双塔连体高层混合结构抗震性能研究

外钢框架-混凝土核心筒结构体系被认为是适合我国国情的高层建筑结构体系之一,我国已有多个采用这种结构体系的单塔楼工程实例,但对双塔连体高层混合结构的研究较少。本文针对上海国际设计中心不等高双塔连体混合结构,进行了7度多遇地震、基本烈度、罕遇地震和8度罕遇地震阶段的模拟地震振动台试验研究,得到了结构的破坏模式,并对模型结构和原型结构的动力反应进行了详细的分析,最后提出了此类结构设计的一些建议。研究表明,高位连体的竖向地震反应比较明显,设计中应适当考虑动力放大效应;在各水准地震作用下结构整体变形均呈现弯曲型;主塔楼核心筒在中震下可以保证"不坏",但结构小震下的层间位移略超过规范限值。     

强震环境下带钢避难建筑抗震模型设计

避难建筑通常采用置换混凝土方法抗震,建筑对高强度地震的抗震性能差。因此提出高强度地震下带钢避难建筑抗震设计方法,采用复杂网络带钢避难建筑加固模型对加固前建筑的混泥土强度与荷载能力进行计算,增大框架柱截面,提升带钢避难建筑荷载。采用复合墙体受力加固模型提升建筑墙体抗震性。对加固后建筑模型的坍塌风险评估时,采用带钢避难建筑坍塌的全概率衡量加固后建筑在设计使用年限内的抗坍塌安全性。设计使用年限内加固后的带钢避难建筑的强震CRC超出概率是P(IMCRC),确保其在高强度地震下具有较高的抗震性能。实验结果说明,所提方法下的带钢避难建筑在遇到强震情况时具有较高的抗震性能。     

“破坏-安全”结构抗震理念及其应用

目前我国房屋建筑抗震采用的以小震弹性计算为基础的设计方法,使工程师忽视了对建筑结构在强烈地震作用下破坏模式的充分考虑与设计,使得建筑结构的大震安全性有时难以得到保证。＂破坏-安全＂抗震理念,以房屋建筑最重要的抗震安全性能为目标,要求设计人员对结构的预期破坏模式有充分的把握和控制,使结构在强烈地震作用下能够形成明确的预期破坏模式并具备一定的耗能能力,从而以经济的代价保证结构其余部分在强烈地震作用下的安全。本文结合我国汶川地震灾后恢复重建与加固改造的实际情况,介绍了＂破坏-安全＂抗震理念及其设计概念,并介绍了国内外研究人员与工程师在实现＂破坏-安全＂抗震理念方面所提出的创新抗震结构体系及其研究成果。希望＂破坏-安全＂这一抗震理念及其相关技术能够在我国广大的经济欠发达地区的抗震设计实践中得到推广,以全面提高我国经济欠发达地区房屋建筑的抗震安全性。     

高层钢框架-混凝土核心筒混合结构振动台试验研究

为了研究高层钢框架-混凝土核心筒混合结构的整体抗震性能,本文设计了一个典型的比例为1/15的20层钢框架-混凝土核心筒混合结构的缩尺模型,在同济大学土木工程防灾国家重点实验室实施了模拟地震振动台试验。本文重点介绍试验中模型结构在各级水准地震作用下的动力特性、加速度和位移反应,描述了模型结构的破坏位置及过程,并根据相似理论得到了原型结构的地震反应。试验研究表明:原型结构基本能够满足我国现行规范"小震不坏、大震不倒"的抗震设防标准;核心筒发挥了主要抗侧力作用;结构在大震作用下有较好的延性;钢框架与核心筒的连接节点在结构设计时应给予重视。     

