渤海及其邻区震源机制解特征

通过分析渤海及邻区的震源机制解的特征,发现该区现代构造应力场的主压应力方向为NEE-EW向,主张应力方向为NNW-SN,以水平和近水平应力作用为主。渤海盆地及邻区的地壳破裂以NW-WNW和NNE-NE走向的共轭剪切破裂活动为特征,是现代构造应力场作用的构造基础。震源机制解的系统聚类表明,渤海及邻区的地震主要以走向滑动地震为主,其次为正断层地震,对应该区不同的构造运动。     

昆明周边地区活动断层滑动与现代构造应力场

昆明盆地是一个受南北向活动断裂控制的新生代断陷盆地. 昆明盆地及其周边地区共有8条主要断裂带, 野外地震地质调查和断裂滑动观测表明, 南北向和北东向活动断裂以左旋走滑为主, 北西向活动断裂以右旋走滑为主. 采用野外观测取得的22个测点共706条活断层擦痕数据, 利用断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的方法, 计算获得了研究区现代构造应力场主要特征: 昆明盆地及其周边地区现代构造应力场以北北西——南南东向挤压、 北东东——南西西向拉张为特征, 其最大主压应力（sigma;1）方向为333deg;——2deg;, 平均倾角21deg;; 最小主压应力（sigma;3）方向为44deg;——93deg;, 平均倾角14deg;; 中间主应力（sigma;2）倾角较陡, 近垂直. 应力结构均为走滑型. 断层滑动反演结果与震源机制解资料分析结果基本一致.      

延怀盆地活动断裂运动与现代构造应力场

延怀盆地包括延矾、怀涿两个相互连通的次级盆地.野外地震地质调查和断裂滑动观测表明:延矾盆地NE向活动断裂以右旋走滑为主,兼具正断层分量;怀涿盆地NE向活动断裂以正断为主,兼具右旋走滑分量;盆地内NW向断裂以左旋走滑为主,兼具正断层分量.采用野外观测取得的10个测点337条活断层擦痕数据,利用由断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的方法,计算获得了研究区现代构造应力场的主要特征:延矾盆地现代构造应力场以NEE-近EW向挤压、NNW向-近SN向拉张为主要特征,应力结构均为走滑型.其最大主压应力(σ1)方向为N74°～88°E,平均倾角18 °;最小主压应力(σ3)方向为近SN,近水平;中间主应力(σ2)倾角较陡,近垂直.怀涿盆地以NNW向拉张为主要特征,应力结构为正断型为主.其最大主压应力(σ1)平均倾角68°,近垂直;中间主应力(σ2)倾角较缓,最大的不超过35°;最小主压应力(σ3)方向为NNW-近SN向,近水平.断层滑动反演的结果与北京及周边地区由震源机制解资料反演分析结果基本一致.     

渤海湾盆地区燕山期构造特征与盆地转型

以各种地震资料的分析解释、构造解析为基础,对燕山期渤海湾盆地区构造特征与盆地转型过程进行了研究.结果表明:燕山早期渤海湾盆地区以挤压褶皱及逆冲断裂发育为主,在太行山以东、盐山-歧口-兰聊断裂以西地区主要展布方向为NE和NNE向,整体具有西强东弱的特征,在盐山-歧口-兰聊断裂以东的济阳坳陷区,以NW(W)向的逆冲断层发育为主;燕山中期研究区以伸展构造发育为主,在太行山以东、盐山-歧口-兰聊断裂带以西地区断层展布方向主要为N(N)E向,盐山-歧口-兰聊断裂带以东、郯庐断裂带以西、张家口-蓬莱断裂带以南地区主要发育NW(W)向负反转断层,张家口-蓬莱断裂带以北地区以N(N)E向断裂发育为主;燕山晚期以正反转断层及新生逆冲断层发育为主.燕山期渤海湾盆地区发生了三次重要的盆地转型,燕山早期由印支期的挤压隆升剥蚀转型为山间坳陷盆地,燕山中期由山间坳陷转型为强烈的陆内断陷盆地,燕山晚期由陆内断陷盆地转为隆起区遭受剥蚀.区域构造背景的转变是燕山期渤海湾盆地区转型的主控因素,不同构造期盆地的叠加改造造成了研究区前第三系油气地质条件的复杂性和多样性.     

