Seismogenic tectonics of the Qian-Gorlos earthquake in Jilin Province,China

The Qian-Gorlos earthquake, which occurred in the Songliao basin in Jilin Province in 1119 AD, was the largest earthquake to occur in NE China before the 1975 Haicheng earthquake. Based on historical records and surface geological investigations, it has been suggested previously that the earthquake epicenter was in the Longkeng area. However, other workers have considered the epicenter to be in the Halamaodu area based on the landslides and faults found in this region. No seismogenic structure has yet been found in either of these two regions. We tried to detect active faults in the urban areas of Songyuan City, where the historical earthquake was probably located. One of the aims of this work was to clarify the seismogenic structure so that the seismic risk in the city could be more accurately evaluated. The area was investigated and analyzed using information from remote sensing and topographic surveys, seismic data from petroleum exploration, shallow seismic profiles, exploratory geological trenches on fault outcrops, and borehole data. The geophysical data did not reveal any evidence of faults cutting through Cretaceous or later strata under the Longkeng scarp, which has been suggested to be structural evidence of the Qian-Gorlos earthquake. The continuous fault surfaces on the back edge of terraces in the Halamaodu area stretch for >3.5 km and were probably formed by tectonic activity. However, results from shallow seismic profiles showed that the faults did not extend downward, with the corresponding deep structure being identified as a gentle kink band. A new reverse fault was found to the west of the two suggested epicenters, which presented as a curvilinear fault extending to the west, and was formed by two groups of NE- and NW-trending faults intersecting the Gudian fault. Three-dimensional seismic and shallow seismic data from petroleum exploration revealed its distinct spatial distribution and showed that the fault may cut through Late Quaternary strata. Exploration boreholes and later geomorphological studies provided further proof of this. Based on these results and analysis, the Gudian fault was confirmed as having been an active fault since the Late Quaternary, with the possibility of earthquakes of magnitude >7 in the future. The Qian-Gorlos earthquake was most probably the result of breakage on one or two sections of this 66-km-long fault.     

大地切片——一种新的活动断层探测技术

如何减轻突发性直下型地震造成的城市地震灾害 ,其中一个关键的问题就是如何准确查明城市地区的活动断层分布 ,并在今后的城市建设中避开这些活动断层。由于城市用地等的限制 ,现在被广泛应用的一些活动断层调查和探测技术 ,往往难以适用于城市地区。文中介绍了一种在日本发展较成熟的活动断层探测技术———大地切片调查法。该技术的应用不仅仅限于活动断层研究 ,而且被广泛地应用于第四纪研究、滑坡、海岸工程等领域。文中列举的 3个实例展示了该技术在活动断层、砂土液化和海滨堆积构造调查中的应用。最后 ,对大地切片调查法的优缺点作了简单的总结     

潍坊市主要隐伏断层活动特征研究

利用浅层人工地震、电法勘探和工程钻探等多种方法在潍坊市开展了隐伏活断层探测工作,查明了潍坊市城区周围沂水-汤头断裂、鄌郚-葛沟断裂、寒亭断裂和潍县断裂等6条主要断裂的位置;通过释光(TL、OSL)和电子自旋测年(ESR)研究了这些断裂的最新活动时代。结果表明,潍坊市城区范围内无活动断层通过,为土地利用和城市建设规划提供了科学依据。     

城市活断层探测信息系统的设计与实现——以福州市活断层信息管理系统为例

以福州市活断层信息管理系统为例,提出了城市活断层探测信息系统建设的目标,分析了以GIS技术为支持的、面向对象的设计方法及系统结构与功能。系统在局域网内采用C/S模式,在广域网中采用B/S模式,具有用户界面、应用程序和基础数据的3层结构。探测成果数据库按照分类、分层存贮,按专题组织查询的方式管理。城市活断层探测信息管理系统以活断层探测成果数据库为基础,空间分析为支撑,集地质、地球物理、地球化学、综合查询及专题分析应用为一体,具备活断层探测及分析研究成果分类与综合查询、展示、分析等功能,这一系统的建立可为活断层研究的定量化提供坚实的数据基础与技术平台,为城市规划、土地利用等防震减灾工作的开展提供科学依据     

影响城市隐伏活断层探查与评价的两个重要问题

实践证明, 对于有厚层第四纪沉积层覆盖的城市活断层探查, 存在二个问题。一是上断点层位作为活动性指标的局限性; 二是探测手段有效深度范围和分辨率的有限性。二个问题共同点都是使探测的上断点深度大于真实上断点深度, 结果就是漏掉活断层, 低估断层的地震危险性, 这与近年来许多地方“意外”发生破坏性地震有密切关系。须在探查与评价实践中积累经验, 深入讨论, 予以解决。     

