近30年北半球冬季臭氧总量分布特征及其与平流层温度的关系

臭氧的时空分布特征对气候和环境变化具有显著影响,随着臭氧资料数量的增加和质量的提高,有必要对臭氧时空分布特征及其与气候变化的关系进行详细研究.本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心提供的1979—2013年的全球月平均臭氧总量资料、平流层温度场资料,采用旋转经验正交函数分解(REOF)、Morlet小波分析、合成分析等方法研究了20°N以北的北半球冬季(12—2月)臭氧总量异常的主要空间分布结构与时间演变特征,并进一步分析了主要模态与平流层上层(2hPa)、中层(30hPa)以及下层(100hPa)温度异常的关系.结果表明:近30年北半球冬季臭氧总量异常变化最显著的区域主要有5个,分别位于极地地区(75°N—90°N,0°—360°)、北半球副热带地区(20°N—40°N,0°—360°)、阿拉斯加地区(60°N—75°N,180°—260°E)、北大西洋地区(45°N—60°N,310°E—360°E)及西伯利亚地区(50°N—65°N,80°E—130°E).5个区域的冬季臭氧总量异常具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征.1980年代后期是各个区域的臭氧总量异常由年代际偏多转为偏少的转换时段.此外,各区域存在显著的年际变化周期,而且各个区域的年际周期存在明显的差异.臭氧总量异常变化与平流层温度异常变化的关系表明,臭氧总量异常的增加(减少)能够导致平流层上层温度异常偏冷(暖)和平流层中、下层温度异常偏暖(冷),其中平流层中层温度异常的偏暖(冷)程度要比下层更加明显.     

夏季磁静日中国大陆上空电离层电子浓度变化特征

使用DEMETER卫星上Langmiur探针记录的电子密度(Ne)资料,分析了2007年6月6～20日磁静日中国大陆上空(0°～70°N,60°～120°E)660km高度的Ne变化特征.结果表明,整个研究区域Ne存在明显日变特征.在研究区域内,0°～20°N范围,Ne最大值出现在北京时的12～14时,随着时间推移.峰值幅度衰减;30°～50°N区域内,最大峰值分别出现在20时至次日2时,有些轨道出现双峰值;高纬度上Ne基本平衡在20000cm<'-3>左右.分别计算了30°N、40°N和50°N几个纬度点的时均值,结果显示在中纬度区夜间Ne变化幅度平均高于白天.40°N上Ne在21～22时呈现最大值,300N上Ne在13～14时呈现最大值,50°N基本无大的起伏,都与低纬度地区有明显差异,因此不同纬度之间形态各异,各纬度之间没有统一的背景信息.相邻轨道之间的相关性分析结果表明,与参考轨道相邻近的1～2条轨道相关系数比较高,因此选定2000～4000km范围进行背景场分析研究.     

地磁静日期内北半球电离层NmF2的结构分布

用北半球陆地上48个地面电离层垂测站资料，以及国际参考电离层IRI 90模式，考察1985年1月6～7日F2层电子密度最大值日变化的纬度剖面和经度效应. 结果表明，在亚洲地区的20°N～30°N内，F2层赤道异常“喷泉效应”产生的NmF2“北驼峰”最高，其最大值出现在中午，或稍迟时间. 30°N ～50°N区域内，NmF2的白天峰值幅度逐渐下降，峰值时间移至午前约10:00 LT. 更高纬度(50°N～62°N )台站上，中午前后NmF2出现双峰，傍晚有谷值，夜间又再次抬升. 欧、美地区的低纬台站很少，但借助IRI 90模式分析可发现，在270°E经圈上，“喷泉效应”造成的“北驼峰”幅度最小，而且随纬度增大时，NmF2白天幅度下降也不明显，即纬度剖面的经度效应非常显著. 对中国、日本地区台站资料的小范围经度差异分析表明，在驼峰区的90°E～140°E内，各站NmF2无明显差别；但在中纬地区30°N～50°N内，中国西部上空NmF2白天变化幅度较大，且较为陡直，而中国东部和日本台站上空则相对平缓.     

