2007年宁洱6.4级地震余震序列尾波QC值研究

基于Aki和Chouet的地方震尾波单次散射模型,利用思茅台记录到的2007年云南宁洱6.4地震余震的数字化波形观测资料,测量了震源区尾波Qc(f)值。当中心频率为1.5Hz时,宁洱地区的尾波Qc值在51～147之间,平均值为79,尾波的振幅衰减率βc(f)在0.014～0.039之间,平均值为0.028;测量得到该地区尾波Qc值与频率f的关系为Qc(f)=53f0.88;尾波波源因子与震级成正比关系,满足关系lgA0=1.51ML-0.94;测量结果显示宁洱地震余震序列的尾波值Qc较低,表明宁洱震源区属于构造运动较为活跃区。     

2001年云南施甸Ms 5.9地震余震序列尾波Qc值研究

利用云南保山地震台记录到的2001年施甸地震数字化波形观测资料,根据尾波散射理论,测量了震源区尾波QC(f)值,结果表明,中心频率为1.5 Hz时,施甸地区尾波振幅衰减率β(f)值在-0.012～-0.02范围内,平均值为-0.017,QC值在110～140之间,平均值为124得到施甸地区尾波QC值与频率的关系为Qc(f)=77f0.75尾波波源因子A0(f)与地震震级成正比,满足关系lgA0(f)=0.899ML+0.81,与频率成反比,满足关系lgA0=-0.046×f+2.84;本文得到的一个重要结果是,施甸5.3级地震的最大强余震发生之前,QC值存在一个变化过程;QC值在均值附近±1.5倍方差线内均匀地波动→QC值逐渐下降→QC值出现低于方差线的异常点→QC值逐渐恢复到正常水平→发震;施甸地区的尾波QC值不同于构造活动较为稳定的地区,而与构造活跃、地震活动频繁的地区较为接近,属于低频低QC值地区.     

2005年云南文山地震余震序列尾波Qc值研究

基于Aki等（1975）的地方震尾波单次散射模型,利用文山地震台记录到2005年8月13日在云南文山县发生的5.3级地震余震序列的数字化波形观测资料,测量了震源区尾波Q（f）值。测量结果表明,当中心频率为1．5Hz时,文山地区的尾波Q值在52～155之间,平均值为91,尾波的振幅衰减率β（f）在0.013～0．039之间,平均值为0．024;测量得到该区尾波Qc值与频率f的关系为Qc（f）=62f^“0.87;尾波波源因子A0与震级ML成正比关系,满足关系lgA0=1．02ML-0．73。此次地震的发震构造为文山断裂带,地震波受到破碎带强烈的非弹性吸收,尾波Qc值明显降低。     

云南姚安地区的尾波衰减

2000年1月15日云南姚安发生了6.5级地震．震后围绕震中区架设了一个由6套拾震器 记录仪组成的临时数字地震台网．在所记录的余震中，有402次余震有较精确的定位．依照Sato的单散射模型分析观测的尾波短记录，获得了姚安地区地壳的尾波平均品质因子Qc( f )=49f 0.95，f =1.5～20.0 Hz, 具有高构造活动性区域的衰减特征．      

辽宁海城-岫岩地区尾波Q值研究

本文利用Sato单次散射模型,研究1999年至2007年辽宁海城-岫岩地区尾波Q值随时间的变化情况及1999年岫岩5.4级地震和2000年5.1级两次中强地震发生阶段该地区的尾波Q值变化。计算结果表明:该区在地震活跃阶段,Qc值随时间变化起伏较大,平均值相对较高,在岫岩5.4级主震前有短时升高现象,之后Qc值并没有明显的降低,直到强余震序列结束之后Qc值逐步降低,趋于平稳,通过对比该区在地震活跃阶段与平静阶段的Qc值变化,可以为未来该区的强震预测提供参考依据。     

大庆林甸县M5.1地震序列尾波Q_c值特征研究

基于Sato单次散射模型,利用黑龙江省大庆数字化测震台网近场数字地震波形记录资料,分析计算2005年7月25日大庆林甸M5.1地震后地壳介质的尾波Qc值变化,拟合Qc值与频率之间的依赖关系,为Qc=36.58±8.67f(0.9787±0.0837)。对大庆地区2005年7月至2006年2月的余震序列尾波Qc值变化特征进行分析,结果表明,主震后该序列尾波Qc值发生显著变化。     

成都遥测台网区域尾波衰减特性及Qc值研究.