内蒙古乌海断陷岗德尔山西麓断裂晚第四纪特征分析

岗德尔山西麓断裂是乌海断陷的一条控盆边界断裂。通过野外地质调查、构造剖面解析结合浅层物探、地球化学探测,综合对断裂的第四纪活动特征进行分析和研究。结果显示,岗德尔山西麓断裂整体走向NNE,倾角60°~80°,具有成束成带发育特点,是一条全新世活动断裂,表现出以拉张为主的活动特征。     

Active faults and seismogenic models for the Urumqi city,Xinjiang Autonomous Region,China

We have studied the characteristics of the active faults and seismicity in the vicinity of Urumqi city, the capital of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China, and have proposed a seismogenic model for the assessment of earthquake hazard in this area. Our work is based on an integrated analysis of data from investigations of active faults at the surface, deep seismic reflection soundings,seismic profiles from petroleum exploration, observations of temporal seismic stations, and the precise location of small earthquakes. We have made a comparative study of typical seismogenic structures in the frontal area of the North Tianshan Mountains, where Urumqi city is situated,and have revealed the primary features of the thrust-foldnappe structure there. We suggest that Urumqi city is comprised two zones of seismotectonics which are interpreted as thrust-nappe structures. The first is the thrust nappe of the North Tianshan Mountains in the west, consisting of the lower(root) thrust fault, middle detachment,and upper fold-uplift at the front. Faults active in the Pleistocene are present in the lower and upper parts of this structure, and the detachment in the middle spreads toward the north. In the future, M7 earthquakes may occur at the root thrust fault, while the seismic risk of frontal fold-uplift at the front will not exceed M6.5. The second structure is the western flank of the arc-like Bogda nappe in the east,which is also comprised a root thrust fault, middle detachment, and upper fold-uplift at the front, of which the nappe stretches toward the north; several active faults are also developed in it. The fault active in the Holocene is called the South Fukang fault. It is not in the urban area of Urumqi city. The other three faults are located in the urban area and were active in the late Pleistocene. In these cases,this section of the nappe structure near the city has an earthquake risk of M6.5–7. An earthquake M_S6.6, 60 km east to Urumqi city occurred along the structure in 1965.     

电阻率层析成像法在辽阳活断层探测中的应用

电阻率层析成像法是近年来迅速发展起来的地球物理新技术,目前逐渐成为工程物探中的主要方法。在辽阳市地震活断层与地震危险性评价研究中运用该方法取得了良好的效果。通过在目标区布设探测剖面,辅以浅层地震,地质钻探,可以准确地探测断层的几何结构和物理特征,为辽阳市活断层探测与地震危险性评价研究提供准确可靠的物探依据。     

Exploration and Study of Major Faults in Anshan City,Liaoning Province

In order to provide a basis for the earthquake resistance protection zoning of Anshan City, westudied the activity of faults. In the study, the synthetic geophysical prospecting techniqueswere used. These techniques include the shallow artificial earthquake method, electric method,geologic radar method, etc., with shallow artificial earthquake sounding as the main means.In the meantime, the data of geophysical prospecting and borehole record of this city werecollected and the methods of field investigation and sample age dating were also used incombination. The results show that there are 5 hidden or semi-hidden faults in Anshon City.Among these faults, Dashitou-Songsantai fault, Ningyuantun fault and Dayangqi fault trendNW, the middle Pleistotene Tanggangzi fault trends NE, while the early Pleistocene or Pre-Quaternary Ertaizi fault trend NW. According to the definition of active faults, none of thesefaults is active. This paper also discussed the cause for the formation of seriously damagedareas in Ans     

Study on Buried Faults in the Weifang Urban Area

Buried faults in Weifang city and surrounding areas are studied with geophysical surveys such as shallow seismic survey and electrical exploration, and verified with engineering drilling. Six main faults are detected including the Yishul-Tangtou fault, Tangwu-Gegou fault, Hanting fault and Weixian fault, etc. The latest active age is determined by OSL, TL and ESR dating techniques. No active fault has been found so far in the Weifang urban area. Our results provide a scientific basis for land use and urban planning.     

