边界积分方程用于电阻率Zohdy反演的初步研究

研究利用边界积分方程进行电阻率Ｚｏｈｄｙ反演的有关技术,结果表明在探测区域划分为数千个单元的情况下,为节省正、反演过程中所需要的计算机内存和 ＣＰＵ时间,可采取以下措施：（１）假定电位分块线性变化,可以使节点数目显著减少,这里每一块都包含若干个单元;（２）利用边界积分方程的特点,可事先计算并存储所有必要的边界积分值,供每一步迭代中调用;（３）利用边界积分方程所特有的数值延拓功能,可以进一步减少节点数目．为了说明这些手段的有效性,先给出了一个数值模拟成像结果,它清楚地表明基于边界积分方程的电阻率 Ｚｏｈｄｙ反演是快速而有效的,然后给出一个实测剖面的成像实例,成像结果经钻孔检验正确．     

半空间中多个三维体电阻率响应的边界积分方程模拟

研究半空间中含多个异常体的复杂条件下电阻率响应数值模拟的理论和计算方法．以半空间中含两个异常作为例，导出了点源激励下地表电位分布所满足的边界积分方程组，将方程组离散化可计算出地表电位分布，从而进行视电阻率模拟．最后给出了算例．     

点源两层大地三维地电模型视电阻率边界元解

本文用两层均匀大地人工点源作用下的空间电位分布作为基本解，导出了下伏基岩中陷含三维地质体情况下，关于电位的边界积分方程组，用边界单元法解积分方程求得地表电位，从而求得了一定装置下的视电阻率。本文方法的独特优点是积分只须在异常体边界面上进行了测线可以沿任意方向。用联剖法计算了均匀半空间下含球形异常体的ρｓ曲线，所得结果与其他学者用解析方法所求得的结果一致。用中间梯度法计算下层基岩中含有一长方体，测线     

二维电阻率成像研究

电阻率成像中最关键的问题就是获得雅可比偏导数矩阵。本文从二维微分方程的积分解出发推导了一种新的电阻率成像的雅可比偏导数矩阵,同时形成了成像方程。用内外迭代相结合的高斯塞德儿迭代方法解成像方程可以得到电阻率的分布图像。数值模拟结果表明该方法是有效和可靠的,尤其值得注意的是积分法电阻率成像方法初始模型可以采用均匀模型,减小了对初始模型的依赖。对用其它方法难以获得好的成像结果的单一高阻体,积分法也得到了较好的成像结果。河南商丘某野外资料结果表明,成像结果和实际地质情况吻合较好。     

电位双二次变化二维地电断面电阻率测深有限元数值模拟

以异常电位为研究对象,给出了一种新的二维地电断面电阻率测深的有限元数值模拟方法.该方法与以往这类方法的主要区别在于,网格单元中的电导率采用双线性插值,电位则用二次函数进行双二次插值,从而使得电位的正演结果以及由电位导出的视电阻率更加符合实际地电场的变化规律;另外,有限元网格单元数也大为减少.对几例模型的试算结果表明,文中提出的计算方法是行之有效的.     

用边界单元法模拟二维地形对大地电磁场的影响

本文用边界单元法模拟二维地形对大地电磁场的影响.首先用格林公式将二维大地电磁的边值问题转变成积分方程,然后用边界单元法解积分方程,得到地形上的大地电磁场和它的法向导数,由此可计算电阻率.与有限单元法相比,本方法剖分后的地形与实际地形的拟合程度高,向计算机输入原始数据的工作简单,可以在微机上计算地形引起的视电阻率.本方法适合于在野外生产现场进行大地电磁法的地形改正.计算表明,地形对H_x型波的影响比对E_x型波严重得多;随着周期的增长,地形对H_x型波的影响变得稳定.     

岩样电阻率成像系统

提出一种研究岩石电阻率的成像系统．首先介绍陈列电极的数据采集特点和电阻率图像的生成,然后给出用该系统实际测量砂岩样品的电阻率图像．该系统可以在实验室中对岩石样品电阻率的非均匀分布进行测定,并用图像表示;可以模拟地层的动态条件,测量电阻率的变化,同时给出在相驱方向的压力分布情况．     

点源二维电场中纵剖面上电位的计算

将总电位ν分解为正常电位．ｕｏ和异常电位ｕ·本文绘出点源二维电场中，异常电位ｕ的傅氏变换Ｕ的变分方程，以及点源二维电场地形影响的异常电位ｕ的傅氏变换Ｕ的积分方程，前者可用有限单元法求解，后者可用边界单元法求解．根据电源点的Ｕ的傅氏反交换，解决了前人尚未解决的直接计算点源二维电场中纵剖面（通过电源点、平行走向的剖面）的电位问题．     

非均匀套管井中的过套管电阻率测井响应

套管井壁的电势分布包含了金属套管和地层模型的信息,套管电阻率的变化对过套管电阻率测井有重要影响,本文考虑了套管电阻率的变化对传输线方程系数的影响,给出了非均匀套管壁电势分布的计算方法．利用套管井壁电势分布实现了非均匀套管测井响应的计算,考察了套管电阻率变化对过套管电阻率测井响应的影响,模拟结果表明,套管的变薄或变厚对测井响应均有一定影响,当套管电阻突然变小（套管变厚）或突然变大（套管变薄）时过套管电阻率测井异常发生在套管电阻突变界面附近．模拟结果还显示电极距对测井结果有明显影响．     