钢框架结构的非线性静力抗震可靠性分析 II:可靠度指标及其灵敏度

将有限元反应及其灵敏度分析与结构可靠度分析的近似解析方法结合起来,可以进行具有隐式功能函数的大型复杂结构的可靠性分析。在基于位移的非线性纤维梁柱单元及其灵敏度直接微分表达式的基础上,通过力学变换、概率变换和反应灵敏度,将结构可靠度计算方法FORM和SORM与有限元方法有机地集成在一起。依据现行抗震设计规范,建立了钢框架结构典型构件承载能力和结构层间变形能力的抗震极限状态方程,利用地震作用的等效随机静力模型,采用非线性有限元静力可靠度方法,对一实际工程结构的抗震可靠度及其灵敏度进行了概率分析和评价,结果表明:尽管在大震作用下该结构的层间弹塑性变形可靠度较高,但是构件极限承载能力的可靠度指标较低,仍然存在失效的可能性。因此,仅验算"小震"作用下结构的承载能力可靠度和"大震"作用下结构的变形能力可靠度是不够的,还需要验算在"中震"和"大震"作用下结构的极限承载能力可靠度。     

基于复杂网络的建筑物强震下抗毁性估计模型

城市所处的地震危险性环境和城市建筑物的易损性是影响复杂网络建筑物强震环境下抗毁能力的关键因素。由于现阶段对建筑物抗震抗毁能力的评定仍存在一定困难,对建筑物震害程度测评只能通过强震之后建筑物受破坏的程度进行评估,且评估结果不够精准,因此提出基于复杂网络的建筑物抗震能力的评估方法。考虑到地震中的危险性因素,以地面峰值加速度为参数对强震环境下复杂网络建筑物抗毁性进行测评和分析,在此基础上提出对复杂网络下建筑物的防震抗毁能力进行评估的相对建筑物抗震性能指数,并结合建筑物抗震能力评估标准确定其抗震能力水平;再进行仿真实验加以测量,并结合震害经验,证实该方法的有效性。     

不对称大底板多塔楼隔震结构的地震响应分析

针对不对称大底板多塔楼隔震结构体系,通过建立地震响应的动力分析简化模型,推导出不对称大底板多塔楼隔震结构体系地震作用下的运动方程。对一实际的不对称大底板多塔楼隔震结构进行地震响应仿真分析,探讨塔楼质量偏心率和塔楼质量比对结构周期比、位移比和层剪力比的影响。结果显示,不对称大底板多塔楼隔震结构扭转角主要由隔震层产生;与不隔震结构相比,不对称大底板多塔楼隔震体系的扭转角减小,可取得较好的减震效果;塔楼与底板的位置分布和质量分布会影响体系的扭转效应和减震效果,应尽量使塔楼的质心与底板质心重合,塔楼质量分布均匀,以减小结构的扭转效应,提高减震效果。     

An alternative approach for the seismic rehabilitation of existing RC buildings using seismic isolation

Usually, buildings with seismic isolation are designed to comply with an operational building performance level after strong earthquakes. This approach, however, may limit the use of seismic isolation for the seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings with low lateral strength or substandard details, because it often requires invasive strengthening measures in the superstructure or the use of expensive custom‐made devices. In this paper, an alternative approach for the seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings with seismic isolation, based on the acceptance of limited plastic deformations in the superstructure under strong earthquakes, is proposed and then applied to a real case study, represented by a four‐storey RC frame building. Nonlinear response‐time histories analyses of an accurate model of the case‐study building are carried out to evaluate the seismic performances of the structure, comparing different rehabilitation strategies with and without seismic isolation. Initial costs of the intervention and possible (future) repair costs are then estimated. Based on the results of this study, values of the behavior factor (i.e. response modification factor) higher than those adopted in the current codes for base‐isolated buildings are tentatively proposed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超限高层建筑结构抗震设计加强措施和建议——以某超限高层建筑为例

