数值模拟

给定1948～1999年逐月变化的全球观测的海表温度分布，使用全球大气环流模式（CCM3/NCAR）模拟了大气对海表温度变化的响应，利用SVD和合成检验方法，分析了El Nino发展阶段夏季、成熟阶段冬季以及衰亡阶段夏季东亚大气环流的年际异常型.结果表明：El Nino发展阶段夏季，中国东北、朝鲜半岛以及日本海附近为高度负异常中心，西太平洋副高偏弱、偏东，东亚夏季风增强；El Nino成熟阶段冬季，东亚大槽加强，东亚北部冬季风加强；El Nino衰亡阶段夏季，西太平洋副高偏强、偏南、西伸，东亚夏季风减弱；El Nino事件在其衰亡阶段夏季与东亚大气环流异常的关系最紧密，其次是成熟阶段冬季，最后是发展阶段夏季.模拟的El Nino演变不同阶段东亚大气环流年际异常型易于解释以往研究中观测分析揭示的由El Nino造成的我国东部气温和降水异常型.     

夏季西北太平洋大气环流异常及其与热带印度洋-太平洋海温变化的关系

本文分析了夏季西北太平洋大气环流异常特征及其与海温变化的关系,发现夏季西北太平洋异常反气旋/气旋(WNPAC/WNPC)是西北太平洋地区对流层中低层存在的重要大气环流异常现象,与东亚-西北太平洋低纬度至高纬度的经向PJ波列及欧亚中高纬度东西纬向波列的变化有关,通过与中高纬度环流变化的联系,对东亚及欧亚中高纬度气候有重要影响.夏季WNPAC/WNPC与热带海温变化的关系存在明显的不对称性,显著的WNPAC一般出现在El Niño衰减年夏季,与前期El Niño成熟年冬季的赤道东太平洋暖海温异常和El Niño衰减年春夏季印度洋海盆尺度的暖海温异常有明显的正相关关系,进一步表明了WNPAC在El Niño事件影响夏季气候中的重要桥梁作用;而夏季显著的WNPC与前期和同期热带海温变化的关系存在明显的不确定性,主要与夏季热带印度洋和赤道中东太平洋之间东暖西冷的热力差异异常引起的孟加拉湾-赤道西太平洋西风异常有关.进一步分析WNPAC/WNPC与海温变化关系不对称的可能原因,发现El Niño和La Niña衰减年夏季热带印度洋和太平洋海温变化所引起的印-太之间海温(热力)差异的一致性特征可能是导致WNPAC/WNPC与海温变化关系不对称的主要原因.     

孟加拉湾热带风暴对青藏高原降水和土壤湿度的影响

利用JTWC提供的1981~2011年孟加拉湾热带风暴最佳路径资料,研究春季、初夏(AMJ)及秋冬季节(SOND)孟加拉湾风暴对青藏高原降水及土壤湿度的影响特征.研究表明:每年平均约1.35个孟加拉湾风暴能够影响青藏高原,5和10月是孟加拉湾风暴影响青藏高原的两个主要时期,且在AMJ生成的风暴比SOND影响范围更大,影响的纬度更偏北;孟加拉湾风暴引起的降水最大可超过当地当月降水量的50%,同时也能够占到整个季节的20%.资料分析还表明春季风暴降水引起的青藏高原表层土壤湿度异常大概能维持20~25 d,秋冬季节孟加拉湾风暴引起的高原积雪也仅能维持20 d左右便基本消融殆尽.数值试验表明青藏高原表层土壤湿度异常仅持续20 d左右,次表层异常则大概可以持续2个月,而更深层次土壤湿度异常则可维持数个月甚至更久.最后,统计关系还表明前期风暴引起的高原积雪及土壤湿度异常并不足以影响到东亚夏季降水,其与中国东部夏季降水异常无直接联系.近30年来孟加拉湾风暴强度增强,使得20世纪90年代中期以后孟加拉湾风暴对青藏高原春季降水的影响有所增强.     