全球强震活动纬度分布特征及其解释

利用1900年以来全球M_S≥7.0地震目录, 分析了全球强震随纬度分布特征, 得到的结果显示: 全球强震主要分布在35°S~65°N之间, 中心点在15°N附近, 而非以赤道为对称点的分布; 在0°~180°W之间的地震, 主要分布在45°S~15°N之间, 中心点在15°S附近; 在90°W~90°E之间的地震, 主要分布在40°S~40°N之间, 中心点在赤道附近; 在0°~180°E之间的地震, 主要分布在25°S~55°N之间, 中心点在15°N附近。 分析表明, 全球强震的纬度分布特征与潮汐引起的地球自转动能变化随纬度的分布具有很好的一致性, 说明地震的发生与地球自转动能有关。 由于地球自转速率变化, 将引起不同质量的地球岩石圈块体之间产生相互作用(非弹性碰撞), 这种相互作用可能是引起地震的主要成因之一。 非弹性碰撞会造成块体动能的损失, 地震所释放的能量就来自于所损失的动能。     

对流层-平流层之间过渡层中臭氧含量及其加热率的变化研究

利用1958~2001年共44年的ECMWF资料及参数化方法,计算了对流层顶上、下3 km气层间的臭氧含量及其吸收太阳辐射加热率的时空分布.结果表明: (1) 臭氧分布的空间梯度从赤道指向两极,而加热率则是分别由高纬和低纬指向副热带,这样的经向梯度可能是驱动对流层顶结构变化的一种重要因素;两者空间分布的季节变化显著,但其对应关系并不完全一致,1月和4月的空间结构与7月和10月的相反,随季节调整具有突变现象;东亚及青藏高原是季节变化相对稳定的区域.(2) 在热带对流层顶控制区加热率与臭氧含量呈正相关,而极地对流层顶控制区各季节有所不同,还与太阳赤纬变化相关联;各纬度间加热率季节变化的位相和变率都存在差异,但南半球相对较为一致,最大距平为±2×10^-4 K·d^-1,北半球则较复杂,最大正距平为4×1010^-4 K·d^-1;两半球的季节周期位相趋于相反.(3) 除赤道外,臭氧距平的季节变化位相超前于加热率距平2~3月,并且发生在季节变化的调整期;最大距平出现在南极的8月大于0.4 DU,3~4月则小于-0.2 DU,而北极为±0.2 DU.(4) 臭氧含量和加热率的年际与年代际演变关系对应一致,并具有多尺度的结构特征;但两半球及赤道的时空演变差异明显,30° S~30° N间副热带控制区的加热率变幅剧烈,最大距平为±2.5×10^-4 K·d^-1,高纬和两极的变幅在不同演变期各不相同;臭氧的变幅结构与之相反,北极的最大距平分别大于0.25 DU和小于-0.35 DU.(5) 20世纪70年代以前及70年代中期,两半球的正负距平具有相反的演变结构,而90年代是负距平演变最剧烈的时期.     

全球强震能量释放与陆地表面积沿纬度带分布的相关关系

全球强震活动多集中在北纬35°—45°地带,这种明显的特征早已为国内外学者所关注。然而南纬35°—45°地带地震活动性则相对不高,其原因目前还未见报导。作者近年来研究全球强震活动性时发现,1901—1989年以来的全球强震能量释放沿纬度带的分布与全球陆地表面积沿纬度带的分布有极强的相似性(图1)。图1中全球强震能量     

2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震长波辐射异常特征

通过距平方法，研究2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震前震中所在区域（95.00°—110.00°E，25.00°—45.00°N）长波辐射时空演化特征，研究结果表明:①2017年7月，去除背景之后的长波辐射场在震区附近出现显著增强现象，增强区域基本走向与地质构造走向一致，其主体区域沿着巴颜喀拉块体南缘边界带，重要分支横跨巴颜喀拉块体，直接延伸至九寨沟7.0级地震震中；②紧邻九寨沟7.0级地震震中的4个格点在去除背景变化后的长波辐射时序曲线变化特征基本一致，即在2017年7月出现显著大于其他月份的现象。     