汶川MS8.0地震前后龙门山及其 邻区构造应力场时空分布特征

基于2000年7月—2009年6 月龙门山及其邻区的震源机制解资料, 采用Gephart & Forsyth方法, 反演得到了汶川地震前后该地区构造应力主方向的空间分布. 结果显示: 沿鲜水河断裂带及其北部地区, 构造应力场变化显著, 区域构造应力的最大主应力方位由NNW变为NW, 断层错动类型由正断型兼走滑型变为走滑型; 沿龙门山断裂带的构造应力最大主应力方向仍然为近EW和NE向, 但其EW向范围在向NE方向扩张, 其南部汶川地震震中附近异常带范围在收缩. 另一方面, 对上述时间段龙门山及其邻区不同时段构造应力场的反演结果表明, 其构造应力场的特征参数(包括R值、 应力洛德参数μ′以及3个主应力的方位角和仰角等)均从第13时窗开始出现显著变化, 这表明第13时窗(2006年12月—2007年1月)是一个构造应力显著变化的特征窗口. 在该时窗内, 地震能量积累达到一个临界状态, 是汶川M_S8.0地震发生的时间节点.      

南北地震带区域构造应力场反演

利用区域应力张量阻尼方法，使用南北地震带及其邻近区域2009年1月—2017年8月466次M_L≥3.5地震的震源机制解，及1976年1月—2017年8月GCMT公布的259次M≥4.5地震的震源机制解，反演得到研究区1.0°×1.0°网格大小区域的构造应力场。应力场空间分布特征显示，南北地震带作为青藏高原的东边界，由于所处动力环境复杂，其内部最大主应力方向具有明显的空间差异性。这种差异主要表现为:南北地震带北段最大主应力方向为NE向；南北地震带中段及周边除龙门山断裂带NE段最大主应力为NW-NNW向外，其它地段最大主应力近EW向；南北地震带中南段最大主应力方向逐渐由近EW向到NW或NE向，再到近NS向。整体而言，南北地震带及邻近区域最大主应力方向由北到南发生了顺时针旋转。川滇菱形块体内部最大主应力方向为NNW向，应力方向转换带与块体边界基本一致，其东边界以东最大主应力方向为NW向，西边界以西为NNE向。从区域构造应力场的角度分析，难以将“南北地震带”作为一个统一的地震带应用于中长期地震预测的研究与实践中。      

营口-潍坊断裂带新构造和新构造活动的再认识

营潍断裂带是郯庐断裂带通过渤海的部分,亦为渤海湾盆地东部构造的重要组成部分,近年来一些研究者从不同角度对断裂带的新构造和新构造活动等进行了不同程度的研究。文中基于以往的工作并结合其他研究者的成果,对该断裂带的新构造和新构造活动及有关问题再次作了分析。渤海地区新构造运动开始于中新世晚期(12~10MaBP),它源自区域地壳水平运动,新构造应力场以NEE-SWW至近EW向水平挤压为特征。营潍断裂带的新构造,主要表现为先存古近纪断裂复活和新构造应力场初始应力作用在其上覆新近系--第四系中形成的构造变形,它以断裂极其发育为特征。NE向斜切营潍断裂带中段的庙西北-黄河口新生断裂带的产生,不仅使营潍断裂带的新构造和新构造活动具分段性,而且使该断裂带的新构造活动显著减弱。渤海东部地震基本沿庙西北-黄河口断裂带分布,营潍断裂带辽东湾段和莱州湾段地震较少且震级小。为究其原因,最后还作了初步的力学分析。     

汶川MS8.0级地震断层滑动机制研究

汶川M_S8.0级地震的发震构造为龙门山断裂带,地震地表破裂主要分布在其中的北川－映秀断裂和江油－灌县断裂上,尤其是沿前者发育了长达240 km左右的地表破裂带.通过对龙门山断裂带震后断层擦痕的测量,得到311条断层擦痕数据,利用由断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的计算方法,得到研究区8个测点的构造应力张量数据,并获得了研究区构造应力场特征：区域现代构造应力场以近水平挤压为主,最大主应力方向（σ1）为76°～121°,平均倾角9°,应力结构以逆断型为主.受构造应力场及断层几何特征的影响,地表破裂呈现出分段性：映秀—北川段主要以NW盘逆冲为主,垂直位移明显;北川以北段为逆冲兼走滑,水平位移量与垂直位移量基本相当,或水平位移略大.     

