内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗-辽宁东沟地学断面

内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗-辽宁东沟地学断面位于中国东北地区,全长960 km.从东至西横穿中朝地台的辽东台隆、下辽河断陷、燕山台褶带、内蒙地轴和内蒙古-大兴安岭褶皱系的西拉木伦河加里东褶皱带、贺根山华力西褶皱带和东乌珠穆沁旗加里东褶皱带等构造单元.在断面东南部还穿过海城地震区. 沿断面进行了综合地球物理深部探测、地质调查及综合研究,揭示了该断面地壳与上地幔结构明显地具有纵向分层、横向分区的特点.反映了中朝地台与内蒙古-大兴安岭褶皱系不同的地质构造演化历史、板缘和板内构造及其动力学特征.本文还阐述了海城强震区、朝阳-义县及西拉木伦河地震较活跃地区特殊的深部构造环境.     

辽宁义县—内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗剖面深部电性研究

本文给出了沿辽宁义县—内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗大地电磁测深剖面的电性结构。研究结果表明,沿该剖面壳内和上地幔高导层的埋藏深度与温度场有着良好的对应关系,即壳内、上地幔高导层埋深愈浅,其热流值愈高,反之就越低。大地电磁测深结果还表明,辽西隆起区继承了辽南地区上地幔高导层起伏形态。本文还从电性结构特征探讨了西拉木伦河断裂带可能是西伯利亚板块和中国板块的缝合线     

朝阳-义县地震区的深浅部构造、组成及其与地震的关系a

本文综合论述了朝阳-义县地区及其附近的地震活动,深、浅部结构,以及岩石动力学特征.认为本区存在中地壳低速层,且三层地壳速度均较两侧的低,存在上地幔隆起和软流层-低阻层隆起.探讨了三层地壳、低速层和上地幔软流层的物质组成.最后讨论了本区深、浅部结构、组成与地震活动.断裂新活动的成生联系.      

内蒙古东部古生代块体碰撞区的大地电磁测深研究——Ⅱ.二维解释

本文对内蒙古东部地区赤峰-东乌旗剖面上12个测点的MT资料进行了二维解释.针对测区具体情况,在计算中主要强调拟合有效视电阻率ρeff,ρaz和有效相位Φeff,Φaz.二维模型给出,地壳上地幔在西乌旗以北和翁牛特旗以南地区有5层结构,壳内高导层埋深20-25km,上地幔软流层顶面埋深约100km.大兴安岭火山岩区有6层或7层结构,上地壳10km左右和下地壳30-40km深度处分别有一高导层,软流层顶面埋深约75km.结合地质等资料得出:1.翁牛特旗以南地区至少在深部仍然属于中朝块体北缘;2.翁牛特旗-巴林右旗之间是中朝块体北缘古生代以前的一个增生体,西拉木伦河断裂是由于后期的构造活动在增生体内产生的一个逆冲断层;3.上地幔隆起和下地壳高导层（岩浆房?）的存在是产生大兴安岭火山岩的深部原因;4.大兴安岭地区可能存在推覆构造,推覆面即为上地壳高导低速层;5.二维模型没有反映出贺根山地区地下有岩浆通道或深断裂;6.中朝和西伯利亚块体早古生代和晚古生代的缝合带分别位于林西一带和西乌旗一带.     

云南遮放-宾川和孟连-马龙宽角地震剖面的层析成像研究

依据有限差分反演和射线反演的方法,利用走时、振幅比和重力布格异常数据对云南地区遮放—宾川和孟连—马龙宽角地震剖面的地壳上地幔结构进行层析成像研究. 遮放—宾川测线地壳厚度为35～46km,孟连—马龙测线地壳厚度33～44.5km. 局部位置上地幔顶部P波速度值偏低,速度值变化范围大,反映出云南地区是典型的构造活动区的特点. 地壳上地幔结构存在一定程度的深浅构造一致性,意味着浅部物质活动存在深部背景. 遮放—宾川剖面速度结构显示地表怒江断裂东侧存在贯穿地壳的大规模低速异常,可能与深部物质上涌活动有关. 遮放—宾川线和孟连—马龙线速度结构显示作为一级构造单元分界线的红河断裂是超壳断裂,怒江断裂深及上地幔. 而昌宁—双江断裂显示为低角度铲式断层,意味着该断裂切割并不深. 云南地区强震的发生往往与延伸到上地幔的深大断裂有关,且一些浅源地震经常位于中上地壳深大断裂与其他断裂的交汇部位、高速块体与低速块体接触带上速度等值线弯曲的位置. 推测这样的位置有利于能量和区域应力的积累.     

