2021年5月21日云南漾濞Ms6.4地震震区地壳结构特征与孕震背景

本文基于"中国地震科学台阵探测——南北地震带南段"密集布设的流动地震台阵和川滇区域数字测震台网等共计634个台站所记录的观测资料,先采用地震体波层析成像(TOMO3D)方法反演获得川滇区域的地壳速度结构特征,在此基础上,重点剖析云南漾濞Ms6.4地震震区及周边的三维P波速度结构;再采用三维视密度反演方法,获得漾濞震区壳内视密度的横向变化特征,最后综合分析漾濞Ms6.4地震震区地壳结构特征与地震活动关系、深部孕震背景等科学问题.研究结果表明:漾濞震区P波速度结构与视密度展布特征在深度和分区特征上均具有较好的联系和可比性,震区三维速度结构和视密度反演结果均表现出明显的横向不均匀分布特征,漾濞Ms6.4地震位于高低异常值的过渡带附近,震区南、北两侧速度结构和视密度分布特征各异,综合说明了震区地壳物质存在显著的横向差异.漾濞Ms6.4地震序列集中分布在主震的SE侧,并沿着NW-SE向呈条带状与维西—乔后断裂近似平行展布,长约20 km,主震震源深度为8.6 km,序列震源深度优势分布层位在5～15 km,漾濞Ms6.4地震序列处于高低速异常过渡带附近,震区壳内介质结构的非均匀分布是控制漾濞地震及其序列展布形态的深部构造因素.我们的研究结果还揭示了漾濞Ms6.4地震震区北侧洱源附近存在地壳尺度的低速、低密度异常这一最显著特征,该结果与该部位地表温泉较发育、大地热流值显著偏高等地热分布高度一致,这些均暗示着漾濞地震机制除了与青藏高原东缘深部物质SE向逃逸有关外,可能还与来自上地幔的热异常和深部过程密切相关.     

玉树地震震源区速度结构与余震分布的关系

利用玉树震区21个应急流动地震台站和青海省地震台网固定地震台站的观测数据,采用双差层析成像方法,对2010年4月14日至6月15期间发生的地震进行了重定位,并反演得到了玉树地震震源区的三维速度结构.重定位结果揭示余震主要沿NW向成窄带状分布在断层的两侧,表明脆性破裂应力释放主要集中于一个狭窄的区域内.在西北端,余震偏离玉树—甘孜断裂分布,在SW向也有分布,推测可能与南西向次级断裂有关.双差层析成像得到的速度结构在浅部与地表地质构造相一致,中上地壳的速度结构显示巴颜喀拉地块为高速异常,羌塘地块为低速异常.玉树地震余震分布与特定的速度结构存在相关性：主震发生在高低速过渡带偏高速体的一侧,余震主要分布在高速体外围,高速体内部几乎没有余震分布.一般说来,中上地壳的高速体通常具有较高的强度,可以积累较强的孕震能量.主震发生后,高速体内积累的弹性能量向周边释放,可能是导致高速体周边余震发生的主要原因.     

伽师地震区地壳细结构及发震断层的初步研究

199年至1998年伽师地区共出现9次震级为6.1-6.8级的强震. 在一个非常短的时间间隔内和非常小的地区范围内接连出现这么多次震级非常接近的地震,确实非常罕见. 为研究伽师强震区的深部构造背景和孕震机制,本文对伽师地震区的余震观测资料进行了分析处理. 利用联合反演技术同时得到了地震震源位置和地震区地壳三维速度结构. 余震震中沿一北北东向条带分布,与强震分布的两个条带中的北东向条带位置基本重合. 三维反演得到的速度结构结果表明,在地下12 km以下存在一条北北东向和一条北北西向的低速条带. 上述两低速条带与强震分布的两个条带位置很接近. 初步推测,低速条带对应了地壳深部的两条断裂. 在我们观测期间,北北东向断裂有微震活动,北北西向断裂相对平静.     