1998年夏季全球大气环流异常的预测研究

应用日本东京大学气候系统研究中心(CCSR)发展起来的一个全球大气环流谱模式(T42L200版本),对l998年夏季气候异常和大气环流的预测问题进行了研究,定量地检查了该模式对夏季降水和大气环流异常的预测准确度.说明该模式对1998年的预测水平是比较高的;并证实大气环流在春季的初始异常对北半球夏季大气环流和降水异常起了很重要的作用,而对南半球的作用则小得多.就中国长江流域1998年的降水异常而言,初始环流的作用约占50%.     

厄尔尼诺对东亚大气环流和中国降水年际变异的影响:西北太平洋异常反气旋的作用

就有关厄尔尼诺通过西北太平洋异常反气旋影响东亚大气环流和中国降水年际变异的研究进展作了系统回顾,说明了与厄尔尼诺相关联的西北太平洋异常反气旋的形成机理以及对东亚大气环流和中国降水影响的物理过程.厄尔尼诺盛期时,热带西太平洋对流异常减弱造成的冷却异常,激发出大气Rossby波响应,导致了西北太平洋异常反气旋的产生.而热带西太平洋对流异常冷却的持续、西北太平洋局地海气相互作用以及热带印度洋和大西洋海温异常的持续等多种因子,导致了西北太平洋异常反气旋从厄尔尼诺盛期时的冬季持续到次年夏季.西北太平洋异常反气旋不仅对中国降水产生同期影响,也对厄尔尼诺次年夏季的中国降水产生滞后影响,导致中国南方降水异常偏多.本文也指出东亚大气环流和中国降水在拉尼娜冬半年不存在与厄尔尼诺相反的显著异常,说明了厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜对冬半年东亚大气环流和中国降水具有不对称影响.文中还讨论了厄尔尼诺的多样性及其影响、影响西北太平洋异常反气旋持续性的各因子与中国夏季降水异常的联系,并提出了一些需要进一步研究的问题.     

夏季亚洲大地形双加热及近对流层顶位涡强迫的激发Ⅱ:伊朗高原-青藏高原感热加热

基于诊断和数值模拟,研究了夏季青藏高原和伊朗高原热力强迫的相互作用,其对亚洲副热带季风区水汽通量辐合的贡献及对欧亚大陆上空高对流层顶和平流层低层冷中心形成的影响.结果表明两大高原感热加热存在相互影响和反馈,伊朗高原感热加热减少青藏高原的表面加热,而青藏高原的感热加热则增加伊朗高原的表面加热;形成了观测到的伊朗高原感热加热-青藏高原感热加热和凝结潜热释放-大气垂直环流之间的准平衡耦合系统(TIPS),影响大气环流.青藏高原上的感热-潜热相互反馈在这个TIPS耦合系统中起主要作用.两大高原感热加热对其他地区的影响有相互加强也有相互抵消;青藏高原感热加热引发的对亚洲副热带季风区水汽通量辐合贡献率为伊朗高原感热影响的2倍以上;伊朗高原和青藏高原的感热加热共同作用对亚洲副热带季风区的水汽辐合作出最主要的贡献.TIPS的加热作用使对流层温度升高,并抬升了其上空的对流层顶,造成了那里平流层下层温度偏低;与欧亚大陆大尺度热力强迫共同作用,形成了对流层上层的暖性但在平流层下层为冷性的强大的反气旋环流南亚高压,从而影响区域和全球的天气气候.     