为加强超限高层建筑结构的抗震性能,最大程度减小地震损失,以某一超限高层建筑为对象,对其结构抗震设计的加强措施和建议进行详细分析。在小震作用下运用pkpm软件MIDAS/Building对建筑结构进行弹性计算对比分析,证明弹性计算的可靠性;借用SATWE对结构在中震或大震作用下不同构件的承载力和截面进行验算;采用midasbuilding软件对该超限高层建筑进行罕遇地震作用下的静力弹塑性分析。根据不同震级下建筑结构线弹性分析结果,对建筑主体结构、结构抗震和地基基础进行加强设计,从中归纳出整体结构的抗震加强措施和建议,说明该超限结构能满足规范的设防要求,是安全可靠的。     

高强度地震下带钢避难建筑抗震设计

为了提高带钢避难建筑的抗震性能,对高强度地震下带钢避难建筑实施抗震设计。设置高强度地震下带钢避难所的抗震设防要求,给出不同地震情况下地震避难所设防加速度值以及地震避难所地震影响系数最高值,通过SAP2000分析软件对带钢地震避难建筑结构实施动力弹塑性时程研究,选择合理的塑性铰参数值,通过在建筑周围设置钢支撑的策略对带钢避难建筑实施设计,分析高强度地震下的带钢避难建筑的抗震性能。实验结果说明,采用所提设计方法下的带钢避难建筑在大震情况下的反应优,延性较强,在不同地震波作用下的水平方向位移角满足抗震设防规范。     

Full‐scale dynamic response of an RC building under weak seismic motions using earthquake recordings,ambient vibrations and modelling

In countries with a moderate seismic hazard, the classical methods developed for strong motion prone countries to estimate the seismic behaviour and subsequent vulnerability of existing buildings are often inadequate and not financially realistic. The main goals of this paper are to show how the modal analysis can contribute to the understanding of the seismic building response and the good relevancy of a modal model based on ambient vibrations for estimating the structural deformation under weak earthquakes. We describe the application of an enhanced modal analysis technique (frequency domain decomposition) to process ambient vibration recordings taken at the Grenoble City Hall building (France). The frequencies of ambient vibrations are compared with those of weak earthquakes recorded by the French permanent accelerometric network (RAP) that was installed to monitor the building. The frequency variations of the building under weak earthquakes are shown to be less (∼2%) and therefore ambient vibration frequencies are relevant over the elastic domain of the building. The modal parameters extracted from ambient vibrations are then used to determine the 1D lumped‐mass model in order to reproduce the inter‐storey drift under weak earthquakes and to fix a 3D numerical model that could be used for strong earthquakes. The correlation coefficients between data and synthetic motion are close to 80 and 90% in horizontal directions, for the 1D and 3D modelling, respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic performance of RC school buildings after 2011 Van earthquakes

School buildings have been classified by many of the design codes as important buildings, which have to withstand the earthquake excitations without any or with minor structural damages, and special care has to be given in their design and construction phases. This paper mainly aims to investigate the seismic performance of reinforced-concrete (RC) school buildings after 2011 Van earthquakes. The seismic performances of two damaged RC school buildings located in the earthquake-affected region are studied. First, the capacities of the selected buildings are assessed using nonlinear static procedures, and then, nonlinear dynamic time history analyses are performed to evaluate the seismic performances of the selected RC school buildings. Reasons for the observed damages are discussed. Further, recommendations are provided from the viewpoint of enhancing the structural capacity of the heavily damaged school building. As a result, to get an idea about the ductility demands imposed on the buildings, spectral acceleration values are compared with the seismic coefficients of the code that the buildings were adapted to. It can be concluded that the construction quality and detailing of the reinforcement are the key issues affecting the seismic performance of RC school buildings.     

