中国东北及邻近地区未来地震趋势分析

通过分析1905年以来东北及邻近地区深震(mB≥6.0)及浅震(MS≥5.0)活动特征,研究深震、浅震"强震组"的时空相关性,计算二者能量比,认为东北地区已经进入第5活动期尾声,未来1—3年内,发生MS 5.0以上地震的可能性不大。     

大华北浅源地震与日本海西部及我国东北深震的关系

分析了大华北浅源地震与日本海西部及我国东北深震的关系,认为本世纪来日本海西部—我国东北深震经历了5个相对活跃期,大华北各地震区相应经历这5个活跃期的影响期。根据大华北M≧6级浅源地震与深震活动的相关性,建立了太平洋板块楔形俯冲带端部重大深震事件导致大华北浅源M≧6级地震发生的板块俯冲模型,应变波传播速度约94km/年,地表视速度约100km/年。重大深震事件突出、模型稳定性强,预测实验表明模型公式可做大华北地震监测参考。用本模型可以解释浅源地震迁移、各地震区地震与深震活动相关等现象。     

中国中深源地震分布特征及其意义

分析了中国6.0级以上中深源地震的分布特征及其与各主要地震活动区地震活动的关系.深震集中分布在东北地区以42°N,130°E为中心的2°×2°范围内,震源深度平均约560km.中源地震集中分布在东海经台湾到东沙群岛一线,形成NE～SW走向的条带,震源深度多在250km以内,平均约150km.中深源地震活动具有约63年的周期.中源地震活跃期紧接在深源地震活跃期之后.中深源地震发生以后台湾地区出现7.0级以上,青藏块体北部和东部出现6.0级以上的浅源地震活动.青藏块体的地震活动总体上表现出自块体北部开始,然后沿块体东部逐步向南迁移的特征.中深源地震及受东部应力场控制的浅源地震活动平静了近20年,1999年珲春7.0级深震和台湾7.6级地震的发生可能是太平洋板块推挤运动加剧及相关地震开始活跃的信号.     

柯坪块体的地震活动特征

分析了柯坪块体1969年以来强震活动特征，发现该块体内6级地震的发生显示出明显的轮回特征，且发震周期与新疆地区强震活跃期吻合；西克尔和乌什2个地震活跃区的地震活动对块体内的6级地震活动有一定的预报意义；一次6级地震发生后该块体内所发生的4．5级以上地震对于预测未来6级地震的发生地点有一定的意义。     

全球巨大地震活动性分析

通过分析全球巨大地震活动周期、活跃时段和活动空间分布特征,探讨未来全球发生巨大地震的活跃时段和主体区域.结果表明:① 全球地震活动存在着置信度远超过95%的50年左右显著活动周期,此外还存在80——100年左右显著性不强的活动周期;② 通过对全球地震MSge;8.3时间序列图和MSge;8.0应变能时间序列图分析,得到活跃期10——14年,平静期39——41年,2004年后又进入了巨大地震的强活跃期,可能会一直持续到2018年;③ 强活跃时段内发生的MSge;8.5巨大地震存在着一定的相关性,太平洋板块北边界（美国阿拉斯加附近区域——阿留申群岛——千岛群岛）是发生8.5级以上地震最关注的地区,其次是太平洋板块的南美洲边界(尤其是秘鲁及其周边区域),应对这两个地区进行重点关注和监测．本文从地震活动性角度研究巨大地震的强活跃期问题,并推测全球发生8.5级以上地震的活跃时段和主体地区,而对于其机理问题值得进一步深入研究．      

昆仑山口西8.1级地震后欧亚带和中国大陆及云南地震趋势研究

分析研究了2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8．1级巨震对欧亚地震带、中国大陆及云南未来地震趋势的影响，指出巨震后10－20年欧亚带可能处于巨震活跃时段，其间可能发生多次巨震；同期中国大陆相应处于地震活跃期，大陆西部有发生多次7．0级以上大震的可能；受欧亚带大震活动过程及巨震调整影响，未来1－3年云南省可能进入新的活跃期，6－7级强震危险性增加。     

东北地震区地震趋势的小波分析

根据中国地震局推广软件中所给出的地震区划分,运用小波分析方法,对东北地震区的地震时序特征进行了分析和研究,得出:东北地震区的地震活动存在着10年、20年和30年的显著主周期。按照这个周期规律,结合测震学的分析方法,分析了未来东北地震区的地震活动趋势,认为东北地震区第五活跃期到2009年结束。从地震能量释放和地震频度上看,未来发生5级以上地震的可能性不大。     

菲律宾Ms≥7级地震活动规律及未来趋势

通过可公度信息提取方法、蝴蝶结构图、震中时空迁移特征分析近50年菲律宾Ms≥7级中、浅源地震,发现2013、2014年Ms≥7级地震信号强,2014年最强;22年地震主周期明显,其中可划出活跃期与平静期;2012年为菲律宾新地震周期及活跃期的开始;菲律宾Ms≥7级地震震中时空交替迁移规律明显,未来震中向西北部迁移.菲律宾Ms≥7级地震与太阳黑子活动22年双周期关系密切,多发生在太阳黑子活动偶数周期极大年附近及其下降段.目前,太阳黑子活动处于第24周期极大年附近,2013～2014年Ms≥7级地震发生的可能性很大,与可公度分析结果一致.     

2001年昆仑山口8.1级巨震后中国大陆、云南地震趋势研究

分析研究了2001年11月14日昆仑山口8．1级巨震对中国大陆云南未来几年地震趋势的影响，指出巨震后6年大陆可能仍然处于地震活跃期，其间大陆西部发生7．0级以上大震可能性较大；受2000－2001年欧亚带东南段大震活动过程及巨震调整影响，未来1－3年云南省可能进入新的活跃期，6．5级以上强震危险性增加。     

地震周期谱分析的合成概率预测研究

针对1900—2000年宁夏及邻区Ms5.5级以上地震,提取了地震周期谱分析的线性合成概率值,并对2001—2016年时段进行了实际地震预测检验。结果表明该方法在宁夏及邻区中强震的回溯性验证中具有较好的效果,但自2001年以来宁夏及邻区无Ms5.5级以上地震发生,本方法虽然对该时段的无震预测也很准确,但还是缺少相应的有震预测验证,因此该方法还需要在今后地震预测工作中深入研究和检验。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.