华北渤海湾盆地大震的构造特征

渤海湾盆地是地震活动强烈的地区，记载有7级以上大地震6次。前人对几次大震的具体构造条件已做过大量研究。笔者基于已有的工作，通过对盆地构造发育早第三纪断陷和晚第三纪以来拗陷两个阶段的不同构造后性和区域地震构造格局的分析，以及大震区构造的剖析，综合研究了大震的构造特征。其中最根本的是，盆地发育的断陷阶段因北西—南东向水平拉张作用，于地壳上部形成了由北北东—北东向太行山山前断裂带等大型拆离断裂拉张滑脱控制的伸展断裂系统；拗陷阶段受北东东—南西西向水平挤压，正发育着一套地壳共轭剪切破裂系统。前者与地震关系不大，后者对地震孕育和发生有着重要的控制作用。     

华北北部地区现今应力场时空变化特征研究.

依据2002——2006年的中小地震资料,利用格点尝试法分析计算了华北北部4个应力小区的平均主应力轴,讨论了华北北部地区的现今应力场特征.在此基础上,对1977——1998年研究区内的单个地震震源机制解进行了进一步的分析计算,并结合以往的研究结果,研究了华北北部地区现今应力场随时间的变化特征,结果印证了唐山地震前后,唐山震源区及其邻近地区应力场主应力方向出现的转动和变化的现象:1976年唐山发生7.8级地震后,唐山震源区及其邻近的北京地区和邢台地区震源机制解的平均P轴可能顺时针转动了约15deg;——30deg;。北京地区和邢台地区近期（2002——2006年）的平均主应力轴与唐山地震前的综合断层面解较为一致,这两个地区应力场似乎转回到唐山地震前的状态. 而唐山区震源机制解的平均P轴在地震后则一直稳定在EW向上。位于张家口——渤海断裂带西段的京西北地区,其现今应力场则相对比较稳定,唐山地震前后主应力方向没有太大变动。鉴于数据资料等方面的原因,本文的研究结果仅仅是初步给出了华北北部地区应力场近几十年来一种可能的调整变化图象。      

Impact of warmer climate on melt and evaporation for the rainfed, snowfed and glacierfed basins in the Himalayan region

The impact of warmer climate on melt and evaporation was studied for rainfed, snowfed and glacierfed basins located in the western Himalayan region. Hydrological processes were simulated under current climatic conditions using a conceptual hydrological model, which accounts for the rainfall–runoff, evaporation losses, snow and glacier melt. After simulations of daily observed streamflow (R²=0.90) for 6 years, the model was used to study the impact of warmer climate on melt and evaporation. Based on the future projected climatic scenarios in the study region, three temperature scenarios (T+1, T+2 and T+3 °C) were adopted for quantifying the effect of warmer climate. The comparison of the effect of warmer climate on different types of basins indicated that the increase in evaporation was the maximum for snowfed basins. For a T+2 °C scenario, the annual evaporation for the rainfed basins increased by about 12%, whereas for the snowfed basins it increased by about 24%. The high increase of the evaporation losses would reduce the runoff. It was found that under a warmer climate, melt was reduced from snowfed basins, but increased from glacierfed basins. For a T+2 °C scenario, annual melt was reduced by about 18% for the studied snowfed basin, while it increased by about 33% for the glacierfed basin. Thus, impact of warmer climate on the melt from the snowfed and glacierfed basins was opposite to each other. The study suggests that out of three types of basins, snowfed basins are more sensitive in terms of reduction in water availability due to a compound effect of increase in evaporation and decrease in melt. For a complex type of basin, the decrease in melt from seasonal snow may be counterbalanced by increase in melt from glaciers. However, on long-term basis, when the areal extent of glaciers will decrease due to higher melt rate, the water availability from the complex basins will be reduced.     