鲜水河断裂带南东段康定—色拉哈断裂的浅层地球物理勘探

活动断层不仅是产生地震的根源,而且地震时其断层线两侧的建筑物破坏最为严重。因此准确探测出活动断层的位置和分布范围,并采取有效的工程避让措施,可大大降低地震灾害和经济损失。康定—色拉哈断裂作为鲜水河断裂南东段的主干断裂,具备发生强震的地震地质构造条件,因此该断裂所穿越的几个城镇的地震危险性不容忽视。针对康定新城探测场区存在交通条件不便、场地工作面狭窄等问题,在浅层地震反射波法探测工作中采取小道间距、小偏移距、多道短排列接收和共反射点多次覆盖观测的工作方式获取地震反射时间剖面,浅层地震探测结果辅以高密度电阻率成像断面,并结合地表地震地质调查结果,共同揭示康定—色拉哈断裂在康定新城北侧的展布位置、产状规模和近地表构造形态。研究结果发现康定—色拉哈断裂在康定新城北东侧呈左旋右界羽列状展布,经过两岔口村折多河Ⅰ级阶地处该断裂隐伏段近地表倾角约40°～50°,其破碎带及其影响带宽度约110m,随着地形的升高,破碎带的视宽度进一步增加至200m左右,并沿断层垭口向木格措方向延伸展布。浅层地球物理探测成果为判定康定—色拉哈断裂近地表构造活动提供了可靠的地震学证据,也为康定新城的地震危险性评价和制定抗震防灾规划提供了可靠的基础资料。     

松原市扶余北隐伏活动断裂地震潜势研究

扶余肇东断裂带是松辽盆地中一条重要的隐伏发震断裂带,2006年和2014年在此断裂带上发生了多次近6级地震,地震活动主要集中在断裂的东北段和查干花段。在2012—2014年的松原市活断层探测工作中,探明扶余肇东断裂带东北段经过松原市区,该段呈近EW向,具有明显的分段性和独立性,将其命名为扶余北断裂。通过三维物探资料和浅层人工探测,确定了扶余北断裂的空间展布和剖面特征,并利用联排钻孔探测和光释光测年技术,确定该断裂存在晚更新世以来的活动;利用石油物探资料获得的基岩面破裂规模,对扶余北断裂的地震潜势进行了估计,并进行了概率性地震危险性研究。     

淄博市及其邻近地区活断层地震危险性评价

本文是山东省防震减灾“十五”重点项目(SD10503)—淄博市活断层探测与地震危险性评价项目的一个子课题和山东省自然科学基金青年基金(Q97E1142)——郯庐断裂带强震孕育动力学模型及其数值模拟研究部分研究成果的总结.在分析研究地震地质、地球物理、断层综合地球物理探测、探槽开挖、断层活动性鉴定等技术手段获得的反映区域地震构造环境、深部构造背景、活动断裂长期滑动习性的定性和定量资料、历史与现代地震活动性和地球动力学资料的基础上,甄别出具有发生破坏性地震的活断层段.同时利用定性、定量和综合判定方法,评价了淄博市及其邻近地区主要断层的地震危险性.本项研究成果为淄博市城区地震小区划、震害预测和断层危害性评价提供了基础依据.     

沈阳市活断层探测的设计思路

以《中国地震活动断层探测技术系统技术规程》为依据,结合沈阳、抚顺的实际情况,设计了沈阳市活断层探测的思路。沈阳市活断层探测划分为沈阳、抚顺两个目标区,确定沈阳目标区6条、抚顺目标区2条共8条断裂为目标断层。活断层探测实际上包括初查与目标断层地震危险性评价、详查与主要目标断层地震危害性评价两大阶段的工作内容,具体按照初查阶段目标断层的综合探测、深部地震构造环境探测、目标断层地震危险性综合评价、主要目标断层详细探测、地震危害性评价及活断层信息管理系统建设等几个步骤实施。目标断层的探测手段选取地球化学、地球物理(浅层地震、多道直流电法和探地雷达等)、钻孔探测等,同时结合高分辩率遥感、地震地质调查等方法,各种探测方法和手段根据其探测精度和适宜性分别应用于初查、详查等不同的探测阶段中,探测技术参数的选取在不同阶段也具有差异性,目的是为了实现各个阶段的探测目标。     

Techniques for Surveying Urban Active Faults by Seismic Methods

INTRODUCTIONLarge earthquake and ground surface dislocation produced by the sudden slip of an active faulthidden belowa city can result in serious disaster,bring about huge losses of people’s life and stateproperty,or even make a city destroyed instantly…     