西藏错勤—申扎剖面大地电磁测深研究

通过对西藏冈底斯地区错勤—申扎大地电磁测深剖面的研究,揭示了该地区壳幔结构特征.上地壳底界面深度大约20 km,在扎日南木错以西和当惹雍错以东地区分别发育壳幔高导层(体).高导层(体)的中心——电阻率低值区出现在20~40 km深度,其根部可追踪到上地幔.从高导层(体)的发育特征推断:错勤—申扎剖面壳幔高导层(体)是在印度板块与欧亚板块主、晚碰撞阶段地幔热流物质上涌和后碰撞阶段地壳东西向拉张作用下,导致中、下地壳岩石相继发生两期部分熔融的结果.而当惹雍错可能是一条深度可能达到上地幔的深、大断裂.     

青藏高原及邻近地区地壳与上地幔剪切波三维速度结构

本文利用30个基准台所记录的238条长周期面波资料,经过适配滤波和分格频散反演,得到中国大陆及邻区147个分格10-105s的纯路径频散,进而反演出青藏高原及邻近地区深至170km的剪切波三维速度结构.研究表明,青藏高原中西部地区和东部地区的地壳平均厚度分别为70±7km和65±7km,地壳平均剪切波速度分别为3.55和3.62km/s,上地幔顶盖平均速度分别为4.63和4.61km/s; 岩石层厚度均为120±10km;东部地区下地壳内30-40km深度处普遍存在低速层;青藏高原及其东侧的上地幔低速层内有横贯东西且明显向上隆起的低速腔.滇西缅北地区的地壳厚45±5km,上地壳及下地壳内都有低速层;上地幔顶盖的速度为4.42km/s,比青藏高原本体及恒河平原都低.恒河平原地壳厚34±2km,速度平均为3.45km/s;上地幔顶盖厚86±10km,速度平均为4.63km/s,顶盖内55-83km深处有一个低速夹层.     

郯庐断裂北带地区主要构造单元壳幔结构特征与地震活动性.

以东北地区的地学断面及其相关资料为基础,分析了郯庐断裂北带地区的地壳-上地幔结构特征与不同地壳构造单元地震活动性之间的关系．结果表明:郯庐断裂北带两侧的壳幔结构存在明显差异,断裂带本身的发育与壳幔结构变异带关系密切;断裂的活动特点及分段明显受到地壳介质力学特性影响;郯庐断裂北带地区软流层的起伏与地貌形态呈明显的镜像关系,前者还制约着不同地壳构造单元的构造活动性及变形方式;郯庐断裂北带地区南、北两端地震较为活跃地段均与壳内低速 高导层发育地段相对应的事实,证明了刚性地块中壳幔结构较为复杂的活动断裂段是构成中强地震的主要控震构造．      

胶辽渤海地区地壳上地幔结构特征与介质的横向非均匀性

根据地球物理资料的综合研究和地壳上地幔速度地震层析成象结果,系统地阐述了胶辽渤海地区基底厚度、地壳厚度、岩石层厚度和壳－幔结构比Ｒ值分布特征及地壳上地幔介质的横向非均匀性。研究结果表明：胶辽渤海地区是一个以渤海湾为中心的上地幔隆起区、软流层隆起区和壳－幔结构比Ｒ高值分布区;该区地壳上地幔介质在不同深度均存在显著的横向非均匀性,并在海域周围的海城、唐山、朝阳、东沟等陆地地区存在明显的壳内低速逆反层。     

松潘-甘孜造山带地壳速度结构

位于川西地区的奔子栏——唐克深地震测深剖面以NNE走向穿越松潘——甘孜造山带．根据人工地震记录分析得到的震相走时和相关的振幅信息，确定了该剖面二维P波地壳速度结构．剖面的地壳结构可分为5层，其中第1，2，3层为上地壳；第4，5层为下地壳．上地壳中部普遍存在低速异常带，但龙日坝以北，这一低速带与其上覆的低速基底合为一体．同时，沿剖面的地壳速度结构具有较强的横向变化．据此，可将剖面分为4段，即甘孜——理塘断裂以南、甘孜——理塘断裂至鲜水河断裂、鲜水河断裂至龙日坝断裂和龙日坝断裂以北. 这与区域构造划分基本一致． 地壳厚度沿测线从南西向北东逐渐减薄，即从金沙江畔的62 km减小到黄河附近的52 km． 根据PmP震相分析，莫霍界面深度在鲜水河断裂两侧没有明显变化．全剖面的地壳平均速度较低，为6.30 km/s．奔子栏——唐克剖面揭示了该地区的造山带型地壳上地幔结构特征．鲜水河断裂带位于剖面的中部，该地区的上地壳速度为正异常，而下地壳和上地幔顶部存在负异常．笔者认为，这是一类有利于强震孕育和发生的深部构造环境．      

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

Physical properties,vitrinite reflectance,and microstructure of coal,Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Basin,China

In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system (MTS). We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results suggest that (1) the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, (2) both P-and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, (3) the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and (4) the acoustic velocities and Young’s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane (CBM) reservoir characterization.     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。