21世纪初青藏高原感热年代际增强对中国东部季风雨带关键区夏季降水年代际转折的影响

基于中国气象局提供的气象站点月值资料,NOAA、CMAP降水格点月值资料,NDVI卫星资料及再分析资料,利用统计方法分析了1961-2014年青藏高原感热与中国东部季风雨带关键区夏季降水的年代际变化,并根据热动力平衡方程结合CESM模式试验解释了21世纪初高原感热异常对关键区夏季降水的影响机理.结果表明:21世纪初,黄淮、江淮地区降水增加,而长江以南地区降水减少.同时,高原感热也发生年代际增强,当春季感热增强后,大气热能上传导致夏季高原近地面产生气旋性环流异常,大气辐合;高层产生反气旋性环流异常,大气辐散.黄淮、江淮地区在对流层中低层受异常偏南风控制,高层受高原上空的大尺度反气旋环流影响产生异常偏北风.此外,高原感热增强通过影响黄淮、江淮地区产生暖平流输送和非绝热加热正异常,该区域产生异常的上升运动,降水量增加.长江以南地区在对流层中低层存在一个异常的反气性环流,有来自海洋的冷平流输送,同时大气非绝热加热在该地区为负异常,产生异常的下沉运动,降水量减少.模式敏感性试验的结果证实了当高原感热发生年代际增强,黄淮、江淮地区水平温度平流及非绝热加热为正异常,而在华南地区为负异常,从而导致黄淮、江淮地区大气上升运动增强,降水增加;而华南地区下沉运动增强,降水减少.     

不同分布型El Ni?o期间MJO活动的差异

利用Hadley中心的月平均海温资料、NCEP/NCAR和ERA-Interim逐日再分析大气环流数据等,详细对比了赤道大气季节内振荡(MJO)活动在东部型El Ni?o与中部型El Ni?o发展期间的异同点.结果表明,与传统的东部型El Ni?o发展前MJO明显偏强的特征相似,在中部型El Ni?o迅速发展前的春夏季,MJO动能亦较强且持续东传特征显著.这说明无论是东部型El Ni?o还是中部型El Ni?o,与MJO能量的突然增长相联系的低频纬向西风和低频对流活动的增强及其持续东传是激发El Ni?o的重要因素.但是,在中部型El Ni?o发展成熟的冬季至次年春季,热带中西太平洋MJO动能的强度突然再次增强,所占大气总扰动动能的比重也再次增大,热带MJO动能的逐日演变达到第二次峰值,且较第一次峰值更强;MJO从热带印度洋向赤道中东太平洋持续东传的特征也更为显著.这与在传统东部型El Ni?o盛期MJO能量和东传都明显减弱的特征表现出显著的差异.进一步分析指出,中部型El Ni?o成熟期海温正距平中心位置的西移以及由中部型El Ni?o激发的范围偏小、位置偏西的菲律宾附近异常反气旋环流可能是导致中部型El Ni?o盛期MJO活动显著增强的主要原因.     

Impacts of thermodynamic processes over the Tibetan Plateau on the Northern Hemispheric climate

We here report our recent research results on the climatic features of Tibetan thermodynamic functions and their impacts on the regional climates of the Northern Hemisphere. The results show that the thermodynamic processes over the Tibetan Plateau not only strongly influence the Asian monsoon and precipitation, but also modulate the atmospheric circulation and climate over North America and Europe through stimulating the large-scale teleconnections such as the Asian-Pacific oscillation and affect the atmospheric circulation over the southern Indian Ocean. The Tibetan climate may be affected by sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific. On the other hand, the Tibetan climate also affects the atmosphere-ocean interactions in the tropics and mid-latitudes of the Pacific by the atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific. In spring and summer, the thermodynamic anomalies on the plateau affect the subtropical high pressure, the Hadley circulation, and the intertropical convergence zone over the Pacific, and then modulate the development of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It is necessary to study the forecasting methods for the development of ENSO from the Tibetan climate anomaly. This result also embodies the essence of interactions among land, atmosphere, and ocean over the Northern Hemisphere. Since the previous studies focused on impacts of the plateau on climates in the Asian monsoon regions, it is essential to pay more attention to studying the roles of the plateau in the Northern Hemispheric and even global climates.     

