2013年4月20日四川芦山MW6.7 (MS7.0)地震参数的测定

2013年4月20日四川芦山M_W6.7(M_S7.0)地震发生后, 中国地震台网中心(CENC)发布了地震速报参数. 该文利用中国国家地震台网97个台站的资料对地震速报参数进行了修订, 得出: 四川芦山M_W6.7地震的发震时刻为北京时间8时2分47.5秒(世界时间0时2分47.5秒), 震中位置为30.30°N、 102.99°E, 震源深度17 km. 该地震的面波震级为M_S7.0, 短周期体波震级为m_b6.0, 中长周期体波震级为m_B7.0; 利用波形反演的方法计算了震源机制解, 得到的最佳双力偶解的参数分别为节面Ⅰ: 走向17°/倾角48°/滑动角80°; 节面Ⅱ: 走向212°/倾角43°/滑动角101°, 矩震级为M_W6.7. 中国地震台网中心发布本次地震为面波震级M_S7.0, 而美国地质调查局(USGS)国家地震信息中心(NEIC)发布为矩震级M_W6.6. 为了消除这种差别, 建议我国也应将矩震级作为对外发布的首选震级, 使震级的发布与国际接轨.      

利用地震振动持续时间测定震级

较大地震发生时,一些台站的记录振幅出格(亦称限幅),测定震级就很困难。本文使用了广州地震台四年来记录的台湾Ms≥4.0级的72次地震,通过用地震振动持续时间的方法,求得测定台湾地震震级(M_D)的公式。该方法有助于台站在记录波“限幅”或S波到时难于判定的特定条件下迅速测定震级,从而提高大震速报的质量。     

2022年1月8日门源6.9级地震山东地震台网测定面波震级对比分析

通过对山东地震台网记录的2022年1月8日门源M_S 6.9地震原始波形进行分析,测算出88个测震台站的M_S、M_S7、M_S(BB)等3种面波震级,并与中国地震台网速报和青海区域地震台网编目测定结果进行对比分析。结果表明：①山东地震台网测定门源M_S6.9地震的面波震级M_S、M_S7、M_S(BB)分别为7.20、7.16、6.96;②M_S(BB)震级的测定方法简单,不同台站之间的偏差较小,一致性较好,适合在地震台网的地震速报中使用。这与震级国家标准GB 17740—2017的规定相一致。     

新疆中强地震矩震级的初步研究

整理新疆地震台网2010年1月至2023年2月M_L≥4.0的623个中强地震波形数据，利用CAP方法反演得到相应矩震级，使用回归分析得到矩震级M_W和近震震级M_L之间的关系式为M_W=0.668+0.789M_L,相关系数为0.841,标准差0.272 4。回归的标准化残差近似正态分布，矩震级M_W和近震震级M_L呈正相关关系，表明在新疆地震台网日常工作中使用CAP方法测定中强地震的矩震级是可行的。     

2013年芦山MS7.0地震序列参数的早期 特征: 传染型余震序列模型计算结果

为考察2013年4月20日芦山M_S7.0地震震后序列参数的早期特征, 利用“传染型余震序列”(ETAS)模型和最大似然法进行了参数估计. 设定截止震级M_c=M_L2.0, 拟合时段为震后0.31—24.12天, 计算获得α=1.89, p=1.22, 同时利用最大似然法估计获得b=0.72. 与中国大陆地区其它中强震的余震序列参数的比较表明, 芦山M_S7.0地震序列参数表现为触发次级余震的能力较弱和序列衰减速率较快的特征, 反映出余震区相对较高的应力水平. 为检测结果的稳定性, 设定不同的截止震级M_c以及不同的拟合截止时间, 分别进行参数拟合和参数标准差估计. 结果表明, M_c的选取对α值影响明显, 对p值影响则较小. 此外, 震后10天内获得的参数拟合结果随时间变化较为明显, 而其后各参数变化总体较为平稳.      