南极中山站卫星臭氧总量与地基长期测值的对比分析

根据1993-2015年南极中山站Brewer光谱仪臭氧总量测值,分析比较不同时期卫星探测反演的大气臭氧总量误差特征.结果表明,卫星测值总体偏高,这与以南、北半球中纬度为主的全球比对结果(卫星测值总体偏低于)不同,但误差没有超过4%.对同一颗卫星一天多次过境测值的选取中,注意到太阳天顶角(SZA)最低时的测值与地基一致性最好(平均误差为-0.02~1.15%).TOMS算法反演的臭氧总量(含SBUV、TOMS-EP、OMI-TOMS)与地基测值最接近,其次是GOD-FIT法(以GOME-2A为代表)和DOAS-TOGOM法(含GOME、SCIAMACHY和OMI-DOAS).卫星臭氧总量误差对SZA均有一定的依赖性:当SZA在60°~70°以上时DOAS、GOME-2A的臭氧总量误差呈增加趋势而TOMS则下降,但在80°~85°时GOME-2A下降.卫星测值在地基臭氧总量为300~350DU时与地基测值最接近.DOAS-TOGOM和GOME-2A的误差在300DU以下时随臭氧总量降低而呈增加趋势.卫星臭氧总量误差对卫星与地基在观测时间上的差异呈一定的统计特点:当时间差别在4h以上时误差呈上升趋势;在8h时OMI-TOMS的误差10%,而9h时DOAS-TOGOM误差可达15%但GOME-2A没有超过10%.当卫星过境点与地基测点的距离在100km以上时,卫星臭氧总量误差可达-5%;而当TOMS-EP或OMI-TOMS的过境位置在中山站东南方的南极大陆上空时,其臭氧总量总体偏低,而在中山站西北方的海洋上空则相反,可能反映了地表反射率差异对TOMS算法反演的影响."臭氧洞"期间卫星臭氧总量与地基测值的一致性较非"臭氧洞"期间明显降低.TOMS算法的卫星臭氧总量误差变化未超过1%/10a.1996~2015年中山站SBUV和Brewer的臭氧总量月距平变化趋势分别为1%/10a和0.9%/10a,表明臭氧层较一致的微弱恢复态势.     

利用COSMIC低轨卫星对GPS信号的顶部TEC观测资料研究等离子体层电子含量的变化特征

本文尝试利用COSMIC低轨卫星对GPS信号的顶部TEC观测资料研究等离子体层电子含量(简称PEC)的变化规律.首先介绍从低轨卫星对GPS的顶部TEC观测资料提取等离子体层垂直电子含量的方法,然后利用该方法提取2008年全年的PEC数据,进而研究了2008年这一太阳活动低年PEC随地磁纬度(MLAT)、磁地方时(MLT)以及不同季节的变化规律.此外,还利用提取的120°E和300°E经度链上的数据对比研究了PEC的经度变化情形.研究结果表明:(1)PEC主要集中分布在磁赤道±45°之间的一个绕地球的环带状区域中;(2)PEC表现出以下的昼夜变化规律特征:白天时段之值高于夜间,约在12—16MLT之间达到最高峰值,而最小PEC值出现在日出前大约4—5MLT左右的时段;(3)相比其他季节月份而言,PEC在北半球夏季月份(5—8月)具有最小值;(4)PEC存在明显的经度变化,不同经度链上的PEC存在不同的季节变化特征.     