MT测深结果对松辽盆地西缘可能存在前陆盆地的认识

前陆盆地是一种较为特殊的沉积盆地,是位于造山带前沿和相邻克拉通之间的沉积盆地,是在板块会聚或碰撞条件下,靠近克拉通(或大陆)一侧形成的盆地.我们通过MT测深结果分析,直观地看到了松辽盆地西缘存在着前陆盆地的电性异常特征.本文通过MT测深结果,结合构造动力学环境、地质构造现象分析,认为松辽盆地西缘可能存在前陆盆地(松辽西前陆盆地).这个前陆盆地的存在,可以合理地解释大杨树盆地与其东部松辽盆地主体深度上的重大差异;可以解释利用传统的断陷盆地无法解释的松辽盆地中“凹中隆”的问题;无疑会对目前的研究理论注入新的内涵,从而更有助于指导松辽盆地及其外围的油气勘探与开发.     

Recent developments in study of the typical superimposed basins and petroleum accumulation in China:Exemplified by the Tarim Basin

Most of petroliferous sedimentary basins in China have experienced multiple phases of tectonic evolution and deposition, and are characterized by tectonic and depositional superimposition. The term "superimposed basin" is suggested to describe those basins which consist of two or more simple prototype basins superimposing vertically and/or coalescing laterally. The characteristics of petroliferous superimposed basins are "multiple stages of basin forming and reworking, multiple layers of source rocks, multiple periods of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, multiple periods of petroleum migration-accumulation-escape". Therefore,applying the wave process analysis method to studying the process of basin formation, hydrocarbon generation, and reservoir formation, and then establishing theory of "petroleum accumulation system" is helpful to enhancing petroleum exploration efficiency in superimposed basins.This paper will, based on case study in the Tarim basin, report the major developments in studying basin formation, hydrocarbon generation and petroleum accumulation. In study of basin formation, (1) geophysical comprehensive profiles reveal that the Tarim plate has been subducted beneath the Tianshan orogenic belt with an interfinger structure and that the deep structure in the eastern section of the Tianshan orogenic belt is different from that in the western section. (2) The vertical variation in debris and geochemical composition reveals the nature and Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution history of the Kuqa Depression. (3) Field investigation and paleostress reconstruction show that the Kuqa Depression has undergone gravity-driven extension in sedimentary cover when the Tianshan uplifted vertically. In hydrocarbon generation study, new developments include (1) setting environmental index to judge high grade source rocks in marine carbonates, and (2) establishing the lower limit of the organic carbon content for effective carbonate source rocks. In petroleum accumulation study, (1) methods of determining paleopressure and paleotemperature of forming fluid inclusions have been established. (2) The petroleum source analysis has indicated that the crude oil in the Lunnan and Tahe oilfields are derived from the source rocks of the Middle and Upper Ordovician. (3) Three generations of oil inclusions from the Lunnan oilfield have been recognized and dated.     

The composition of back-arc basin lower crust and upper mantle in the Mariana Trough: A first report