Wave climate simulation for southern region of the South China Sea

This study investigates long-term variability and wave characteristic trends in the southern region of the South China Sea (SCS). We implemented the state-of-the art WAVEWATCH III spectral wave model to simulate a 31-year wave hindcast. The simulation results were used to assess the inter-annual variability and long-term changes in the SCS wave climate for the period 1979 to 2009. The model was forced with Climate Forecast System Reanalysis winds and validated against altimeter data and limited available measurements from an Acoustic Wave and Current recorder located offshore of Terengganu, Malaysia. The mean annual significant wave height and peak wave period indicate the occurrence of higher wave heights and wave periods in the central SCS and lower in the Sunda shelf region. Consistent with wind patterns, the wave direction also shows southeasterly (northwesterly) waves during the summer (winter) monsoon. This detailed hindcast demonstrates strong inter-annual variability of wave heights, especially during the winter months in the SCS. Significant wave height correlated negatively with Niño3.4 index during winter, spring and autumn seasons but became positive in the summer monsoon. Such correlations correspond well with surface wind anomalies over the SCS during El Nino events. During El Niño Modoki, the summer time positive correlation extends northeastwards to cover the entire domain. Although significant positive trends were found at 95 % confidence levels during May, July and September, there is significant negative trend in December covering the Sunda shelf region. However, the trend appears to be largely influenced by large El Niño signals.     

上新世以来构造隆升对亚洲夏季风气候变化的影响

大量地质证据表明,上新世以来(最近5 MaB.P.)青藏高原北部及非洲东部和南部地区出现过显著的构造隆升,而与此同时亚洲季风也经历了显著变化,这两者之间是否存在着因果联系一直是地学界所关心和争论的一个重要科学问题.本文利用美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)的公用大气模式(CAM 3.1)就上新世以来青藏高原北部及东-南非高原的构造隆升对亚洲夏季风气候变化的影响进行了数值试验研究.结果表明,上新世以来亚洲夏季风的增强与两地构造隆升密切相关,但两者隆升对于亚洲季风子系统的作用是有区别的.青藏高原北部隆升主要造成东亚北部夏季风的增强及季风降水的增多,但对南亚夏季风的作用较小;东-南非高原的隆升明显增强南亚夏季风,但对东亚北部夏季风的影响有限.     

Variation of surface air temperatures in relation to El Niño and cataclysmic volcanic eruptions, 1796–1882

During the contemporaneous interval of 1796–1882 a number of significant decreases in temperature are found in the records of Central England and Northern Ireland. These decreases appear to be related to the occurrences of El Niño and/or cataclysmic volcanic eruptions. For example, a composite of residual Central England temperatures, centering temperatures on the yearly onsets of 20 El Niño events of moderate to stronger strengths, shows that, on average, the change in temperature varied by about ±0.3°C from normal, being warmer during the boreal fall–winter leading up to the El Niño year and cooler during the spring–summer of the El Niño year. Also, the influence of El Niño on Central England temperatures appears to have lasted about 1–2 years. Similarly, a composite of residual Central England temperatures, centering temperatures on the month of eruption for 26 cataclysmic volcanic eruptions, shows that, on average, the temperature decreased by about 0.1–0.2°C, typically, 1–2 years after the eruption; although for specific events, like Tambora, the decrease was considerably greater. Additionally, tropical eruptions appear to have produced greater cooling than extratropical eruptions, and eruptions occurring in boreal spring–summer appear to have produced greater cooling than those occurring in fall–winter.     

Role of Ocean in the Variability of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall

Asian summer monsoon sets in over India after the Intertropical Convergence Zone moves across the equator to the northern hemisphere over the Indian Ocean. Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on either side of the equator in Indian and Pacific oceans are found related to the date of monsoon onset over Kerala (India). Droughts in the June to September monsoon rainfall of India are followed by warm SST anomalies over tropical Indian Ocean and cold SST anomalies over west Pacific Ocean. These anomalies persist till the following monsoon which gives normal or excess rainfall (tropospheric biennial oscillation). Thus, we do not get in India many successive drought years as in sub-Saharan Africa, thanks to the ocean. Monsoon rainfall of India has a decadal variability in the form of 30-year epochs of frequent (infrequent) drought monsoons occurring alternately. Decadal oscillations of monsoon rainfall and the well-known decadal oscillation in SST of the Atlantic Ocean (also of the Pacific Ocean) are found to run parallel with about the same period close to 60 years and the same phase. In the active–break cycle of the Asian summer monsoon, the ocean and the atmosphere are found to interact on the time scale of 30–60 days. Net heat flux at the ocean surface, monsoon low-level jetstream (LLJ) and the seasonally persisting shallow mixed layer of the ocean north of the LLJ axis play important roles in this interaction. In an El Niño year, the LLJ extends eastwards up to the date line creating an area of shallow ocean mixed layer there, which is hypothesised to lengthen the active–break (AB) cycle typically from 1 month in a La Niña to 2 months in an El Niño year. Indian monsoon droughts are known to be associated with El Niños, and long break monsoon spells are found to be a major cause of monsoon droughts. In the global warming scenario, the observed rapid warming of the equatorial Indian ocean SST has caused the weakening of both the monsoon Hadley circulation and the monsoon LLJ which has been related to the observed rapid decreasing trend in the seasonal number of monsoon depressions.     