攀枝花地震台面波震级的改正值测算

选取了攀枝花近5年中763、DK－1地震仪记录较好的地震资料，用不同方法测算了地震台的面波震级台站改正值。经分析对比，认为“按震中距分离”计划得到的结果最好。列出了根据震中距求取面波台站改正值的实用简表，并用1999年2月763仪记录的41个地震、1999年1－8月DK－1仪记录的26个速报地震予以检验，地震震级准确率有明显提高。     

利用剪切波分裂研究四川九寨沟MS7.0地震震源区的地壳应力场

本文讨论了2017年8月8日九寨沟M_S7.0 （M_W6.5）地震之后震源区的地震活动性，并针对震后九寨沟地区架设的4个流动地震台站记录到的地震波形数据进行了剪切波分裂参数的计算，分析了震源区地壳应力场的特征性变化。九寨沟M_S7.0地震的地震活动性表现为:8月8日主震后震源区地震活动明显增强，直至8月22日之后才有所下降，余震震级整体也呈降低趋势，震级多集中在M_S2.0以下。震源区4个流动台站的剪切波分裂结果表明:快波偏振方向近似为东西向，揭示了九寨沟地区的区域应力场方向为近似东西向；区域内慢波延迟时间的平均值为5.04 ms/km，慢波延迟时间在九寨沟M_S7.0地震之后降低，反映了随着余震的发生，地壳应力不断调整，应力持续释放，直至8月底地壳应力场逐渐趋于稳定状态。      

芦山两次强震序列活动特征及余震预测效能对比分析

利用可充分考虑小震信息的Omi-R-J模型，对2013年芦山M_S7.0地震和2022年芦山M_S6.1地震序列活动特征进行对比分析，发现芦山M_S7.0地震序列较芦山M_S6.1地震序列完备性随时间变化更加明显，震后早期检测能力较低，两次地震序列稳定时段检测得到的完整性震级均为1.8级左右。芦山两次地震序列p值差异较小，展示了相对正常的衰减过程；芦山M_S7.0地震序列k值明显大于芦山M_S6.1地震序列，这或许与芦山M_S7.0地震较为发育的余震或强余震有关；芦山M_S7.0地震序列b值小于芦山M_S6.1地震序列，表明M_S7.0地震之后芦山地区仍处于较高的应力状态，而M_S6.1地震之后应力处于相对较低的水平。利用N-test方法开展效能评估，结果显示，两次地震序列初期阶段余震发生率展示了较好的预测效能，基于震后初期1天内的数据开展的未来1天的余震预测中，仅有1...     

用强震记录的近场谱快速测定中强地震矩震级M_w的方法(MWSYNTH)

地震矩和相应的矩震级Mw一般由远场体波频谱得出。近场记录,特别是大地震的近场记录,一般不用来获得地震矩和相应的矩震级Mw,原因在于不同类型的波同时到达,无法定义地震矩与频谱之间的简单关系。我们给出了一种新方法,可以通过近场记录的位移谱测定矩震级Mw。把实际记录到的低频谱振幅与用Mw来衡量运动破裂模型算出的合成谱振幅进行了比较。在不同的断层方位上计算出了震中距在1～100km范围内的合成记录和平均值。频谱的初始部分受到加速度记录中基线变化的影响,用各台站的截止频率,通过高通滤波器可以自动识别和消除这种影响。合成谱值、震中距和只经过一次计算并存入表格中的滤波器是矩震级的函数。实际记录的谱振幅被简单地插入合成数据的表格中,这样可以快速测定Mw。用震级在3．9～7．7之间的22个浅源地震对这种方法进行了验证。我们给出,地震发震时刻后80S的信号窗对所考虑的整个震级范围提供了可信的Mw值。也可以用更短的窗长,但会低估大地震的矩震级Mw。这种方法非常适用于近实时的快速测定Mw。     

2021年3月5日新西兰克马德克群岛M7.8面波震级测定差异分析

2021年3月5日新西兰克马德克群岛发生M7.8地震,本文计算了全球台网692个台站和中国地震台网全球监测台网112个台站的面波震级,并对此震级进行了偏差分析。结果表明:由于面波震级测定公式的不同,我国和美国测震的面波震级偏差为0.2;面波震级的测定受震源破裂过程的影响,由于此次地震主要破裂方向沿北东向,地震的多普勒效应导致震中北东向的台站面波震级偏大,同时在震中北西向存在较小的滑动量,导致北西向的台站面波震级略低于北东向;而震中西南和东南方向的震动较弱,面波震级较小,地震速报受限于时效性,速报中测定面波的台站基本位于震中以南方向,故测定震级偏小。      