直流电阻率法高阻管道漏点位置的探测与分析

近年来,城区供水管道发生破裂的现象屡见不鲜,给居民生活造成了极大的影响,解决城市管道漏水问题迫在眉睫.文章采用异常响应更为稳定、解释方便、低成本的直流电阻率法,基于直流电阻探测方法原理,提出利用电位异常方法探测管道漏点位置技术.首先利用数值模拟方法研究了高阻管道漏点电位异常响应,采用有限差分技术,将漏点位置设为源点,分别计算表面位置沿x方向和y方向电位差,数值模拟结果表明,该方法可以有效地定位漏点位置.利用物理实验对理论数值模拟结果进行验证,在实验过程中,分别在地表面沿管道方向以及垂直管道方向进行电位差测量,物理模拟结果与数值模拟结果相吻合,表明该方法合理有效.与其他管道探测相比,直流电位方法原理简单,抗干扰能力强,异常响应特征明显.     

基于非结构网格的电阻率三维带地形反演

地表起伏地形在野外矿产资源勘察中不可避免,其对直流电阻率法勘探影响巨大.近年来,电阻率三维正演取得诸多进展,特别是应用非结构网格我们能够进行任意复杂地形和几何模型的电阻率三维数值模拟,但面向实际应用的起伏地形下电阻率三维反演依然困难.本文基于非结构化四面体网格,并考虑到应用GPS/GNSS时,区域地球物理调查中可非规则布设测网的实际特点,实现了任意地形(平坦或起伏)条件下、任意布设的偶极-偶极视电阻率数据的不完全Gauss-Newton三维反演.合成数据的反演结果表明了方法的有效性,可应用于复杂野外环境下的三维电法勘探.     

多辐射场源地空瞬变电磁法多分量全域视电阻率定义

本文针对多辐射场源地空瞬变电磁法理论,建立了相应的多分量全域视电阻率定义方法.分析了利用磁场强度进行多辐射场源地空系统全域视电阻率定义的优点,针对磁场强度的各个分量,提出了各自的全域视电阻率算法,实现了多分量、全时域、全空域视电阻率计算,并分析了偏移距对全域视电阻率的影响.通过调整源的相对位置及电流方向等参数,多辐射源瞬变电磁地空系统不仅可以加强不同分量信号强度,削弱随机干扰,还可更好地分辨地下异常体的位置.通过对所设计模型的处理,证实了多辐射场源地空系统多分量全域视电阻率算法的有效性,也验证了多辐射场源地空系统的优势.     

电磁传播电阻率测井的二维全参数反演方法研究

Baker Hughes INTEQ的MPR是应用较广的传播电阻率测井仪器，它有4条相位差和4条幅度比测井曲线，本文以它在垂直井中的测井响应为例开展电磁传播电阻率资料的二维反演方法研究.由于其测井响应对地层纵向边界的探测灵敏度比对其他地层参数的大得多，在其资料反演中必须重视地层纵向边界位置的提取和反演精度.本文首先应用特征识别方法由分辨率最好的测井曲线提取地层纵向边界，接着对浅、深探测的两条相位差曲线分别做纵向一维反演，利用此结果来建立二维反演的初始地层模型，采用改进的阻尼型正则化高斯 牛顿优化算法，实现了MPR资料的二维全参数反演.对含23个纵向分层的两种典型地层模型的数值模拟测井资料的二维反演得到了令人满意的结果，它可显著提高MPR的资料解释水平.发现只用它的5条测井曲线就可得到与8条测井曲线几乎相同的反演效果.     

Inversion of resistivity in Magnetic Resonance Sounding

Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS, or Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - SNMR) is used for groundwater exploration and aquifer characterization. Since this is an electromagnetic method, the excitation magnetic field depends on the resistivity of the subsurface. Therefore, the resistivity has to be taken into account in the inversion: either as a priori information or as an inversion parameter during the inversion process, as introduced in the presented paper. Studies with synthetic data show that water content and resistivity can be resolved for a low resistive aquifer even using only the amplitude of the MRS signal. However, the inversion result can be significantly improved using amplitude and phase of the MRS signal. The successful implementation of the inversion for field data shows that the resistivities derived from MRS are comparable to those from conventional geoelectric methods such as DC resistivity and transient electromagnetic. By having information about both the resistivity and the water content, MRS inversions give information about the quality of the water in the aquifer. This is of utmost interest in hydrogeological studies as this specific information cannot be determined solely by geoelectric measurements, due to the nonunique dependence of resistivity on water content and salinity.     

