多层螺旋CT肝脏增强扫描技术的评价

目的评价多层螺旋CT(MSCT)扫描技术在肝脏增强检查中的应用价值.材料与方法 231例患者行肝脏增强扫描,对比剂的用量为1.2ml/kg,注射流率为2.5 ml/s～3.0ml/s.结果肝脏占位性病变的228例中201例动脉期、门脉期影像显示良好,占88.2%,3例肝脏外伤性病变实质期图像显示良好.结论应用多层螺旋CT进行肝脏增强扫描,采用合适的扫描参数及造影技术能获得较为满意的扫描图像.     

螺旋CT多期扫描在肝小血管瘤与小肝癌诊断的临床应用

目的：探讨小肝细胞癌和肝脏小血管瘤螺旋CT增强表现及其随时间延迟所致的CT征象的变化过程，材料与方法：50例患者（15例SHCC，35例SHHE），其中19例经手术病理标本证实，其余患者由临床表现和实验室检查诊断，采用Siemens Plus4C螺旋CT机，先作平扫，然后在肿瘤靶平面平衡期扫描。着重观察，分析不同CT扫描时相小肝细胞癌和肝脏小血管瘤CT表现特征的动态变化过程，结果，SHHE组发现病灶44个，30个病灶在动脉期动缘明显强化逐渐向中心填充，22个病灶在动脉期和门静脉期均为高密度，2个病灶在动脉期和门静脉期均为底密度，在平衡期42个病灶SHHE为高密度和等密度SHCC组发现二18个，14个病灶SHCC显示动脉期呈高密度、门静脉期为低密度，3个病灶动脉期为高密度、门静脉期为等密度、1个病灶动脉期、门静脉期均为低密度，平衡期16个病灶的SHCC为低密度，结论：根据SHHE和SHCC在螺旋CT多期扫描的强化表现，大多数病例可明显两者诊断。     

螺旋CT经下肢静脉注射造影剂增强检查参数的研究

目的:探讨患者螺旋CT经下肢静脉注射造影剂增强检查的最佳扫描参数,以便经下肢静脉注射造影剂达到经上肢静脉注射造影剂螺旋CT增强检查诊断图像效果。资料与方法:收集400例患者CT增强检查资料。其中实验组200例,由于长期上肢静脉注射造成静脉血管损伤严重的患者,在进行增强CT检查中,采取经下肢静脉(脚、踝部静脉血管为主)注射造影剂螺旋CT增强检查,注射速率以2.5～3.3mL/s,非离子型造影剂70～100mL,动脉期及静脉期根据组织器官均较上肢静脉注射造影剂延长延迟时间8～15s,螺旋CT扫描范围包括检查器官上下范围,病变区加扫薄层;对照组200例,经上肢肘静脉注射造影剂增强CT检查患者,依组织器官不同注射速率、非离子型造影剂量及螺旋CT扫描范围方法与实验组相同,动脉期及静脉期根据组织器官注射造影剂设定延迟时间。分析测量两组CT图像正常组织、血管及病变组织CT值和扫描曲线,进行统计学分析。结果:200例实验组经下肢静脉(脚、踝部静脉血管为主)注射造影剂螺旋CT增强检查病例与对照组200例经上肢肘静脉注射造影剂增强CT检查患者,增强检查图像质量经统计学分析相近。上肢动脉期CT值和下肢动脉期CT值配对比较,统计学分析t值为4.371,P=0.000,这两组存在显著性差异,具有统计学意义,即上肢动脉期CT值和下肢动脉期CT值存在差异。上肢静脉期CT值和下肢静脉期CT值配对比较,t值为-1.664,P=0.103>0.05,这两者的差异没有统计学意义,没有显著性差异,即上肢静脉期CT值和下肢静脉期CT值差异没有统计学意义,二者不存在差异性。结论:长期上肢静脉注射造成静脉血管损伤严重患者,经下肢静脉注射造影的增强扫描采取适当的增加延迟时间扫描完全可以达到上肢静脉注射造影剂螺旋CT增强扫描图像质量。     