Abstract The Mariana Trough is an active back-arc basin, with the rift propagating northward ahead of spreading. The northern part of the Trough is now rifting, with extension accommodated by combined stretching and igneous intrusion. Deep structural graben are found in a region of low heat flow, and we interpret these to manifest a low-angle normal fault system that defines the extension axis between 19°45' and 21°10'N. A single dredge haul from the deepest (∼5.5 km deep) of these graben recovered a heterogeneous suite of volcanic and plutonic crustal rocks and upper mantle peridotites, providing the first report of the deeper levels of back-arc basin lithosphere. Several lines of evidence indicate that these rocks are similar to typical back-arc basin lithosphere and are not fragments of rifted older arc lithosphere. Hornblende yielded an ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age of 1.8 ± 0.6 Ma, which is interpreted to approximate the time of crust formation. Harzburgite spinels have moderate Cr# (<40) and coexisting compositions of clinopyroxene (CPX) and plagioclase (PLAB) fall in the field of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) gabbros. Crustal rocks include felsic rocks (70-80% SiO₂) and plutonic rocks that are rich in amphibole. Chemical compositions of crustal rocks show little evidence for a 'subduction component', and radiogenic isotopic compositions correspond to that expected for back-arc basin crust of the Mariana Trough. These data indicate that mechanical extension in this part of the Mariana Trough involves lithosphere that originally formed magmatically. These unique exposures of back-arc basin lithosphere call for careful study using ROVs and manned submersibles, and consideration as an ocean drilling program (ODP) drilling site.     

渤海湾盆地构造成因观点剖析

目前有关渤海湾盆地构造形成机制的解释主要有两种：伸展＋走滑观点和伸展＋拉分观点。这些观点从现有的断层成因模式或应力分析原理出发,强调多种应力方式或多期构造应力场的作用,动力学机制的解释比较复杂。研究表明,盆地边界几何条件（包括裂陷边界几何形态,边界断层的剖面几何形态及性质）和裂陷伸展方向是决定裂陷盆地伸展构造形成特征的关键因素,而砂箱模拟介研究裂陷盆地构造形成过程和机制的重要方法。     

Poly-phase salt tectonics and hydrocarbon accumulation in Tarim superimposed basin, northwest China

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the poly-phase salt tectonics and its relation to the hydrocarbon accumulation of the Tarim superimposed basin. Several salt sequences are developed in the Tarim basin, they are: (1) the Mid-Early Cambrian salt sequence, mainly distributed in the west part of the north Tarim uplift and Keping uplift; (2) the Early Carboniferous salt sequence, mainly distributed in the south slope of the north Tarim uplift; (3) the Paleogene salt sequence, mainly distributed in the mid-west part of the Kuqa foreland fold belt and north Tarim uplift; and (4) the Miocene salt sequence, mainly distributed in the east part of the Kuqa foreland fold belt. The salt sequences deposited in the tectonically calm scenario, while the salt layers deformed during the period of intense tectonism. Although the salt sequences are characteristic of plastic flow, the differences of salt deformation styles exist in the different salt sequences because of the different deformation mechanism. It is attractive that the distribution of the large oil-gas fields or pools has a bearing upon the salt sequences and salt structures, such as the Tahe oilfield related to the Lower Carboniferous salt sequence and laterally facies changed mudstone, the Kela No.2 gas field to the Paleogene salt structures, and the Dina gas field to the Miocene salt structures. It is indicated that the large-scale hydrocarbon accumulation is controlled by the poly-phase salt sequences and structures. The deep analysis of the poly-phase salt tectonics is helpful to understanding the characteristics of the structural deformation and oil-gas accumulation of the Tarim basin.     

南黄海盆地基底及海相中、古生界地层分布特征

南黄海盆地是大型海相中、古生界和陆相中、新生界两期叠合型盆地,本文根据最新地震资料结合钻井资料及与海陆地质资料的对比研究对盆地内地震层序进行了划分,得到了陆相中、新生界盆地基底即中、古生界海相盆地的顶界埋深、三叠系和上二叠统的残留厚度,推断了陆相层基底地层分布,并根据磁力异常资料推测了海相中、古生界盆地结晶基底埋深,推断了海相中、古生界整体残留情况.下三叠统青龙组和上二叠大隆及龙潭组在南黄海盆地南部坳陷及勿南沙隆起广泛存在,而在北部坳陷的分布则狭窄,中部隆起则由于隆起和剥蚀作用导致这两套地层几乎没有残余.对中-古生界海相盆地和中-新生界陆相盆地的基底特征进行了比较,认为海相中、古生界在南黄海地区区域性存在,海相层厚度分布特征受基底起伏控制,同时受到印支板块运动的影响,中部隆起区是海相中、古生界比较稳定的地区.下古生界可能在南黄海盆地广泛分布,但受资料限制,还难以获知其残余地层的特征.     