青藏高原春季积雪在南海夏季风爆发过程中的作用

本文应用欧洲中期预报中心（ECMWF,European Centre for Medium\|Range Weather Forecasts—ERA\|40）资料和美国国家环境预测中心和国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR, National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research)资料,研究了青藏高原雪深变化对南海夏季风爆发的影响和ENSO对青藏高原降雪的影响.结果表明：（1）ECMWF的雪深资料是可信的,可以用来研究青藏高原雪深变化对南海夏季风爆发的影响;（2）青藏高原的积雪异常影响到500 hPa以上的温度异常和印度洋与大陆间的气温对比,一方面使上层的南亚高压移动速度发生变化,另一方面也影响到低层大气的运动和东西向风异常,在青藏高原少雪年,东印度洋产生西风异常和一个气旋对,而在青藏高原多雪年,东印度洋产生东风异常和一个反气旋对;（3）ENSO与青藏高原春季积雪关系密切.东太平洋SST正异常时,东印度洋和南海气压偏高,从而导致该区海陆经向压强梯度增强和西风异常.另外,此时青藏高原北部气压偏高,北风偏强,副热带锋面增强,同时,印度洋的SST偏高,为青藏高原降雪提供了水汽保障,这些都有利于青藏高原的降雪.     

Comparison of the effects of soil moisture and El Niño on summer precipitation in eastern China

Science China Earth Sciences - The effects of spring soil moisture over the vast region from the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River valley to North China (YRNC) and El Niño on the...     

Simulations of LGM climate of East Asia by regional climate model

ClimateconditionsintheLastGlacialMaximum(LGM)wereremarkablydifferentfromthepresentones.LGMglobalmeantemperaturewas5℃-10℃dropbutprecipitationdecreasescommonly.LGMhasbecomethekeyphasetoreconstructtheearthenvironmentalfield,retrieveextremecoldclimatecondit…     

The anomalous variation of the lightning activity in southern China during the 1997/98 El Niño event

This paper presents the EOF analysis results of the lightning density (LD) anomalies for the different seasons in southeastern China and Indochina Peninsula by using the OTD/LIS database (June 1995 to Feb. 2003) of the global LD with 2.5Ü×2.5× resolution offered by Global Hydrology Resource Center. It is shown that the LD positive anomalies in the region occurred at the same time of NINO3 SSTA steep increase in the spring of 1997 and remained to be a higher level till the next spring, as well the corresponding anomaly percent maximum in different seasons was 89%, 30%, 45%, 498% and 55% successively from the beginning to the end of the 1997/98 El Niño event (ENSO). The centre of the LD positive anomalies for the spring or winter season is located at southeastern China and the adjacent coastal areas, but it for the summer or autumn season is located at the southern Indochina Peninsula and Gulf of Thailand, whose position for each season in the ENSO as contrasted with the normal years has a westward shift, and especially for winter or spring season a northward shift at the same time. In addition, an analysis of the interannual variations in the LD anomaly percent, convective precipitation and H-CAPE days in southern China shows that each among the three anomaly percents is correlative with the other for the positive anomaly zone and Kuroshio area. The relative variation of LD during the El Niño period is the highest among the three rates and is larger than that during the non-El Niño period, meaning that the response of lightning activities to the ENSO is the most sensitive in both areas. But the response of lightning activities and precipitation to the ENSO appears to be more complex and diversified either in Kuroshio area or in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and northwestern and northeastern China.