书评——《大气层中的臭氧》

《大气层中的臭氧》(Ozone in the Atmosphere)R.D.Bojkov与Peter Fabian合编,1989年美国A.Deepak Publishing出版,共822页。 该书共载论文192篇,分为10大部分。第一部分关于极区臭氧共17文。美国学者利用1962—1965、1967—1971和1986—1987年在南极点共309次臭氧测量记录,分析了平均季节、年及9月10月总量和高度变化,得出总量逐年减少,至1987年10月初达127DU的最低值。人造卫星雨云7号     

Trends in total ozone and the effect of the equatorial zonal wind QBO

Trends in total column ozone have been analyzed in terms of the equatorial zonal wind. We used zonal monthly mean total ozone from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and monthly mean zonal wind in the equatorial stratosphere at 30 hPa to define the phases of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). Total column ozone trends have been assessed during the period 1979–2004, for both Hemispheres, and for each month, under three conditions considering, all the ozone dataset, ozone values during easterly phase and ozone values during westerly phase of the QBO. When the whole dataset is considered, negative trends are observed. From low to midlatitudes a zonal pattern is noticed with increasing negative values toward higher latitudes. When the data is filtered according to the QBO phase, statistically significant positive trends appear in the westerly case during January to May at low latitudes .The trend pattern in the case of the easterly phase presents more negative values.     

平流层气溶胶的准两年周期特征分析

本文采用HALOE和SAGE Ⅱ资料,分析了平流层气溶胶的准两年周期变化(简称QBO)特征及其与臭氧QBO的关系,结果表明:(1)北半球中高纬上空平流层气溶胶存在明显的QBO特征,其QBO信号自上向下传播,振荡幅度在平流层中下层可以达到20%;而在赤道和南半球上空的平流层气溶胶的QBO特征相对于北半球则不明显;(2)在...     

The sunspot cycle, the QBO, and the total ozone over Northeastern Europe: a connection through the dynamics of stratospheric circulation

The interaction between the factors of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and the 11-year solar cycle is considered as an separate factor influencing the interannual January–March variations of total ozone over Northeastern Europe. Linear correlation analysis and the running correlation method are used to examine possible connections between ozone and solar activity at simultaneous moment the QBO phase. Statistically significant correlations between the variations of total ozone in February and, partially, in March, and the sunspot numbers during the different phases of QBO are found. The running correlation method between the ozone and the equatorial zonal wind demonstrates a clear modulation of 11-y solar signal for February and March. Modulation is clearer if the QBO phases are defined at the level of 50 hPa rather than at 30 hPa. The same statistical analyses are conducted also for possible connections between the index of stratospheric circulation C₁ and sunspot numbers considering the QBO phase. Statistically significant connections are found for February. The running correlations between the index C₁ and the equatorial zonal wind show the clear modulation of 11-y solar signal for February and March. Based on the obtained correlations between the interannual variations of ozone and index C₁, it may be concluded that a connection between solar cycle – QBO – ozone occurs through the dynamics of stratospheric circulation.     

Total ozone and equatorial zonal wind

Spatial correlations between total column ozone observed by TOMS and equatorial zonal winds from 1979 to 2003 have been assessed. Four months and three different altitude levels have been analyzed: January and July (solstice months), April and October (equinoctial months), and 10, 30 and 50 hPa. The results are different for the months and altitudes considered. The highest correlations values appear in tropical zone at 30 hPa. The Brewer–Dobson circulation plays a key role in regulating the abundance of ozone, influenced by the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) circulation. Since the Brewer–Dobson is a slow circulation, correlations considering lags between one and 12 months were estimated. In this case, the highest correlations values are moving to subtropical latitudes at winter hemisphere, with different behaviors for three altitude levels considered.     

On the solar/QBO effect on the interannual variability of total ozone and the stratospheric circulation over Northern Europe

Based on total ozone data from the World Ozone Data Center and stratospheric geopotential height data from the Meteorological Institute of Berlin Free University for the months of January through March for the time period of 1958–1996, the influence of the 11-year solar cycle and the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) on total ozone and the stratospheric circulation at 30 hPa over Northern Europe is investigated. The analysis is performed for different levels of solar activity. The relationship of the equatorial QBO with ozone and the stratospheric circulation over the study region exhibits unique features attributed to strong opposite connections between the equatorial zonal wind and ozone/stratospheric dynamics during periods of solar minimum and maximum. Using the Solar/QBO effect, a statistical extraction of the interannual variations of total ozone and stratospheric circulation over Northern Europe has been attempted. The variations extracted and observed for late winter show very good correspondence. The solar/QBO effect in total ozone and stratospheric dynamics over Northern Europe appears to be related to planetary wave activity.     

