九家湾断层组第3条断层通过乌鲁木齐市北京路段的位置综合勘探

九家湾断层组是全新世活动断层,其第3条断层北东向延伸通过乌鲁木齐市主城区北京路段。通过分析已有成果并结合新发现,在该断层可能通过乌鲁木齐市主城区北京路段的位置布设浅层反射波地震勘探测线,通过分析时间剖面发现了断层异常点位置,在此基础之上布设人工探井进行验证,分析人工探井联合剖面探测成果发现异常段标志地层存在错动迹象,最终确定出断层的准确位置。研究表明,人工探井联合剖面探测标志地层更为直观可靠,探测精度高,是验证浅层地震勘探异常的技术方法有效补充。     

薄覆盖层地区隐伏断层及其上断点探测的地震方法技术——以废黄河断层为例

通过在同一条测线上应用三种不同地震勘探手段(共偏移距地震反射法、横波反射法与高分辨率折射法)联合反演的方法,获得了测线控制地段内废黄河断层的确切位置、上断点埋深以及速度分布图像.探测结果表明:在薄覆盖层地区的断裂调查中,上述三种技术手段的联合反演要比单独使用其中任何一种手段更加可靠,并能从不同角度查明断层的位置、性质及其特征,为钻孔联合剖面位置的布设和钻孔深度的设计提供地震学依据.经高精度钻孔联合地质剖面证实,三种地震勘探方法反演得到的主要地层界面和构造特征都与钻孔联合地质剖面吻合较好.试验表明了上述三种地震勘探方法在基岩面埋深较浅地区联合反演的可行性以及地震勘探与钻孔联合地质剖面相结合的工作方法的有效性.     

渭河断裂窖店浅层地震与钻孔联合剖面研究

为确定渭河断裂中部隐伏段的位置,在咸阳窑店布设了浅层地震勘探测线,在浅层地震勘探资料对断层解译的基础上,进一步开展了窑店和陈家沟钻孔联合剖面勘探工作,详细查明了渭河断裂的精确位置和组合特征,结合钻孔土样光释光(OSL)年龄测试和区域地层资料,深入研究了渭河断裂带最新活动年代和滑动速率等特征。     

西秦岭北缘断裂漳县盆地段浅层人工地震及钻孔联合探测

在地质调查与盆地区浅层人工地震初步勘探基础上,在西秦岭北缘断裂带漳县盆地隐伏段的盆地内布设了3条浅层人工地震详勘测线,用于精确定位该断层的空间展布,判定其浅地表活动特征。在此基础上,用钻孔联合剖面方法对人工地震探测结果进行验证,同时确定了各地震测线处断层上断点的位置和埋深,通过钻孔揭露断层错断地层的特点,认为西秦岭北缘断裂漳县盆地隐伏段错断全新统,指示该断层全新世以来活动性较强。     

第四纪沉积区断层及其上断点探测的地震方法技术——以银川隐伏活动断层为例

地震勘探方法是隐伏断层探测的一种有效的地球物理探测手段,而地震勘探的探测参数是影响探测效果和断层定位精度的主要因素.本文以银川市活断层探测的浅层地震勘探资料为例,并结合石油地震勘探剖面结果和钻孔地质资料,阐述了在第四纪覆盖层较厚的地区,由深至浅追踪目标断层形态和确定断层上断点空间位置的方法技术.结果表明,采用高分辨率地震勘探和钻孔地质剖面相结合的探测方法是确定隐伏断层位置、判定断层活动性的有效方法.     

山东齐河—禹城地区深部地质构造特征——来自大地电磁的证据

近年来,山东齐河—禹城地区矽卡岩型铁矿找矿工作取得重大进展,有望成为山东省内重要的富铁矿基地.但该地区覆盖层厚,深部异常信息难以获取,因此对控矿岩体的研究仍然相对薄弱.为此在该区布设了4条大地电磁剖面,采用夜间12 h采样时长、G-B阻抗张量分解法、二维非线性共轭梯度反演技术措施,并与航重、航磁、钻孔资料,联合反演获得了各剖面厚覆盖层之下侵入岩体的顶界面、岩体的侵入边界、地层结构及断层位置.依据所推断的岩体边界和断层位置处磁异常Tilt梯度特征,重新圈定了研究区内岩体的边界和断层位置,共圈定隐伏岩体5个,断层9条.断层间相互关系表明在岩体侵入之后,本区地质构造运动仍然比较显著,要重视后期构造作用对区内铁矿体的改造,区内构造活动剧烈部位是今后重点研究对象.通过研究发现,在厚覆盖区,利用大地电磁、航重、航磁、钻探资料综合反演解释,进行隐伏地质构造研究,是一种有效的方法组合.     