伽师地震区地壳细结构及发震层的初步研究

1997年至1998年伽师地区共出现9次震级为6.1-6.8级的强震。在一个非常短的时间间隔内和非常小的地区范围内接连出现这么多次震级非常接近的地震，确定非常罕见。为研究伽师强震区的深部构造背景和孕震机制，本文对伽师地震区的余震观测资料进行了分析处理。利用联合反演技术同时得到了地震震源位置和地震区地壳三维速度结构。余震震中沿一北北东向条带分布，与强震分布的两个条带中的北东向条带位置基本重合。三维反演得到的速度结构结果表明，在地下12km以下存在一条北北东向和一条北北西向的低速条带。上述两低速条带与强震分布的两个条带位置很接近。初步推测，低速条带对应了地壳深部的两条断裂。在我们观测期间，北北东向断理解有微震活动，北北西向断裂相对平静。     

青藏高原东北缘—鄂尔多斯地块地壳上地幔S波速度结构

1999～2000年从青海玛沁到陕西榆林，横跨青藏高原东北缘和鄂尔多斯布设了一条由47台宽频带数字地震仪组成的长约1000km的流动地震台阵观测剖面.利用记录到的远震体波波形资料和接收函数方法获得了剖面下0～100km深度的地壳和上地幔S波速度结构.结果表明，沿观测剖面地壳结构显示了明显的分块特征; 地壳厚度自东向西由40km增加到64km左右；在海原地震带下方和西秦岭断裂以西到日月山断裂之间的区域Moho间断面结构复杂；在1920年海原震区及其西侧，上地壳存在明显的低速层，在该地区的绝大部分地震分布在该低速层东边界偏向高速区一侧；祁连山东缘Moho面有约4km的深度间断，壳内向西逐渐减薄的低速层内有大量微震发生，沿祁连山的逆冲加走滑的构造运动在深度上已经穿透了Moho面；在玛沁断裂和日月山断裂之间，上地壳存在厚度很大的低速层，同时该区域下地壳也明显加厚.研究结果表明，青藏高原东北缘与鄂尔多斯地块之间的过渡带地壳变形强烈，地壳结构较为破碎，这与该地区地震频发相一致.     

三河-平谷8.0级地震区地壳结构和活动断裂研究——利用单次覆盖深反射和浅层地震剖面

跨1679年三河-平谷8.0级地震区完成的单次覆盖深地震反射剖面和浅层地震反射剖面,揭示了三河-平谷地震区的地壳结构和断裂的深、浅构造特征.结果表明,该区地壳以TWT6～7 s左右的强反射带为界分为上地壳和下地壳,上地壳厚约18～21 km,下地壳厚约13～15 km.剖面揭示的地壳深断裂和浅部活动断裂具有上下一致的对...     

界面和速度的两步反演-唐山震区三维细结构研究a

研究区域界面和速度的两步反演计算方法．三维界面采用分段非完全多项式描述,三维速度的重建采用泛函空间的最小二乘原理．计算采用两步进行:第1步反演三维界面形态;第2步将剩余走时残差按加权分配的方式进行三维速度反演．处理了唐山滦县震区地震测深资料,获得了唐山震区深部三维构造形态及唐山、滦县震区三维地壳速度分布．结果表明:唐山震区深部三维构造总体为北东走向,北东向的丰台——野鸡坨断裂与北东向的唐山断裂所夹的构造为莫霍界面隆起区. 该区中下地壳三维速度结构沿北东向的唐山断裂存在明显低速异常带,其位置与唐山地震活动带的位置相一致．沙河驿附近较大的低速异常块体对应于较密集的地震分布．该区域存在一条北西向的高速异常带,可能是一条隐伏深断裂．唐山7.8级地震震中区下地壳为北东向的低速异常带与北西向的高速异常带相交处．这两组构造对控制唐山7.8级地震的孕育和发生起了重要作用．      