增强CT成像对肝窦阻塞综合征的诊断价值

目的:探讨增强CT成像对肝窦阻塞综合征（HSOS）的诊断价值。材料和方法:收集临床和影像诊断为HSOS的6例（男2例,女4例）纳入本研究,所有患者均行增强CT检查,观察分析增强CT成像上肝实质、肝脏相关血管及其他扫描范围相关影像变化,并参考肝脏血管超声、血管造影或增强MR检查结果,总结分析HSOS增强CT的特征。结果:CT平扫6例均表现肝脏肿大,肝实质密度不均匀减低。增强后6例均表现为“斑片状”或“地图样”异常强化,1例除此之外还可见特征性的以第二肝门为中心沿三支肝静脉周围“放射状”异常强化。5例三支肝静脉均未见显示,1例肝左静脉未显影,肝中静脉和肝右静脉变细成线样改变。下腔静脉肝段3例重度狭窄,3例稍受压,但所有病例经肝脏血管超声、血管造影或增强MR检查均证实肝静脉及下腔静脉血流通畅。结论:CT平扫所显示肝脏肿大、密度不均匀减低和增强扫描所显示肝实质“斑片状”或“地图样”异常强化或特征性的以第二肝门为中心沿三支肝静脉周围“放射状”异常强化特点有助于HSOS的诊断。但增强CT对诊断肝静脉和下腔静脉肝段是否狭窄或闭塞有一定的局限性。      

不同碘浓度对比剂在MSCT肝脏动脉期血管成像中的作用对比及临床应用

目的：评价不同碘浓度对比剂在多层螺旋CT（MSCT）肝脏动脉期血管成像中的作用对比及临床应用。方法：60例患者随机分为两组,分别采用小同碘浓度对比剂进行腹部增强扫描：A组对比剂为碘海醇300（300mgI／mL）,B组对比剂为优维显370（370mgI／mL）。注射速率均为3．0mL／s。分别测量动脉期轴位扫描腹腔干水平、肾动脉水平、髂动脉分叉水平腹丰动脉cT值,并进行比较。图像后处理采用容积再现（VR）法,分析不同浓度腹主动脉及其分支的增强显示情况,并对图像质量进行评价。结果：B组腹主动脉各水平的CT强化平均值较A组高（P〈0．05,差异有统计学意义）：用VR法行肝动脉血管成像,B组对比剂对腹主动脉及其分支显示效果更佳（P〈0．05,差异有统计学意义）。结论：MSCT进行肝动脉血管成像时,在注射速率相同的情况下,B组注射的对比剂总量少于A组,但动脉显示效果好于A组,即采用低剂量、高浓度对比剂可以获得满足诊断需要图像。     

能谱CT在中央型肺癌伴阻塞性肺不张诊断及放疗定位中应用价值

目的：探讨能谱CT扫描在诊断中央型肺癌合并阻塞性肺不张及放疗前定位鉴别肿瘤边界、精准勾画靶区中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析我院65例经病理证实的中央型肺癌伴阻塞性肺不张患者的放疗前定位Ⅲ期能谱CT扫描的影像资料,比较分析Ⅲ期增强CT扫描不同参考指标（BMI、BMI-ICM及Eff-Z、PI）显示瘤-肺交界面评分值差异,比较肿瘤与不张肺组织IC值及CT值差异。结果：Ⅲ期增强CT扫描瘤-肺边界评分4项指标（BMI、BMI-ICM及Eff-Z、PI）间存在统计学差异,BMI-ICM最高,PI最低;动脉期、静脉期及延迟期Ⅲ期扫描中,显示瘤-肺边界的主观评分有差异,动脉期最高;肿瘤与不张肺组织IC值及CT值差异具有统计学意义,IC值比CT值差别更大。结论：能谱CT扫描的不同指标能帮助鉴别中央型肺癌与不张肺组织的边界,利用最佳指标实现放疗前精准勾画放疗靶区,实现放疗计划最优化。     