郯庐断裂带安徽段土壤气体的地球化学特征

在郯庐断裂带安徽段由北向南分别于泗县、明光、肥东、桐城布设了4个测区,每个测区各布设了4条跨断层土壤气测量剖面,测量土壤气Rn、Hg和CO_2的浓度。根据16条跨断层土壤气剖面的测量结果,对郯庐断裂带安徽段的3种土壤气体的释放特征及其与断层空间位置间的关系进行了初步分析。结果表明,气体在断裂带附近较为富集,对断层位置有一定指示作用;气体的富集程度与断裂的活动性、该区段断层岩性及地质环境有一定关系。该结果对于认识测量区域气体的积累特征及构造地球化学研究有一定意义。     

桥头集-东关断裂合肥盆地段活动特征

北西走向的桥头集-东关断裂与郯庐断裂带南段相交切，横跨合肥盆地及其东缘的隆起区，在合肥盆地内呈隐伏状态。本研究跨桥头集-东关断裂合肥盆地段布设3条浅层地震勘探测线，揭示断裂浅部构造特征。解译出的F_P1、F_P2和F_P3断层性质相同，倾向一致，上断点深度相近，反映出桥头集-东关断裂合肥盆地段是一条走向NW、倾向SW、具有逆断分量的断裂。3条浅层地震反射剖面中第四系的底界面反射波组T_Q呈连续近水平展布，表明桥头集-东关断裂两侧的第四系厚度无明显变化。在浅震剖面解译的基础上，布设了1条跨断层钻孔联合剖面，剖面揭露出的第四系没有被错动。结合本区第四系地层发育情况及钻孔地层年龄分析，认为桥头集-东关断裂中更新世以来不活动。根据本文探测结果，尚不能排除桥头集-东关断裂早更新世有一定的弱活动。     

冠县断裂展布及其第四纪活动性研究

冠县断裂是馆陶凸起的东边界断裂,在石油地震勘探剖面给出目标断裂空间位置的基础上,采用浅层地震、钻孔联合剖面等方法获得了冠县断裂的空间展布位置、断层上断点埋深,并综合判定断裂最新活动时代,推测出冠县断裂第四纪仍存在活动迹象,其最新活动时代为中更新世。     

综合探测方法在太原盆地东山山前断层探测中的应用

东山山前断层位于太原盆地东部,是盆地北端的边界断层。在多道直流电法和浅层地震勘探初步确定断层位置的基础上,采用钻孔联合剖面探测对断层进行准确定位,并结合年代样品测试确定断层的最新活动时代。通过探测得到:东山山前断层是由三条断层组成的断裂带,长22km,宽约800m。断层上断点埋深约16.7m,错断了中更新世地层,最大断距约23.96 m,断层的最新活动时代为中更新世。此结果修正了前人认为其为晚更新世活动断层的结论。三种探测方法中,多道直流电法勘探只能初步确定断层的位置,采用高分辨率浅层地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面相结合的探测方法是确定隐伏断层位置、判定断层活动性的有效方法。     

马袅-铺前断裂中段全新世活动特征研究

本文采用地球物理勘探和钻孔联合剖面探测相结合的方法，分别在林海三路和桃兰村展开探测，通过分析断层上断点埋深、断错地层序列和地层年龄，获得了马袅-铺前断裂的全新世活动特征。2排联合钻孔剖面均揭露出断面，断裂上断点埋深9.2—10.5m，从而准确厘定了马袅-铺前断裂中段的空间位置。钻探结果显示，马袅-铺前断裂分为近东西向平行分布的南、北2支，呈阶梯状发育，具正倾滑性质，倾向北，倾角约70°。其中，北支为第四纪早期次级断裂，南支为全新世活动性较强的主断裂。同时，钻孔揭示深度内该断裂段第四纪以来的垂直位移量约为4—6m，7965—7408a BP以来断裂有过活动，垂直位移量约1—2m，垂直位移速率约为0.26±0.1mm/a。     

Applications of Dual-Wall Reverse-Circulation Drilling in Ground Water Exploration and Monitoring

Dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling uses flush-threaded double-wall drill pipe and high-pressure air to provide continuous return of formation and water samples. Cuttings and formation waters are not contaminated with drilling additives or mixed with other borehole material. Up-hole velocity of about 70 ft/sec provides reliable logging of water, mineral or contaminant-bearing strata. Water samples representative of specific strata may be airlifted or bailed to the surface.
In the percussion hammer system, dual-wall drill pipe is advanced through chiefly unconsolidated material by the percussion action of an above-ground pile hammer. The borehole is drilled and temporarily cased in one pass. Wells or monitoring devices are installed as the drill pipe is hydraulically retracted during construction. A rotary head may be adapted as an option to allow dual-wall rotary drilling into consolidated or crystalline formations through a percussion hammer drill string temporarily left in place as a conductor.
The complex geology and variety of geoenvironmental problems in southern California has provided a testing ground for dual-wall drilling on hazardous material site investigations. Several case histories have demonstrated the capabilities and versatility of this method, including: (1) the installation of 4-inch and 6-inch diameter gasoline monitoring and recovery wells through gravels and cobbles at a filling station where hollow-stem auger drilling failed; (2) the confirmation of a dry borehole initially drilled by direct rotary at a landfill; and (3) multiple installations of monitoring devices through municipal refuse at a city of Los Angeles landfill.     