STUDY ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEISMIC DISTRIBUTIONOF RUSHAN SEQUENCE AND VELOCITY STRUCTURE

Since the earthquake of M_L3.8 occurring on October 1, 2013 in Ruishan, Weihai City, Shandong Province, the sequence has lasted for about 4 years(Aug. 31, 2017). Seismicity is enhanced or weakened and fluctuated continuously. More than 13250 aftershocks have been recorded in Shandong Seismic Network. During this period, the significant earthquake events were magnitude 4.2(M_L4.7)on January 7, 4.0(M_L4.5)on April 4, M3.6(M_L 4.1)on September 16 in 2014 and M4.6(M_L5.0)on May 22, 2015. The earthquake of M_L5.0 was the largest one in the Rushan sequence so far. In order to strengthen the monitoring of aftershocks, 18 temporary stations were set up near the epicenter at the end of April, 2014(official recording began on May 7)by Shandong Earthquake Agency, which constitutes an intensified network in Rushan that surrounds the four quadrants of the small earthquake concentration area together with 12 fixed stations nearby, and provides an effective data foundation for the refinement of Rushan earthquake sequence. The velocity structure offers important information related to earthquake location and the focal medium, providing an important basis for understanding the background and mechanism of the earthquake. In this paper, double-difference tomography method is used to relocate the seismic events recorded by more than six stations of Rushan array from May 7, 2014 to December 31, 2016, and the inversion on the P-wave velocity structure of the focal area is conducted. The Hyposat positioning method is used to relocate the absolute position. Only the stations with the first wave arrival time less than 0.1 second are involved in the location. A total of 14165 seismic records are obtained, which is much larger than that recorded by Shandong Seismic Network during the same period with 7708 earthquakes and 2048 localizable ones. A total of 1410 earthquakes with M_L ≥ 1.0 were selected to participate in the inversion. Precise relocation of 1376 earthquakes is obtained by using double-difference tomography, in which, there are 14318 absolute traveltime P waves and 63162 relative travel time P waves. The epicenters are located in distribution along NWW-SEE toward SEE and tend to WS, forming a seismic belt with the length about 3km and width about 1km. The focal depths are mainly concentrated between 4km and 9km, occurring mainly at the edge of the high velocity body, and gradually dispersing with time. It has obvious temporal and spatial cluster characteristics. Compared with the precise relocation of Shandong network, the accuracy of the positioning of Rushan array is higher. The main reason is that the epicenter of Rushan earthquake swarm is near the seaside, and the fixed stations of Shandong Seismic Network are located on the one side of the epicenter. The nearest three stations(RSH, HAY, WED)from the epicenter are Rushan station with epicentral distance about 13km, the Haiyang station with epicentral distance about 33km, and Wendeng station with epicentral distance about 42km. The epicentral distance of the rest stations are more than 75km. In addition, the magnitude of most earthquakes in Rushan sequence is small. The accuracy of phase identification is relatively limited due to the slightly larger epicentral distance of the station HAY and station WED in Shandong Seismic Network. Furthermore, the one-dimensional velocity model used in network location is simple with only the depth and velocity of Moho surface and Conrad surface. The epicentral distances of the 18 temporary stations in Rushan are less than 10km, and the initial phase is clear. The island station set up on the southeast side and the Haiyangsuo station on the southwest side form a comprehensive package for the epicenter. Compared with the double-difference algorithm method, the double-difference tomography method used in this paper is more accurate for the velocity structure, thus can obtain the optimal relocation result and velocity structure. the velocity structure shows that there are three distinct regions with different velocities in the vicinity of the focal area. The earthquakes mainly occur in the intersection of the three regions and on the side of the high velocity body. With the increase of depth, P wave velocity increases gradually and there are two distinct velocity changes. The aftershock activities basically occur near the dividing line to the high velocity side. The south side is low velocity abnormal body and the north side is high velocity abnormal body. High velocity body becomes shallower from south to north, which coincides with the tectonic conditions of Rushan. Considering the spatial relationships between the epicenter distribution and the high-low velocity body and different lithology of geological structure, and other factors, it is inferred that the location of the epicenter should be the boundary of two different rock bodies, and there may be a hidden fault in the transition zone between high velocity abnormal body and low velocity abnormal body. The interface position of the high-low velocity body, the concentrating area of the aftershocks, is often the stress concentration zone, the medium is relatively weak, and the intensity is low. There is almost no earthquake in the high velocity abnormal body, and the energy accumulated in the high velocity body is released at the peripheral positions. It can be seen that the existence of the high-low velocity body has a certain control effect on the distribution of the aftershocks.     