基于非结构化网格的任意复杂2D RMT有限元模拟

射频大地电磁法(RMT)是以潜艇天线发射的射线源等作为场源的一种地球物理勘探方法,目前被广泛应用于近地表工程和环境地球物理勘探.RMT数据解释常采用基于静态假设的大地电磁法(MT)程序,往往会反演出不真实的浅层目标体.为解决这一长期困扰RMT资料解释的问题,本文实现了考虑位移电流的RMT有限元数值模拟.为了处理任意复杂模型,如起伏地形,非结构的三角形网格被用于离散RMT模型.首先通过算例对比,验证了程序的正确性和可靠性.通过Dike模型讨论了空气层厚度对RMT数值解的影响,结果表明当空气层厚度大于1/4波长即可满足精度要求.以山脊模型为例计算了位移电流对RMT响应的影响,表明位移电流的影响会随着山脊高程的增加而增大.最后通过舒家店实际模型进一步验证了位移电流在RMT中的重要性.     

Rapid inversion of data from 2D resistivity surveys with electrode displacements

Resistivity monitoring surveys are used to detect temporal changes in the subsurface using repeated measurements over the same site. The positions of the electrodes are typically measured at the start of the survey program and possibly at occasional later times. In areas with unstable ground, such as landslide‐prone slopes, the positions of the electrodes can be displaced by ground movements. If this occurs at times when the positions of the electrodes are not directly measured, they have to be estimated. This can be done by interpolation or, as in recent developments, from the resistivity data using new inverse methods. The smoothness‐constrained least squares optimisation method can be modified to include the electrode positions as additional unknown parameters. The Jacobian matrices with the sensitivity of the apparent resistivity measurements to changes in the electrode positions are then required by the optimisation method. In this paper, a fast adjoint‐equation method is used to calculate the Jacobian matrices required by the least squares method to reduce the calculation time. In areas with large near‐surface resistivity contrasts, the inversion routine sometimes cannot accurately distinguish between electrode displacements and subsurface resistivity variations. To overcome this problem, the model for the initial time‐lapse dataset (with accurately known electrode positions) is used as the starting model for the inversion of the later‐time dataset. This greatly improves the accuracy of the estimated electrode positions compared to the use of a homogeneous half‐space starting model. In areas where the movement of the electrodes is expected to occur in a fixed direction, the method of transformations can be used to include this information as an additional constraint in the optimisation routine.     

A SIMPLE FORM OF PRESENTATION OF MAGNETOTELLURIC DATA USING THE BOSTICK TRANSFORM*

A new presentation for magnetotelluric data is proposed to be used together with the traditional representation. It is easily computed by applying the Bostick transform to all field data points. The result is an approximate depth-resistivity diagram which contains an indication of the data quality as well as the homogeneity of the subsurface. This resistivity section should be used in the interpretation of surveys in which accuracy is either not of prime concern or cannot be achieved. Since this mode of presentation is easily understood it can be used to familiarize earth scientists with the use of the MT method in exploration.     

Geoelectrical inversion and evaluation of lithology based on optimized Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)

Soft computing tools play a vital role in fixing certain non-linear problems related to the earth. More specifically, digging out the mysteries of subsurface of the earth, the nonlinearity can be converging to assemble an approximate solution which resembles the real characteristics of the earth. Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) tool is one of the best soft computing tools to estimate the complex data analysis. ANFIS was applied to estimate the subsurface parameters of earth using the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data. Classifying the lithology based on the resistivity values by ANFIS is employed here in this paper. As the resistivity of each formation varies in range of values, ANFIS tool thus approximates the subsurface features based on effective training. In this study, ANFIS performance was checked with training data, and successively it has been tested with the field data. Optimized ANFIS algorithm provides the necessary tool for predicting the non-linear subsurface features. The best training performance of this soft computing tool efficiently predicts the subsurface lithology. Also the interpreted results show the true resistivity and thickness of the subsurface layers of the earth. The proposed technique was represented in Graphical User Interface (GUI), and the lithological variables are predicted in texture format and linguistic variables.     

Integrated geophysical and chemical study of saline water intrusion

Surface geophysical surveys provide an effective way to image the subsurface and the ground water zone without a large number of observation wells. DC resistivity sounding generally identifies the subsurface formations-the aquifer zone as well as the formations saturated with saline/brackish water. However, the method has serious ambiguities in distinguishing the geological formations of similar resistivities such as saline sand and saline clay, or water quality such as fresh or saline, in a low resistivity formation. In order to minimize the ambiguity and ascertain the efficacy of data integration techniques in ground water and saline contamination studies, a combined geophysical survey and periodic chemical analysis of ground water were carried out employing DC resistivity profiling, resistivity sounding, and shallow seismic refraction methods. By constraining resistivity interpretation with inputs from seismic refraction and chemical analysis, the data integration study proved to be a powerful method for identification of the subsurface formations, ground water zones, the subsurface saline/brackish water zones, and the probable mode and cause of saline water intrusion in an inland aquifer. A case study presented here illustrates these principles. Resistivity sounding alone had earlier failed to identify the different formations in the saline environment. Data integration and resistivity interpretation constrained by water quality analysis led to a new concept of minimum resistivity for ground water-bearing zones, which is the optimum value of resistivity of a subsurface formation in an area below which ground water contained in it is saline/brackish and unsuitable for drinking.