基于钻探的芦花台隐伏断层晚第四纪活动特征

芦花台断层是银川盆地内一条重要的隐伏构造。在浅层地震勘探成果的基础上,开展了钻孔联合剖面探测和钻孔样品测试,获得了断层上断点埋深、最新活动时代、晚第四纪累计位移和滑动速率等数据。结果表明:芦花台隐伏断层北段和南段的活动性不同,南段为中更新世末活动断层,北段为全新世活动断层;在北段内,断层活动强度在空间上表现为由北向南增强,在时间上表现为晚更新世活动强于全新世。     

STUDY ON THE LATEST ACTIVITY OF WUYUNSHAN-HEFEI FAULT IN HEFEI BASIN,THE WESTERN BRANCH OF THE TANLU FAULT ZONE

Tanlu fault zone is the largest strike-slip fault system in eastern China. Since it was discovered by aeromagnetics in 1960s, it has been widely concerned by scholars at home and abroad, and a lot of research has been done on its formation and evolution. At the same time, the Tanlu fault zone is also the main seismic structural zone in China, with an obvious characteristic of segmentation of seismicity. Major earthquakes are mostly concentrated in the Bohai section and Weifang-Jiashan section. For example, the largest earthquake occurring in the Bohai section is M7.4 earthquake, and the largest earthquake occurring in the Weifang-Jiashan section is M8.5 earthquake. Therefore, the research on the active structure of the Tanlu fault zone is mainly concentrated in these two sections. With the deepening of research, some scholars carried out a lot of research on the middle section of Tanlu fault zone, which is distributed in Shandong and northern Jiangsu Province, including five nearly parallel fault systems, i.e. Changyi-Dadian Fault(F₁), Baifenzi-Fulaishan Fault(F₂), Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃), Tangwu-Gegou Fault(F₄) and Anqiu-Juxian Fault(F₅). They find that the faults F₃ and F₅ are still active since the late Quaternary. In recent years, we have got a further understanding of the geometric distribution, active age and active nature of Fault F₅, and found that it is still active in Holocene. At the same time, the latest research on the extension of F₅ into Anhui suggests that there is a late Pleistocene-Holocene fault existing near the Huaihe River in Anhui Province. The Tanlu fault zone extends into Anhui Province and the extension section is completely buried, especially in the Hefei Basin south of Dingyuan. At present, there is little research on the activity of this fault segment, and it is very difficult to study its geometric structure and active nature, and even whether the fault exists has not been clear. Precisely determining the distribution, active properties and the latest active time of the hidden faults under urban areas is of great significance not only for studying the rupture behavior and segmentation characteristics of the southern section of the Tanlu fault zone, but also for providing important basis for urban seismic fortification. By using the method of shallow seismic prospecting and the combined drilling geological section, this paper carries out a detailed exploration and research on the Wuyunshan-Hefei Fault, the west branch fault of Tanlu fault zone buried in Hefei Basin. Four shallow seismic prospecting lines and two rows of joint borehole profiles are laid across the fault in Hefei urban area from north to south. Using ¹⁴C, OSL and ESR dating methods, ages of 34 samples of borehole stratigraphic profiles are obtained. The results show that the youngest stratum dislocated by the Wuyunshan-Hefei Fault is the Mesopleistocene blue-gray clay layer, and its activity is characterized by reverse faulting, with a maximum vertical offset of 2.4m. The latest active age is late Mesopleistocene, and the depth of the shallowest upper breaking point is 17m. This study confirms that the west branch of Tanlu fault zone cuts through Hefei Basin and is still active since Quaternary. Its latest activity age in Hefei Basin is late of Middle Pleistocene, and the latest activity is characterized by thrusting. The research results enrich the understanding of the overall activity of Tanlu fault zone in the buried section of Hefei Basin and provide reliable basic data for earthquake monitoring, prediction and earthquake damage prevention in Anhui Province.     

商丹断裂南阳盆地第四纪活动研究

为了研究商丹断裂的空间展布及断裂活动性特征,跨断裂布设了4条浅层地震勘探测线和1条钻孔联合地质剖面.综合分析表明,商丹断裂为一条走向NWW的正断层,钻孔联合地质剖面揭示断裂上断点埋深为13—19 m,最新活动时代为中更新世晚期.     