基于单次散射模型的尾波功率谱分析法，利用四川省地震局与日本东北大学共同建立的成都遥测台网地震波实时处理系统记录的50个地震的数字化地震波形资料，计算了成都遥测台网区域地球介质对应于几个不同频率的Qc值．发现在1.0～20.0 Hz频率范围内，Qc值随频率的变化近似服从幂函数关系Qc＝Q0f n．其中Q0值在60.83～178.05之间，平均值为117；ｎ值在0.713～1.159之间，平均值为0.978．结果表明，成都遥测台网区域Qc值对频率有强的依赖关系．与世界上其它地区所得到的结果比较，成都遥测台网区域Qc-1值及其随频率的变化与构造活动强烈地区的值类似，具有强的频率依赖性．      

安徽地区尾波Qc值特征研究

基于Sato单次散射模型,利用安徽省数字化测震台网2001年以来记录到的ML≥2.3级地震的波形资料,计算得到了安徽地区不同台站周围地壳介质的尾波Qc值,发现省内不同地区尾波Qc值存在着明显的差异,霍山地区尾波Qc值相对省内其余地区较低,拟合得到了安徽地区尾波Qc值与频率之间的依赖关系,为Qc=(104.9±36.4)...     

内蒙古中西部地区尾波Q值研究

基于Sato单次散射模型,利用2001-2006年6月内蒙古数字地震台网记录到的发生在内蒙古中西部地区的114条ML≥2.7地震波形资料,从西到东分三个研究区对内蒙古中西部地区尾波Q值进行了研究,研究中首先计算各条记录尾波4~18 Hz间15个频率点的尾波Q值,并对Q值与频率之间的依赖关系进行了拟合,拟合结果为:Ⅰ区Qc(f)=(69.98±20.92)f(0.8989±0.0881);Ⅱ区Qc(f)=(55.59±14.726)f(0.9426±0.1084);Ⅲ区Qc(f)=(69.89±18.54)f(0.8352±0.0913)。研究结果表明,尾波值表现出明显的分区性特征,研究区Ⅰ、Ⅲ表现为高Q值,研究区Ⅱ为低Q值,其结果可能与内蒙古中西部地区独特的构造分区特征有关。     

滦县地区尾波Q值及其与频率关系的研究

利用国家地震局地球物理勘探大队在滦县地震区取得的高精度的数字化地震记录资料,由尾波分析法计算了对应于7个不同频率(f=1.5,3.0,6.0,10.0,15.0,20.0,25.0Hz)的介质Qc值.发现在该频率范围内Qc随频率的变化近似服从幂函数关系Qc=afb.对流逝时间较短(40s左右)的尾波资料,求得a=46,b=0.85.对流逝时间较长(60s左右)的资料,a=72,b=0.90.b值较大,表明Qc值对于频率的强依赖关系,a值(1Hz的Qc值)较小.这些结果表明该地区为一较强的构造活动区.      

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

Applied volcanology in geothermal exploration in Iceland

In an active spreading area like Iceland, where the regional geothermal gradient is in the range 50–150°C/km, it is normally not a problem to find high enough temperature with deep drilling, but the difficulties arise with finding permeable layers at depth within the strata. Various volcanological methods can be applied in the search for aquifers and geothermal reservoir rocks. The flow pattern (as deduced from deuterium studies) indicates that the thermal water flows preferentially along high porosity stratiform horizons and dyke swarms from the recharge areas in the highlands to the hot spring areas in the lowlands. The primary porosity of the volcanic strata is dependent on the chemical composition and the mode of eruption of the volcanic units. Both the reservoir rocks and the flow channels forming the geothermal plumbing system are thought to vary from the Tertiary to the Quaternary provinces due to environmental conditions at the eruptive sites.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

2008年云南地震灾害概况

列出了2008年云南省破坏性地震目录.在此基础上,结合云南省地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结了2008年云南地震灾害的主要数据和特性.最后列出1990～2008年云南地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要对比.     

2007年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评

在列出2007年中国5级以上地震目录的基础上,结合有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结出2007年中国大陆地震灾害的主要数据和特性。最后列出1990—2007年中国大陆地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要的比较。     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Advances in ground motion studies in China

This paper briefly summarizes the works in the processing of strong ground motion data, the factors affecting strong ground motion, the modeling of strong ground motion and the calculating of broad-band response spectrum which have been done recent years by engineering seismologists and seismologists of China. In addition, we think back to the international cooperation in strong ground motion of the recent years and make some expectations for the future.     

冬季亚洲中强震与夏季我国东部主雨带的准同纬性

根据1954～2003年50年亚洲中强震与我国地温资料，分析了冬季震中纬度—震涡中心纬度—冬季我国东部强地热涡中心纬度—夏季我国东部主雨带纬度4者之间的相互关系，发现冬季中强震与夏季主雨带之间具有较好的准同纬性. 这是每年汛期降水预报的一个指标. 文中也讨论了应用此预报指标时的一些特例.