BSA指导下不同浓度碘对比剂在肝动脉 增强效能中的对比研究

目的:探讨以体表面积（BSA）为指导评价不同浓度碘对比剂在MSCT肝动脉增强效能中的作用对比。方法:以328例行上腹部CT增强扫描的患者为研究对象,按照对比剂浓度的不同分为研究组和对照组,研究组使用400mgI/mL对比剂,对照组使用370mgI/mL对比剂。对比剂用量按照患者的体表面积计算,注射流率均为2.5mL/s。所有患者均行肝脏三期增强扫描,并对肝动脉进行重建。比较两组患者不同水平腹主动脉强化值、肝动脉各级分支显示率及肝动脉图像质量。结果:研究组在肝门水平、腹腔干水平及肾动脉水平的强化值均显著高于对照组。研究组和对照组在肝动脉各级分支显示率上,二者不存在明显差异。研究组和对照组的图像质量评分存在统计学差异,研究组肝动脉图像质量较对照组更加清晰且边缘更锐利。结论:按照BSA计算对比剂的用量实现了对比剂的个性化用药,400mgI/mL对比剂的使用,减少了对比剂的使用剂量,提高了腹主动脉强化效能,优化了肝动脉的图像质量,值得临床推广。      

乳腺癌颈胸腹盆增强CT:能谱与常规扫描模式比较

目的:通过与常规扫描方案比较,探讨能谱扫描方案在乳腺癌患者颈胸腹盆联合增强CT中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析我院因乳腺癌行颈胸腹盆联合增强CT的女性患者40例,其中行常规颈胸腹盆增强CT患者20例,能谱颈胸腹盆增强CT患者20例。比较两种扫描方案动脉期和延迟期辐射剂量;通过测量颈胸部淋巴结的信号噪声比（SNR）及对比噪声比（CNR）以及主观评分,评价两种扫描方案的图像质量。结果:常规和能谱颈胸腹盆联合增强CT扫描方案的动脉期和延迟时期的辐射剂量具有统计学差异,能谱的辐射剂量更低;颈部动脉期淋巴结的SNR值、CNR值在常规和能谱扫描之间不存在统计学差异;胸部动脉期腋窝淋巴结的SNR值、CNR值在常规和能谱扫描之间存在统计学差异;颈部淋巴结常规和能谱扫描的主观评分不存在统计学差异,胸部腋窝淋巴结常规和能谱扫描的主观评分存在统计学差异,能谱主观评分更高,主观评分一致性较好,Kappa值为0.916。结论:能谱颈胸腹盆联合增强CT扫描方案的辐射剂量更低,扫描流程更简便,患者配合度更高,对于胸部腋窝淋巴结的显示更清晰,加之能谱扫描可以提供多参数的图像数据,因此具有重要的应用推广价值。      

超声造影与16层螺旋CT在肝脏肿瘤诊断中的对照研究

目的分析肝脏肿瘤超声造影后的组织血流特征与16层螺旋CT三个时期的强化特征,评价其临床诊断价值。方法:研究分析30例病例在超声造影与16层螺旋CT三个时期的各自不同的典型图像。采用经手背静脉注射“全氟显”超声造影剂,利用相干谐波成像技术分析三个时期表现,而16层螺旋CT采用高质量扫描模式,扫描参数:层厚7.5mm,通过拆分成1.25mm,螺距1.375:1,电压120KA,管电流280mA。增强三期扫描分别注射对比剂,动脉期16-25s,门脉期35-55s,延迟期是1min10s-3min。高压注射器单相注射,非离子型造影剂,注射速率2.5ml/s,剂量70-85ml,浓度300mg/ml,通过工作站的技术分析,明确肝肿瘤的强化特点。结果对30例肝脏肿瘤患者进行超声造影与16层螺旋CT检查,其中原发性小肝癌18例,5例小血管瘤,3例局灶性脂肪肝,3例转移性肝癌,1例退变结节。其中有2例超声造影未检测出肿瘤样特征性图像改变,而经CT检测出并诊断为小肝癌1例和退行性结节1例。所有病例均经手术、病理和穿刺证实。结论超声造影与16层螺旋CT对肝脏肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断均具有较高的临床应用价值。但对一些特殊肝脏肿瘤患者,联合检测可提高早期诊断的检出率。     

基于CT影像组学特征评估肝硬化患者肝脏储备功能

目的:探讨应用CT影像组学特征评估肝硬化患者肝脏储备功能的价值.方法:回顾性收集经临床确诊的肝硬化患者121例.根据Child-Pugh分级标准分为A、B和C三个等级,其中A级51例(A组);B和C级共70例(B组).所有患者均采用GE Discovery CT 750HD行平扫加增强扫描.选择增强扫描门静脉期图像,由...     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.