FAULT ACTIVITY OF THE SOUTHWESTERN SEGMENT OF THE EASTERN BRANCH OF XINYI-LIANJIANG FAULT ZONE IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE

The NE-trending Xinyi-Lianjiang fault zone is a tectonic belt, located in the interior of the Yunkai uplift in the west of Guangdong Province, clamping the Lianjiang synclinorium and consisting of the eastern branch and the western branch. The southwestern segment of the eastern branch of Xinyi-Lianjiang fault zone, about 34km long, extends from the north of Guanqiao, through Lianjiang, to the north of Hengshan. However, it is still unclear about whether the segment extends to Jiuzhoujiang alluvial plain or not, which is in the southwest of Hengshan. If it does, what is about its fault activity? According to ‘Catalogue of the Modern Earthquakes of China’, two moderately strong earthquakes with magnitude 6.0 and 6.5 struck the Lianjiang region in 1605 AD. So it is necessary to acquire the knowledge about the activity of the segment fault, which is probably the corresponding seismogenic structure of the two destructive earthquakes. And the study on the fault activity of the segment can boost the research on seismotectonics of moderately strong earthquakes in Southeast China. In order to obtain the understanding of the existence of the buried fault of the southwestern segment, shallow seismic exploration profiles and composite borehole sections have been conducted. The results indicate its existence. Two shallow seismic exploration profiles show that buried depth of the upper breakpoints and vertical throw of the buried fault are 60m and 4~7m(L5-1 and L5-2 segment, the Hengshan section), 85m and 5~8m(L5-3 segment), 73m and 3~5m(Tiantouzai section), respectively and all of them suggest the buried fault has offset the base of the Quaternary strata. Two composite borehole sections reveal that the depth of the upper breakpoints and vertical throws of the buried segment are about 66m and 7.5m(Hengshan section) and 75m and 5m(Tiantouzai section), respectively. The drilling geological section in Hengshan reveals that the width of the fault could be up to 27m. Chronology data of Quaternary strata in the two drilling sections, obtained by means of electron spin resonance(ESR), suggest that the latest activity age of the buried fault of the southwestern segment is from late of early Pleistocene(Tiantouzai section) to early stage of middle Pleistocene(Hengshan section). Slip rates, obtained by Hengshan section and Tiantouzai section, are 0.1mm/a and 0.013mm/a, respectively. As shown by the fault profile located in a bedrock exposed region in Shajing, there are at least two stages of fault gouge and near-horizontal striation on the fault surface, indicating that the latest activity of the southwestern segment is characterized by strike-slip movement. Chronology data suggest that the age of the gouge formed in the later stage is(348±49) ka.     

Coal top detection by conductively guided borehole radar wave imaging for open cut blast-hole drilling

Damage to the top of coal seams, caused by incorrect blast stand-off distances, results in coal losses of up to 10–15% to the Australian open cut coal mining operations. This is a serious issue to be addressed. Here we propose to use a new forward-looking imaging technique based on the borehole radar technology to predict the coal seam top in real time while drilling blast holes. This is achieved by coupling the conventional borehole radar waves on to a steel drill rod to induce a guided wave along the axial drill rod. The drill rod ahead of the borehole radar behaves as a forward-looking antenna for the guided waves. Both numerical modelling and field trials simulating a drill rod as an antenna are used to investigate the feasibility of the proposed technique for prediction of the coal top under typical open cut environments. Numerical modelling demonstrated that conductivity of the overburden is the most important factor affecting our ability to see coal seams ahead of the drill bit, the guided borehole radar waves could be used for top coal prediction and a theoretical prediction error less than 10 cm and a forward-looking capability of 4–6 m can be achieved. Field trials at Australian open cut coal mines also demonstrated that guided borehole radar waves can be observed and used for prediction of coal top ahead of drill bit during blast-hole drilling in resistive, open cut environments (the average resistivity should be higher than 75 Ωm).     

浅层地震勘探与联合钻孔探测揭示丽江-小金河断裂隐伏段复杂花状构造特征

丽江-小金河断裂是川滇菱形块体内部重要的边界断裂,前人根据其断错地貌特征确定其为左旋走滑断层,并认为其左旋断错了SN向的丽江盆地。本文对丽江-小金河断裂丽江盆地隐伏段开展了浅层地震勘探与钻孔探测,通过地层岩性分析建立跨断层的钻孔联合剖面,揭示丽江-小金河断裂斜穿了丽江盆地,隐伏段整体形式为不对称正花状构造,表现为断展褶皱和逆冲断层,但主断层顶部表现为局部拉张,断错了晚第四纪地层。