2008年3月21日新疆于田MS7.3 地震破裂过程研究

利用IRIS全球地震台网30°—90°的长周期P波记录, 反演了2008年3月21日新疆于田M_S7.3地震的破裂过程, 得到了此次地震的破裂时空图像, 并初步分析了余震分布与主震断层滑动量分布的关系. 结果表明, 此次地震是一个破裂尺度长100 km、 宽20 km的破裂过程; 破裂持续时间约为40 s, 在第13 s时地震矩释放速率达到峰值, 断层面上一次大的破裂行为几乎构成了整个地震的破裂过程. 地震所释放的标量地震矩为4.23×1019 N·m, 其矩震级为M_W7.02. 由主震断层静态滑动量分布图可以看出, 整个破裂区以正断左旋走滑为主, 显示出双侧破裂特征, 最大滑动量为151 cm, 位于初始破裂点沿断层出露地表处. 精定位后的余震在断层面上的投影结果显示, 80%以上M_L4.0—4.9余震和全部M_L≥5.0余震均发生在初始破裂点附近区域及其南西方向, 位于主震破裂滑动位移量迅速减小的区域, 反映了震源区介质强度的不均匀性.      

基于恢复地震数据获取震级、震源机制及破裂过程的评价——以2013年四川芦山MW6.6地震为例

区域地震波形对于震源研究非常重要，但限幅问题限制了区域地震台网数据的运用，并影响到震源参数测定的准确度.本文利用恢复后的芦山地震区域地震波形，研究了芦山地震的震级、点源机制解以及破裂过程.基于震中距99~300 km恢复前与恢复后地震数据获取的面波震级分别为7.01与7.06级.分别利用7个震中距150~250 km宽频带台站的恢复前和恢复后的数据反演点源机制解，与参考机制解相比，滑动角偏差自13°减小到了4°.基于7个震中距81~134 km的区域地震波形联合远场数据获得的震源破裂过程结果，其主要参数（如滑动分布、破裂速度等）与强地面运动波形联合远场数据得到的结果具有很好的一致性.研究结果表明，本文所采用的数据恢复方法具有较高的可靠性，有效提高了震源参数测定的准确度.     

DETAILED TEMPORAL-SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF INDUCED EARTHQUAKES BY WATER INJECTION IN RONGCHANG,CHONGQING

Based on the seismic data collected from regional permanent stations and 6 temporal stations, we analyzed the seismic activity from October 2008 to July 2011 in Rongchang area. On the basis of HypoDD relocated results, we used Match&Locate method to detect and located the micro-earthquakes. We obtained the focal mechanism solutions of some earthquakes with M_L ≥ 3.5 by using CAP method. Then we analyzed the temporal-spatial distribution of earthquakes and discussed the characteristics of micro-seismicity before the M_L5.1 earthquake occurring on September 10, 2010. We totally detected 3 354 micro-earthquake events, which are nearly 5 times of the earthquakes in the seismic catalog issued by China Earthquake Networks Center. The magnitude of the detected events is mostly from M_L-1 to 1, and the focal depth is from 2 to 4km. The magnitude-frequency analysis shows that the catalog completeness is obviously improved after adding the detected earthquakes, with the lowest magnitude decreasing from M_L1.0 to 0.3. The earthquakes hypocenters are mainly clustered along faults or buried faults and in a dominant depth range consistent with the depth of injection wells, and also show a tendency of lateral extension from injection wells. The focal mechanism solutions of 9 earthquakes of M_L ≥ 3.5 presented reverse faulting, as the same as the preexisting faults, indicating that earthquakes were surely related to reactivation of the faults. The strike, dip and rate of the causative faults separated in wide ranges, which indicates not only obvious changes in structure and strike of preexisting faults but also the effect of increasing pore pressure on the local stress field. Before the M_L5.1 earthquake on September 10 of 2010, seismicity firstly showed clustering in time and covered the most part of the seismogenic fault in space. Then an obvious seismic quiescence occurred and lasted about 3 months. The phenomenon is consistent with the mechanism of creep sliding and resistance-uniformization along the fault zone, suggested on the basis of laboratory experiments, and it may be one of patterns of sub-instability along fault zone. However, such explanation needs to be further confirmed.     