柴达木盆地东部新生代盆地结构与演化

本文对柴达木盆地东部新生代盆地结构和构造演化进行了研究.地震剖面揭示柴达木盆地东部新生界分别向南、北盆地边缘变薄和尖灭,盆地北部被欧龙布鲁克山和埃姆尼克山隆起强烈改造.通过对新生代地层厚度横向变化以及地层剖面分析,确定欧北断裂自中新世晚期开始向北逆冲,导致欧龙布鲁克山发生隆升和德令哈凹陷的形成.埃北断裂从上新世开始活动,与欧北断裂同时向北逆冲,导致德令哈凹陷进一步沉降,形成厚度达2600m的狮子沟组.埃南断裂在第四纪开始大规模向南逆冲,不仅造成其北侧的欧龙布鲁克山和埃姆尼克山隆起强烈抬升和向南推覆,而且导致南侧霍布逊凹陷的形成,成为柴达木盆地第四纪沉积中心.早期提出的前陆盆地和背驮式盆地模型显然不能解释柴达木盆地东部新生代构造格架和演化历史.本次研究认为柴达木盆地东部的形成是强烈的水平挤压作用导致地壳发生大规模褶皱的结果,即柴达木盆地东部新生代是一个大规模向斜.该向斜盆地模型很好地解释了新生代地层向盆地边缘减薄以及沉积中心主要位于盆地中部等现象.了解柴达木盆地东部构造发展对了解青藏高原侧向扩展具有重要意义.     

Some relationships between lithology,basin form and hydrology: a case study from the Thames basin,UK

The role of lithology in influencing basin form and function is explored empirically by investigating correlations between a range of catchment variables, where the spatial unit of analysis is not surface catchments but lithologically coherent groundwater units. Using the Thames basin, UK, as a case study, nine groundwater units have been identified. Values for 11 hydrological and geomorphological variables, including rainfall, drainage density, Baseflow Index, aquifer porosity, storage coefficient and log‐hydraulic conductivity, aquifer and drainage elevation, river incision, and hypsometric integral have been estimated for each of the groundwater units in the basin, and Pearson correlation coefficients calculated for all pairs of variables. Seven of the correlation coefficients are found to be significant at a confidence level of > 99%. Negative correlations between drainage density and log aquifer hydraulic conductivity, and between drainage density and river incision, and positive correlations between log‐hydraulic conductivity and river incision, log‐hydraulic conductivity and Baseflow Index, and between Baseflow Index and river incision are inferred to have consistent causal explanations. For example, incision of rivers into aquifers leads to relative increases in hydraulic gradients in the vicinity of rivers which, in turn, promotes the development of secondary porosity increasing both aquifer hydraulic conductivity and, hence, Baseflow Index. The implication of this interpretation is that the geomorphological evolution of basins is intimately linked to the evolution of hydraulic conductivity of the underlying aquifers. This is consistent with, and supports the notion of a coupled complexly evolving surface water‐groundwater system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

松辽盆地深部地质特征及其盆地动力学演化

对松辽盆地深反射地震资料的分析表明 ,该盆地地壳不仅具有层圈结构 ,而且具有明显的块断构造 ,这些块断的边界是深部热流体的网络通道。以深反射地震资料研究为基础 ,结合区域地震层析成像、火山岩地球化学等对壳幔相互作用的研究成果 ,通过地壳层圈与块断结构、构造变形史以及盆地构造与深部构造之间的关系研究 ,认为松辽盆地的形成过程是 :库拉 -太平洋板块向欧亚大陆之下俯冲作用导致的地幔隆起促使地壳拆沉减薄、地壳“三明治”结构形成 ,同时导致上地壳伸展沉降及其后期的热沉降。正因如此 ,盆地整体凹陷与地幔凸起成镜像关系 ,而断陷与拆离带凸起成偏镜像关系。强烈的壳幔作用是形成松辽盆地大规模沉降的动力学基础 ,也是盆地油气 (包括无机物质 )富集的重要原因