多层隔震结构的竖向地震作用研究

国外对隔震结构竖向地震反应的观测结果和对隔震结构竖向地震作用计算的规定,都与我国抗震规范有较大差别。本文通过反应谱和时程分析,讨论了多层隔震结构的竖向地震作用取值及竖向地震作用效应,对我国抗震规范的有关规定作了探讨,认为除位于近断层附近的隔震建筑外,其它隔震结构的竖向地震作用可取与不隔震结构相同;对于多层隔震建筑,多遇地震下可不考虑竖向地震作用,在罕遇地震下,应对所有隔震结构验算支座是否受拉或失稳,并且组合时应计入竖向地震作用效应。     

Comparative response assessment of minimally compliant low‐rise conventional and base‐isolated steel frames

In this study, the multi‐intensity seismic response of code‐designed conventional and base‐isolated steel frame buildings is evaluated using nonlinear response history analysis. The results of hazard and structural response analysis for three‐story braced‐frame buildings are presented in this paper. Three‐dimensional models for both buildings are created and seismic response is assessed for three scenario earthquakes. The response history analysis results indicate that the design objectives are met and the performance of the isolated building is superior to the conventional building in the design event. For the Maximum Considered Earthquake, isolation leads to reductions in story drifts and floor accelerations relative to the conventional building. However, the extremely high displacement demands of the isolation system could not be accommodated under normal circumstances, and creative approaches should be developed to control displacements in the MCE. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

上海浦东国际机场T2航站楼弹塑性时程分析

上海浦东机场T2航站楼结构为复杂大跨混合结构,本文采用NosaCAD2005有限元程序建立结构分析模型,模型主要由非线性杆单元组成,包括梁、柱和二力杆单元,梁、柱采用三段变刚度杆模型,以受弯为主的梁单元截面弯矩-曲率关系采用二折线和三折线模型,柱和二力杆截面采用纤维模型。通过多遇和罕遇烈度下的弹塑性时程分析,研究了该结构的变形、内力、破坏情况的发展历程。计算结果表明,该结构可以满足"小震不坏,大震不倒"的设防要求。     

Shaking table model test on Shanghai World Financial Center Tower

The height of 101‐storey Shanghai World Financial Center Tower is 492m above ground making it possible the tallest building in the world when completed. Three parallel structural systems including mega‐frame structure, reinforced concrete and braced steel services core and outrigger trusses, are combined to resist vertical and lateral loads. The building could be classified as a vertically irregular structure due to a number of stiffened and transfer stories in the building. Complexities related to structural system layout are mainly exhibited in the design of services core, mega‐diagonals and outrigger trusses. According to Chinese Code, the height 190 m of the building clearly exceeds the stipulated maximum height of for a composite frame/reinforced concrete core building. The aspect ratio of height to width also exceeds the stipulated limit of 7 for seismic design intensity 7. A 1/50 scaled model is made and tested on shaking table under a series of one and two‐dimensional base excitations with gradually increasing acceleration amplitudes. This paper presents the dynamic characteristics, the seismic responses and the failure mechanism of the structure. The test results demonstrate that the structural system is a good solution to withstand earthquakes. The inter‐storey drift and the overall behaviour meet the requirements of Chinese Design Code. Furthermore, weak positions under seldom‐occurred earthquakes of seismic design intensity 8 are found based on the visible damages on the testing model, and some corresponding suggestions are proposed for the engineering design of the structure under extremely strong earthquake. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震作用下低层建筑砌体结构的动力特性分析

传统低层建筑砌体结构动力特性分析中,易受到外界环境的干扰,砌体结构的完整性欠缺,导致动力特性分析的准确度较低。为提高低层建筑砌体结构的抗震性能,提出地震作用下低层建筑砌体结构的动力特性分析方法。首先利用低层建筑砌体结构反应自功率谱,完成砌体结构的自振频率辨认;然后通过941B型超低频率测振仪测试自振频率,筛出振动波形中噪声干扰的区域,获取时域波形和频域波形;最后依据时域波形和频域波形塑造低层建筑砌体三维精细化模型,在该模型基础上,通过子空间迭代算法获取低层建筑砌体结构的模拟结果,分析地震作用下芯柱、圈梁等构造措施对建筑砌体结构动力特征的影响,完成砌体结构的动力特性分析。实验结果表明,利用所提方法对地震作用下低层建筑砌体结构的动力特性进行分析,得到的分析结果准确度较高。     

