新疆2次中强地震前的临界慢化现象研究

以2011年尼勒克、巩留交界6．0级和新源、和静交界6．6级地震为例,研究了2次地震前周边的形变和流体资料临界慢化现象。首先,用小波变换方法对观测资料进行了预处理,然后计算了临界慢化现象的预警指标,方差和自相关系数,进而总结了2次6级地震发生前观测资料的临界慢化现象特征。结果表明,2次6级地震前出现了临界慢化现象。     

甘东南地区水氡浓度的临界慢化现象研究

本文将临界慢化理论应用于甘东南地区水氡浓度观测资料的处理中,以2008年5月12日汶川M_S8.0地震、2013年7月22日甘肃岷县—漳县M_S6.6地震为例,计算表征临界慢化现象的自相关系数和方差。计算结果表明,甘东南地区多个台站的水氡浓度观测资料在两次地震前均存在较明显的临界慢化现象。并从空间分布、持续时间、变化形态方面分析了异常点水氡浓度变化的临界慢化特征,结合水氡异常的水动力学机制和异常点所在构造,认为2次地震前的临界慢化现象与地震的发生有一定关系。     

汶川8.0级地震前水氡浓度的临界慢化现象研究

近年来,临界慢化(Critical slowing down)现象在揭示复杂动力系统是否趋于临界性灾变方面展示了重要潜力.本文基于临界慢化的概念,将其用于水氡浓度观测资料的处理,以2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震前龙门山断裂带破裂段及附近地区水氡浓度观测点资料为例,分别计算了表征临界慢化现象的自相关系数和方差.结果...     

2013年岷县—漳县MS6.6地震前水氡浓度的临界慢化现象研究

基于临界慢化理论, 以2013年7月22日甘肃岷县—漳县M_S6.6地震前南北构造带及邻区水氡浓度观测资料为例, 逐一计算了表征临界慢化现象的自相关系数和方差。 研究结果表明, 2013年岷县—漳县M_S6.6地震前, 10个台点水氡浓度资料表现出较明显的临界慢化现象, 且出现慢化现象的观测点空间分布具有一定丛集性, 慢化持续时间呈现出由南向北迁移的特征。 综合分析认为, 临界慢化方法可以有效识别水氡资料蕴含的慢化信息, 这些早期异常信号对判定前兆异常所处阶段以及深入理解前兆资料变化的物理内涵具有重要的科学意义。     

玉树地震前的地下流体观测井温度数据超差异常及其与地震关系研究

本文收集整理了距2010年4月14日玉树7.1级地震震中700km范围内的全部13个地下流体观测井孔的温度观测资料,统计分析了2008年5月以来各井温度当月超过3倍均方差的数据个数(以下简称月超差个数).结果发现,在玉树地震前6个月,13个观测井中有10个井观测数据出现月超差个数升高现象,有4个观测井月超差个数出现了同震升高和震后升高现象.2008、2009年大柴旦发生的2次6级以上地震前,也有类似现象.此异常现象可能反映了玉树地震前场兆和源兆的共同作用过程.     

晋冀蒙三省交界地区中强地震前地震活动特征

晋、冀、蒙三省交界地区(以下简称“北三省”地区)地质构造复杂,具有深大断裂,历史上曾发生过1次7级以上地震和8次6级以上地震。自有台网观测以来,已有丰富的地震资料。近些年来,一直被定为重点监视区,因此研究该区强震前地震活动特征对于该区的地震监视预报工作是有意义的。     

晋冀蒙交界地区地电阻率异常与该区中强地震关系的分析研究

文章对1989年、1991年发生在山西大同一阳高的两次6．1级地震、1996年内蒙古包头西的6．6级地震、1998年的河北张北6．2级四次中强震前后华北北部地电阻率资料进行对比分析,提取出晋冀蒙交界区中强地震前地电异常信息,为今后该区中强地震的预测提供参考依据。     

北天山地区2011 年以来两次6 级地震前的地震学中短期异常特征

通过分析北天山地区历史强震、构造活动背景、区域应变能积累特征以及2011 年11月1 日尼勒克、巩留交界6. 0 级和2012 年6 月30 日新源、和静交界6. 6 级地震前区域地震活动异常特征等,探讨了这两次6 级地震前的地震学中短期异常特征。结果表明,2011 年6 月以来北天山地区中强以上地震处于加速活动状态,进入应变能释放阶段;尼勒克、巩留交界6. 0 级和新源、和静交界6. 6 级地震震前先呈6 级地震平静而后被打破、中强地震成组活动和空间迁移、条带和空区等较明显的中期异常;震前还出现了较为相似的4 级以上地震围空和5 级逼近地震,且逼近地震与主震发生时间间隔均为14 天,显示了较清晰的异常图像和较明显的中短期震兆特征。     

近期云南6级强震前波速比的空间分布特征

1998年至今云南及川滇交界一带共发生了7次(组)Ms≥6地震,均为6级地震,利用云南地区数字地震台网记录的地震波形资料,追踪云南地区的7次6级强震前波速比的空间图像变化,寻求云南近期强震前波速比的变化异同.     

四川盆地地震活动与川西、川滇交界区强震关系初探

本文根据对四川省地震资料的分析,认为盆地内4级以上地震的活动与川西、川滇交界区的强震活动有较为密切的关系。当盆地内发生一次或几次4—5级地震后,大约一两年内或稍长一些时间内,在川西或川滇交界区将可能发生一次或几次6—7级乃至7级以上地震。若大震发生在松潘、龙门山地震带,震前盆地内发生4—5级地震的次数较少;若大震发生在鲜水河、安宁河地震带或川滇交界区,震前盆地内4—5级地震次数多。历史地震也有类似情形。因此盆地内的地震活动性可作为川西、川滇交界区发生强震的一个标志。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.