辽宁省中上地壳双差层析成像及海城地震(Ms 7.3)发震构造解释（英文）

1975年2月4日辽宁省海城市发生Ms 7.3级地震,波及六个城市共9200km~2,人口密度1000p/km~2,但是及时准确的震前预报使死亡率低至0.02%。此次破坏性地震的发生是由于该区域地质构造复杂,断裂发育,因此本文利用辽宁省地震台网记录到的P波和S波到时资料,结合双差层析成像方法,反演得到震源坐标和三维P波和S波速度结构。双差层析成像结果显示近地表辽东速度偏高,下辽河平原速度偏低,沉积厚度超过10 km。重定位结果显示辽宁省地震震中主要成带状分布在海城河-大洋河断裂和金州断裂两侧,结合地质资料,认为金州大断裂北段由三个断裂构成,并与海城河-大洋河断裂依次相交。海城震区地壳结构与其他地区不同,在金州断裂地下15-20 km处存在明显低速层。根据海城震区波速比结构,认为上地壳低波速和低波速比对应含水地层,中地壳低波速和低波速比认为是高温导致的岩石脱水。与前人研究结果相比,本次研究所获得的震源分布与构造之间关系更加紧密,速度结构精度更高,并对低速体进行了更合理的解释,最终认为海城附近地震频发是断裂交汇与低速体共同作用导致。     

汶川Ms8．0地震：地壳上地幔S波速度结构的初步研究

2008年5月12日我国四川省汶川地区发生了震惊世界的Ms8.0地震.历史上,同类地震在大陆内部极为罕见.该地震深部构造背景的研究对理解其成因极为重要.本文利用中国地震局地质研究所地震动力学国家重点实验室在川西地区布设的大规模密集流动宽频带地震台阵记录的远震P波波形数据和接收函数非线性反演方法,得到了沿北纬31°线的19个台站下方120 km深度范围内的S泼速度结构及台站下方地壳的平均泊松比.该观测剖面穿越了主震区,总长度约为420 km.我们的结果揭示了川滇地块、松潘-甘孜地块和四川盆地三个不同地块构造差异.上述三个地块的地壳结构特征口J以概括为:(1)四川盆地前陆壳幔界面向西侧倾斜井有较为明显的横向变肜,地壳厚度存在46～52 km的横向变化,中下地壳S波速度存在横向变化,地壳平均泊松比值较高(0.28～0.31),但在龙门山断裂带附近,显示了坚硬地壳的特征,地壳平均泊松比仪为0.2;(2)松潘-甘孜地块地壳厚度由西侧靠近鲜水河断裂的60 km,向东减薄为52 km,在14～50 km深度范围内存在S波速度2.75～3.15 km/s的楔状低速区,其厚度由西侧的～30 km向东逐渐减薄为～15 km,相应区域的地壳平均泊松比高达0.29～0.31;(3)鲜水河断裂西侧,川滇地块地壳结构相对简单,地壳厚度为58 km,并在26 km深度存在约10 km厚度的高速层,地壳内平均泊松比约为0.25;(4)汶川大震区在12～23 km深度上具有近乎4.0 km/s的S波高速结构,而其下方的地壳为低速结构,地壳平均泊松比0.31～0.32,汶川大震的余震序列主要分布在高速介质区域内.本文的结果表明松潘-甘孜地块的地壳相对软弱;而且并不仔在四川盆地向西侧的俯冲,我们认为在青藏高原东向挤压的长期作用下,四川盆地强硬地壳的阻挡作用可导致松潘-甘孜地块内部蓄积很大的应变能量以及上、下地壳存壳内低速层顶部边界的解耦,在龙门山断裂带附近形成上地壳的铲形逆冲推覆.汶川大地震及其邻近区域所具有的坚硬上地壳和四川盆地的阻挡作用为低应变率下的高慢度应力积累创造了必要条件,而松潘-甘孜地块长期变形积累的高应变能构成了孕育汶川大地震的动力来源.     

利用双差层析成像方法反演青藏高原东南缘地壳速度结构

本文利用云南及周边区域地震台网2010—2016年记录到的近震资料,采用双差层析成像方法进行地震重定位并获得了青藏高原东南缘的三维地壳速度结构。结果显示:重定位后的震源位置精度得到明显提高,震源主要分布于20 km深度以上的中上地壳;地震分布与速度结构存在一定的相关性,大多数地震发生在中上地壳的低速异常区内以及高、低速异常区域之间;研究区上地壳速度结构存在明显的横向不均匀性,其速度异常与地表地形及地质特征密切相关;中下地壳分布着两条主要的低速带,一条沿着安宁河断裂、小江断裂分布在川滇菱形地块的东侧;另一条主要分布在川西北次级地块内,并穿过丽江断裂向南延伸,推测这两条低速带可能是青藏高原中下地壳物质向南逃逸的两条通道。      

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后，可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流，则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...