城市活断层高分辨率地震勘探震源对比试验研究

国内外大量地震震例研究表明 ,巨大的城市地震灾害主要是由隐伏于城市之下的活动断裂上发生的地震造成的 ,因此 ,探测城市活断层是十分必要和紧迫的。高分辨率地震勘探是目前探测城市活断层较为有效的地球物理方法 ,它包括激发技术、接收技术、观测系统、地震数据处理与解释技术等。而震源是地震勘探的首要问题 ,城市特定的人文环境和城市活断层的特点对高分辨率地震勘探的震源提出了特殊的要求 ,较小的断距决定了要有较宽的震源谱 ,城市较严重的干扰决定了震源要有较强的抗干扰能力。通过在福州市跨八一水库断裂进行的可控震源、真空加速落锤、锤击震源、枪震源以及炸药震源的试验研究 ,利用频谱分析技术 ,得到了各种震源谱的特性 ,并给出了可控震源、真空加速落锤和锤击震源叠加时间剖面对比 ,探讨了各种震源在城市活断层探测中的有效性     

烟台市及其邻近地区活断层地震危险性评价

本文是"十二五"国家科技支撑计划项目专题(2012BAK19B04-01)"郯庐地震断裂带中段地震活动规律及地震危险区判定研究"部分成果的总结。在分析了烟台市及其邻近地区的地震地质、地球物理、断层综合地球物理探测、探槽开挖、断层活动性鉴定等技术手段获得的反映区域地震构造环境、深部构造背景、活动断裂长期滑动习性的定性和定量资料、历史与现代地震活动性和地球动力学资料的基础上,甄别出了具有发生破坏性地震的活断层段。同时采用定性、定量和综合判定的方法,评价了烟台市及其邻近地区主要活动断裂的地震危险性。本文的研究成果可为胶东半岛地区的地震监测预报、地震区划、震害预测和断层危害性评价提供基础依据。     

辽宁鞍山市主要断裂的探测与研究

为了给鞍山市抗震设防区划提供依据,我们采用了以浅层人工地震为主的综合地球物理探测技术,包括浅层人工地震、电法和地质雷达等方法,同时收集了城市已有的物探和钻井资料,并结合野外调查及样品年龄测试对断裂的活动性进行了研究。结果表明,鞍山市存在５条隐伏或半隐伏的断裂,北西向的大石头－宋三台断裂、宁远屯断裂、大阳气断裂和北东向的汤岗子断裂为中更新世断裂,北西向的二台子断裂为早更新世或前第四纪断裂,按活断层义     

城市活断层探测中的浅层地震勘探方法

对大量地震灾害的研究表明，地震发生时，位于地表活动断层上的房屋或构筑物的破坏最严重，尤其是20世纪90年代后期美国北岭地震，日本阪神地震和中国台湾集集大地震等的发生后，世界许多国家的政府和地震科学家都清楚地认识到城市活断层探测与研究的重要性和急迫性，城市活断层的探测对于城市规划，抗震设防，减轻地震对城市设施的破坏都具有重要的现实意义，浅层高分辨地震勘探是城市活断层探测手段中最有效，最可靠的方法之一，可以在地表探测到地下活断层的位置，埋深，产状和空间展布情况，但由于城市环境的强干扰背景和场地条件的复杂性，必须针对实际情况，在观测系统，震源，数据采集环境的强干扰背景和场地条件的复杂性，必须针对实际 情况，在观测系统，震源，数据采集和处理方法等环节中，采用一系列提高分辨率， 提高信噪比的有效方法，才能取得可靠的探测成果，本文对城市活断层探测中的浅层地震勘探方法的技术难点和相应的解决方法进行了讨论，并结合我们近几年来在城市开展浅层地震勘探的一些经验，介绍一些实用性的浅层地震勘探工作方法。     

哈尔滨市主要断裂未来地震危险性评价

哈尔滨市目标区内主要断裂断错地表的最新活动时代为第四纪早期,晚更新世以来无断错地表的活动迹象。通过对城市活动断层地震危险性评价的技术思路、哈尔滨市工作区的地震地质环境与潜在震源区划分、目标区主要断裂活动特征的综合分析,确定了目标区内3条主要断裂未来可能发生地震的最大震级,并以兴安-东蒙活动地块与工作区作为分析的两种范围尺度,在适当调整工程地震学地震危险性概率分析方法的基础上,综合估算了目标区和目标区内单条断裂未来100年的发震概率。结果表明:哈尔滨市目标区主要断裂未来发生4.0级上破坏性地震的可能性极小,可能地震的最大震级为MS5.5