On the design and seismic response of RC frame buildings designed with Eurocode 8

Performance-Based Seismic Design is now widely recognized as the pre-eminent seismic design and assessment methodology for building structures. In recognition of this, seismic codes may require that buildings achieve multiple performance objectives such as withstanding moderate, yet frequently occurring earthquakes with minimal structural and non-structural damage, while withstanding severe, but rare earthquakes without collapse and loss of life. These objectives are presumed to be satisfied by some codes if the force-based design procedures are followed. This paper investigates the efficacy of the Eurocode 8 force-based design provisions with respect to RC frame building design and expected seismic performance. Four, eight, and 16-storey moment frame buildings were designed and analyzed using the code modal response spectrum analysis provisions. Non-linear time-history analyses were subsequently performed to determine the simulated seismic response of the structures and to validate the Eurocode 8 force-based designs. The results indicate the design of flexural members in medium-to-long period structures is not significantly influenced by the choice of effective member stiffness; however, calculated interstorey drift demands are significantly affected. This finding was primarily attributed to the code’s enforcement of a minimum spectral ordinate on the design spectrum. Furthermore, design storey forces and interstorey drift demand estimates (and therefore damage), obtained by application of the code force-based design procedure varied substantially from those found through non-linear time-history analysis. Overall, the results suggest that though the Eurocode 8 may yield life-safe designs, the seismic performance of frame buildings of the same type and ductility class can be highly non-uniform.     

地震状态下高层建筑物安全防护避让距离的估计研究

高层建筑物在地震作用下易出现倒塌状况，严重影响人身安全，因此高层建筑物地震安全防护距离的预测至关重要。设计以基础数据库为核心的高层建筑物地震安全防护距离预测系统，通过高层建筑物基本信息系统采集高层建筑物高度、宽度、结构类型等基本数据信息，并将这些信息存储到震害数据库系统中；地震危害模型分析系统依据数据库系统中存储的这些建筑物基本信息，分析地震危险性后，通过研究地震时高层建筑上部结构水平、底部及顶部先接触地面三种落地状态情况下，计算得到薄弱层和薄弱层上部结构高度的安全防护距离。实验验证在人工地震波作用下，利用该预测系统可有效获取实验小区高层建筑物的安全防护距离界定示意图，且其能够准确分析地震作用下高层建筑物晃动时"飞石"安全距离，以及三种地震波作用下建筑物地震安全防护距离分布规律和主要影响范围，其预测效果好。     

基于增量动力地震易损性分析的高层结构抗震加固研究

由于承重结构构件分布不均匀,导致高层建筑框架承重构件间的距离不相等。在地震时,这种不规则分布可能引起加速度共振效应,从而导致建筑失稳。为此,以地震动强度、地震动速度峰值、最大层间位移角为参数指标,分析高层建筑的极限状态,提出基于增量动力地震易损性分析的高层结构抗震加固研究。以某实际工程为试验对象,运用ABAQUS软件构造高层建筑框架结构三维模型,选取多条地震波以及符合场地条件的地震动记录进行验证,绘制地震易损性曲线。结果表明:在高层建筑框架结构中安装阻尼器,可增强结构中各构件的承载力,改善高层建筑抗震性能;增加钢板厚度可提高结构抗震水平,降低极限状态下框架结构IO、LS与CP的超越概率;提高混凝土强度,可改善框架结构抗倒塌性能。高层结构完成抗震加固后,抗震能力由0.91提升至1.01。由此证明,以增量动力分析得到的结构易损性为基础,对建筑易损性较大的地方进行加固、完善,能够改善高层建筑框架结构地震易损性,减少地震灾害损失。