2020年云南东川ML4.2地震序列精定位研究

利用云南东川地区10个宽频带流动台站的连续波形数据,采用基于深度学习的自动震相拾取方法和震相关联技术,对2020年东川M_L4.2地震序列分别进行绝对定位和相对定位,获得了该地震序列的高精度地震定位结果,得到东川M_L4.2地震序列的212个余震事件,约为中国地震台网目录给出的余震数目的5倍,丰富了M_L≤3.0余震;精定位结果表明东川M_L4.2主震震源深度为5.19 km,余震震源深度集中在3~6 km,余震序列分布长轴呈NNE向展布;此次地震发生在小江断裂带西支,发震构造与乌龙拉分盆地的构造演化有关。     

利用PMC方法评估地震台阵的地震检测能力——以西昌流动地震台阵为例

为实现对高密度、宽频带流动地震台阵地震检测能力的实时、不同深度评估,本研究采用"基于概率的完整性震级"(PMC)方法,以西昌流动地震台阵为例,对2013-01-13—2014-05-14期间平均的地震检测能力、不同震源深度检测能力,以及某一时刻的实时地震检测能力进行了评估.结果表明,PMC方法可识别地震观测资料处理中人为因素对地震检测能力的影响,不同震源深度下地震的检测能力存在差异,其中H=7.5km时,"网内"的完整性震级MP可达ML0.8,而在H=15.0km和25.0km时,"网内"的MP分别为ML1.0和ML1.4.在示例的2014-01-14时刻,非正常运行的台站造成地震检测能力的变化可被清晰识别出.此外,与MAXC和EMR等其它常用方法的对比表明,这些方法可能过高估计了地震台阵的检测能力.     

IASPEI新震级标度与传统震级标度的对比

通过对世界上主要地震台网中心几十年来震级测定结果的对比分析,针对数字地震记录频带宽、动态范围大的特点,国际地震学与地球内部物理学协会（IASPEI）震级工作组于2003年提出了新的震级标度和测定方法,新的震级标度包括地方性震级ML、面波震级Msc（20）和Ms（BB）、体波震级mb和mB、区域Lg震级mb（Lg）和矩震级MW,本文介绍了这些新震级及其测定方法,并将这些震级与我国传统震级mb、mB、MS7、Ms在计算公式、振幅量取、周期范围和震中距范围几个方面进行了详细的比较。     

2017年8月8日九寨沟M7.0地震及余震震源机制解与发震构造分析

2017年8月8日在青藏高原东缘四川省九寨沟县发生M7.0级强烈地震，极震区烈度达Ⅸ度，但无明显地表破裂，一定程度上限制了发震构造的确定和后续地震危险性判定.本文基于截止至2017年8月14日的地震资料，采用多阶段定位方法，对主震及余震进行了重新定位，同时，利用CAP波形反演方法，获得了M7.0主震与13次M_L ≥ 4.0级余震的震源机制解和震源矩心深度，进而初步分析了本次地震的发震构造.结果显示，九寨沟M7.0地震的矩震级M_W6.4，震源矩心深度5 km，表明主震发生在上地壳浅部，与2003年伊朗巴姆（Bam）M_W6.5地震特征极为相似；12次M_L ≥ 4.0级余震的震源矩心深度6~12 km，显示这些余震发生在主震下部，仅1次例外.重新定位后的余震震中呈NW-SE向窄带展布，位于近NS向的岷江断裂与近EW向的东昆仑断裂带东端分支塔藏断裂所夹持的区域，余震带长轴长约38 km，主震位于余震带中部.根据余震震中分布、主震及余震震源机制解等，推测本次九寨沟M7.0地震及其余震的主发震构造为位于岷江断裂与塔藏断裂之间的树正断裂.震源机制解揭示，树正断裂呈左旋走滑，走向约152°，近SE，倾向SW，倾角约70°，该断裂应属于东昆仑断裂东端的分支断裂之一，或与东南侧的虎牙断裂构成统一断裂系.     

2013-2014年山东乳山地震序列发震构造初探

采用结合波形互相关技术的双差定位方法,对2013—2014年山东乳山地震序列重新定位,通过CAP及P波初动方法确定乳山序列较大地震的震源机制,在此基础上初步探讨乳山地震序列发震构造.结果显示,乳山序列呈现NW向展布,地震密集分布在8km×3km范围,震源深度分布在4~10km,4~7km区间相对集中.较大地震震源机制的节面Ⅰ方向与序列地震优势分布方向基本一致.综合考虑精确定位结果及较大地震震源机制,并结合震区附近地震资料,初步推测乳山地震序列发震断层为NW方向、近直立的走滑型隐伏断裂.