Quasi-biennial oscillation in ozone and temperature over tropics

Spatiotemporal variations of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in temperature and ozone over the tropical–subtropical belts (40°N–40°S) have been studied using Microwave Limb Sounder data for the period 1992–1999. Wavelet analysis has been performed to study inter-annual variations in amplitude and phases of the QBO. Latitude-height cross-sections of the amplitudes of temperature and ozone QBO exhibit a double-peak structure near the equator. Phase structure reveals that the temperature QBO descended faster than the ozone QBO. Cross-wavelet analysis shows an anti-phase relation between the amplitudes of the temperature and ozone QBO in the upper stratospheric region, whereas in-phase relation exists in the middle stratospheric region.     

基于三亚VHF雷达的场向不规则体观测研究:2.东亚低纬电离层E区准周期回波

中低纬电离层E区不规则体准周期雷达回波现象,在地球不同经度区被观测到并开展了有关研究.本文利用三亚(109.6°E,18.4°N)VHF相干散射雷达2011年2月6日的观测,第一次给出了中国低纬电离层E区准周期回波的发生和变化特征.观测结果表明:准周期回波发生在地方时夜间2100—2200LT的110km高度上,与连续性回波可同时发生;准周期回波斜纹在雷达探测的高度-时间-强度(HTI)图上可延伸5～20km,持续时间为5～15min,回波斜纹高度随时间以20～30m/s下降,斜纹在HTI图上彼此间隔10km和10min左右.此外,雷达回波多普勒谱和雷达干涉分析显示不同高度准周期回波的多普勒速度随高度-时间表现出不同的变化趋势,与回波条纹斜率无明显联系,不同高度准周期回波对应的不规则体在东西方向也表现出截然不同的运动特征.分析结果表明,三亚电离层E区准周期回波的发生可能并不是由散块Es随着中性风周期性的经过雷达探测区域所致,而可能和Es中的扰动结构相关.     

The role of dynamics in total ozone deviations from their long-term mean over the Northern Hemisphere

Total ozone anomalies (deviation from the long-term mean) are created by anomalous circulation patterns. The dynamically produced ozone anomalies can be estimated from known circulation parameters in the layer between the tropopause and the middle stratosphere by means of statistics. Satellite observations of ozone anomalies can be compared with those expected from dynamics. Residual negative anomalies may be due to chemical ozone destruction. The statistics are derived from a 14 year data set of TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer January 1979-Dec. 1992) and corresponding 300 hPa geopotential (for the tropopause height) together with 30 hPa temperature (for stratospheric waves) at 60°N. The correlation coefficient for the linear multiple regression between total ozone (dependent variable) and the dynamical parameters (independent variables) is 0.88 for the zonal deviations in the winter of the Northern Hemisphere. Zonal means are also significantly dependent on circulation parameters, besides showing the known negative trend function of total ozone observed by TOMS. The significant linear trend for 60°N is 3 DU/year in the winter months taking into account the dependence on the dynamics between the tropopause region and the mid-stratosphere. The highest correlation coefficient for the monthly mean total ozone anomalies is reached in November with 0.94.     

Total ozone response to major geomagnetic storms and changes in meteorological situations

Summary The total ozone response to strong major geomagnetic storms (A_p≥60) in winter along the 50° N latitudinal circle is studied. The results add to the recent results of Laštovička et al. (1992) obtained for European middle latitudes (∼50°N) and to the results of Mlch (1994). A significant response of total ozone is only observed in winter under high solar activity/E-phase of QBO conditions (E-max) and seems to be caused by geomagnetic storm-induced changes of atmospheric dynamics. There are two sectors along latitude 50°N, which are sensitive to forcing by geomagnetic storms both in total ozone and the troposphere — north-eastern Atlantic-European and eastern Siberia-Aleutian sectors. The total ozone response under E-max conditions manifests itself mainly as a large decrease in the longitudinal variation of ozone after the storm, which means an increase of ozone in Europe. The observed effects in total ozone consist in redistribution, not production or loss of ozone.